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El objetivo de este artículo es considerar, en contraste com la evolución en las lenguas de raíz latinas, la semántica del vocabulário germânico sobre las cosas. En particular, lidiamos com la raíz léxica que deriva em la palavra inglesa thing y las formas associadas em otras lenguas de esta rama. Intentamos aqui trazar las evidencias partiendo del protogermánico a través de las diferences lenguas medievales. Nuestra hipótesis es que el impacto progressivo de la latinización, parcialmente visible ya en los casos lombardo y franco, pero más flerte a partir de la época carolíngia y poscarolingia, transformo la semántica del término y lo aproximó en la mayor parte de los casos a los sentidos latinos derivados de res y causa. La excepción, prominente em antiguo nórdico y especialmente visible em islandés, que mantienen la semántica original (com el sentido de asamblea) resulta consistente com tal abordaje, pues representa uma lengua y sociedade relativamente aislada del núcleo institucional y cultural de matriz romana. The aim of this article is to assess, by contrast with the evolution traceable in the Latin languages, the semantics of the Germanic words for things, in particular the lexical root that lead to this word and similar terms in the other languages of the same family. We survey the evidence from the earliest Germanic through the medieval languages. Our hypothesis is that the progressive effect of Latinisation affected the meaning and made it closer to those derived from Latin res and causa. This is already partially visible in early Frankish and Langobardic sources, but becomes clear from Carolingian times onwards. The main exception, found in Old Norse and particularly prominent in Icelandic (which preserves the original sense of “assembly”) reinforces this view, as it represents a society relatively outside the institutional and cultural core derived from a Roman framework. Fil: Barreiro, Santiago Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentina

In this study, the feasibility of integrating microalgae cultivation in a biogas production process that treats the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) was investigated. In particular, the biomass growth performances in the liquid fraction of the digestate, characterized by high ammonia concentrations and turbidity, were assessed together with the nutrient removal efficiency. Preliminary laboratory-scale experiments were first carried out in photobioreactors operating in a continuous mode (Continuous-flow Stirred-Tank Reactor, CSTR), to gain preliminary data aimed at aiding the subsequent scaling up to a pilot scale facility. An outdoor experimental campaign, operated from July to October 2019, was then performed in a pilot scale raceway pond (4.5 m2), located in Arzignano (VI), Italy, to assess the performances under real environmental conditions. The results show that microalgae could grow well in this complex substrate, although dilution was necessary to enhance light penetration in the culture. In outdoor conditions, nitrification by autotrophic bacteria appeared to be significant, while the photosynthetic nitrogen removal was around 12% with respect to the inlet. On the other hand, phosphorus was almost completely removed from the medium under all the conditions tested, and a biomass production between 2&ndash, 7 g m&minus, 2 d&minus, 1 was obtained.

During the last decade, a lot of research has been focused on identifying the methane yields achievable when using microalgae biomass (fresh and pretreated) as a substrate in anaerobic digestion. Encountered differences are frequently attributed to the different microalgae strains (cell walls and macromolecular profiles) or the different metabolic activities of anaerobic sludge used as inoculum. Nevertheless, under the hypothesis that the state of microalgae upon biomass storage may also play a significant role, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of biomass processing and storage on methane yields and hydrolysis kinetics in batch mode assays. Slight changes in the macromolecular profile distribution of the different tested biomass were observed. Regardless of the time that the biomass was stored, results revealed that frozen biomass doubled the hydrolysis constant and enhanced methane yield by 1.56-fold compared to fresh microalgae biomass (82.4 mL CH4 g COD in−1). Similar enhancement was obtained with the freeze-dried biomass, and slightly lower values were obtained (1.34-fold) for the biomass kept at 4 °C longer than a week. Likewise, the semi-continuously operated reactor fed with microalgae biomass stored for 28 days at 4 °C did not show any effect in terms of methane production, although nitrogen mineralization was higher than expected. Remarkably, the initial stage of the biomass should be carefully considered for comparison purposes with the available literature on batch mode assays. This study highlights the importance of considering how the biomass is stored before the anaerobic digestion process to avoid misleading conclusions.

The consortia formed by microalgae and bacteria developed during semi-continuous operation of photobioreactors treating domestic wastewater was characterized by means of flow cytometry and DGGE techniques. While microalgae population was dominated by the inoculated wild strain Chlorella sorokiniana, the bacterial community included as activated sludge was totally replaced by microbial groups exhibiting adaptations to illuminated environments. The quantification conducted by flow cytometry evidenced bacterial population displacement favoring pigmented and photoheterotrophic groups. This fact was correlated with DGGE analysis that showed the dominance of Rhodobacteraceae family during steady state conditions and disappearance of Rhizobiaceae family present in the inoculum. This particular bacterial community composition was related with the limited organic matter consumption detected in the experimental reactors, estimated in removal rates of 64.2 ± 4.8% of biodegradable chemical oxygen demand present in primary treated wastewater. In conclusion, the dominance of photoheterotroph and pigmented bacteria reduced the metabolic capability of the photobioreactor resulting in insufficient wastewater treatment with regard to discharge regulations.

Microalgae culture is an environmentally friendly alternative to the energy consuming activated sludge technology used for wastewater treatment. Since the bioprocess is driven by sunlight, the operational costs are considerably reduced compared to the mechanical aeration. Before implementing extensively, this bioprocess still requires a better understanding of the organism interactions and the impact exerted by the main variable ruling the process (light intensity). For this purpose, oxygen concentration evolution was studied and modelled in a consortia developed during the treatment of domestic wastewater. Rates of oxygenation were studied and modelled with the equations validated for microalgae cultures. The bacterial activity was simulated by means of equations used for quantification of oxygen consumption in conventional wastewater treatment facilities. Analysis revealed important aspects of the symbiosis: while bacterial oxygen consumption was limited to a few hours after the addition of wastewater, microalgae not only act as oxygen producer, events of photorespiration and endogenous respiration processes were detected along the continuous culture treating wastewater.

The geographical spreading of new fishing activities and the increasingly deeper locations of these activities have shown the worldwide distribution of gerionid crabs and new descriptions of Chaceon taxa. However, incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity, and phenotypic overlap make the morphometric identification of these species difficult. In this study, partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 16S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes have been analyzed in Chaceon species from the Eastern Central and South Atlantic and compared with sequences of species from Western Atlantic. Our results corroborate the proposed morphological species and highlight the significant separation of the Eastern Atlantic species and those from Atlantic coasts of South America for both markers (97% Bayesian posterior probability, BPP / 83% Bootstrap replicates, BT). Interestingly, Chaceon sanctaehelenae shows a closer relationship with the species of the American coast than with those from the Eastern Atlantic. On the other hand, while COI marker clearly separates Chaceon atopus and Chaceon erytheiae species (99 BPP / 91% BT), these species share haplotypes for the 16S rRNA marker, pointing to a recent speciation process. Moreover, a close relationship was observed between Chaceon maritae and Chaceon affinis (94% BPP / 77% BT). The topologies of the trees obtained indicate that the ancestor of this genus was closer related to those species from South America than to those from the Eastern Atlantic., SI

Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) are highly migratory predators whose abundance, distribution, and somatic condition have changed over the past decades. Prey community composition and abundance have also varied in several foraging grounds. To better understand underlying food webs and regional energy sources, we performed stomach content and stable isotope analyses on mainly juvenile (60–150 cm curved fork length) bluefin tuna captured in foraging grounds in the western (Mid-Atlantic Bight) and eastern (Bay of Biscay) Atlantic Ocean. In the Mid-Atlantic Bight, bluefin tuna diet was mainly sand lance (Ammodytes spp., 29% prey weight), consistent with historic findings. In the Bay of Biscay, krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) made up 39% prey weight, with relative consumption of each reflecting annual changes in prey abundance. Consumption of anchovies apparently declined after the local collapse of this prey resource. In both regions, stable isotope analysis results showed that juvenile bluefin tuna fed at a lower trophic position than indicated by stomach content analysis. In the Mid-Atlantic Bight, stable isotope analyses suggested that >30% of the diet was prey from lower trophic levels that composed, Sí

This study explores the relationship between a seamount located in the Cantabrian Sea known as Le Danois Bank (El Cachucho fishing ground), the first offshore Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Spain, and the Spanish albacore (Thunnus alalunga) surface fishery that operates during the summer and autumn months. The geographical distribution of catch per unit effort (CPUEs), expressed by number, showed that August and September were the months with the highest catches in the El Cachucho area, however, annual variability existed. Nominal CPUE series obtained from both logbook data and fishing interviews revealed that higher CPUEs were achieved inside the MPA during some fishing seasons, but there was no consistency in the data, since spatial and temporal variability were shown. The spatial distribution of monthly CPUE data was characterized by means of geostatistical analysis. Albacore schools tended to aggregate in mesoscale patches of similar dimensions but the location of these aggregations was non-stationary both in space and time. This supports the hypothesis that albacore are not randomly spatially distributed, but that they concentrated in certain areas where they find suitable conditions of food availability.

Skin and gill parasites found in juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) caught in the Bay of Biscay, northeast Atlantic, were examined with the aim of finding biological tags. The degree of infection of different microhabitats was analyzed and the annual prevalence by species of parasite obtained. Of the specimens examined, 98% had parasites, and the gills were by far the most infected microhabitat, followed by the skin and the pectoral fin. Within the gill cavity, parasites were most commonly found in the afferent margins of the primary lamellae. Three species of Copepoda were identified, two species of Monogenea, and eleven Digenea. Thus, ten species (Digenea: Didymozoidae) and a new host record for Copiatestes thyrsitae (Digenea: Syncoeliidae) were recorded in Thunnus thynnus. The suitability of the different external parasites found is discussed and gill didymozoids are put forward as useful biological tags. Confusing taxonomy within this digenean family makes species identification of the different morphotypes difficult. However, their habitat specificity in hosts can be a good tool to differentiate morphotypes and characterise host individuals.

The aim of this article is to assess the ideology of two short storiesfocused on gift-giving and composed in medieval Iceland: Gjafa-Refs þáttr and Auðunar þáttr vestfirzka. Our hypothesis is that the texts, while sharing a similar narrative motif, represent different ideological stances that can be associated with the transformations undertaken by Icelandic society during the thirteenth century. We argue that while the earlier Tale of Auðunn exemplifies a story of social promotion based almost purely on personal qualities, the later Tale of Gift-Refr adds supraindividual conditionsto explain the success of its main character, emphasizing good lineage and aristocratic patronage. O objetivo deste artigo é comparar a ideológia em dois contos que tratam da troca de presentes feitos na Islândia medieval: Gjafa-Refs þáttr e Auðunar þáttr vestfirzka. Nossa hipótese é que estestextos, embora eles compartilham um motivo narrativo básico, representan diferentes posições ideológicas que podem ser associados com a transformação da sociedade islandesa no século XIII. Argumenta-se que, enquanto o anterior Conto de Auðunn exemplifica uma história de ascensão social baseada quase exclusivamente nas qualidades pessoais, o tardío Conto de Refr adiciona condições supra-individuais para explicar o sucesso do seu personagem principal, enfatizando sua boa linhagem e o patrocínio aristocrático. Fil: Barreiro, Santiago Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentina

Incluye anexos con legislación sobre el currículo para Educación Primaria en España y en Galicia, y la programación de la experiencia interdisciplinar 'El Camino de Santiago' Se propone la interdisciplinariedad como método de enseñanza y se presentan dos itinerarios pedagógicos basados en ese método. Se divide en dos partes: la primera, de tipo teórico, aborda la evolución hacia el currículo, la práctica educativa, los aspectos legales del sistema educativo español, las demandas del futuro profesor, y un caso de experiencia interdisciplinaria; en la segunda parte se exponen los antecedentes de la interdisciplinariedad y los objetivos de la interculturalidad, y se presentan dos experiencias de puesta en práctica de un itinerario interdisciplinar (San Andrés de Teixido y el Camino de Santiago). Galicia Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ESP