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Introduction: In urban areas exposed to high-magnitude earthquakes, the drinking water supply would be severely damaged, and domestic services would be disrupted for a large part of the population in the event of an earthquake. The Lima-Callao metropolitan area in Peru, South America, is expected to experience an 8.8 Mw earthquake, and it is estimated that approximately 90% of the population would not have immediate access to emergency water in the case of such an event. The main objective of this paper is to define criteria for a spatial analysis method to guide the design criteria for an Emergency Water Supply System (EWaSS). Methods: This paper combines territorial, urban resilience and participatory approaches and presents the results of an interdisciplinary research with social impact. Thus, it examines the urban territory at macro-, meso- and micro scales; physical-spatial variables indicating risk levels and possible public spaces to implement the system; and socio-spatial variables regarding the population, risk perception and participation in management to strengthen urban resilience. Normative tools and the Geographic Information System are used to spatialize and systematize quantitative and qualitative information. Results and discussion: The EWaSS is an alternative for safe water supply in a post-disaster situation that would provide immediate and autonomous operation during the first 72 h of the emergency. The results show the physical-spatial and social viability of urbanized areas and the system design criteria that guide local actors in making decisions at the three levels of emergency management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different methods and procedures have been developed to define prioritisation strategies of retrofit interventions aimed at reducing the seismic risk of school buildings on a large territorial scale. However, these approaches fail to demonstrate how risk analysis has been used successfully to quantitatively assess and select the optimal risk management decision. This article proposes innovative and useful metrics to measure the potential costs and benefits related to the prioritisation of retrofit intervention and the resilience of the analysed school system by directly integrating engineering, organisational, socio-economic and political aspects in the realm of seismic resilience assessment. Based on probabilistic risk assessments considering the new vulnerability of the prioritised school buildings, these measures could predict the expected economic and functional losses associated with a disastrous seismic event, as well as the possible post-disaster recovery of the system. In order to help decision-makers in selecting the optimal mitigation strategy with a multidisciplinary and multidimensional perspective, different political scenarios, the relative prioritisations of interventions and their intervention options are also defined. The proposed framework is demonstrated in a complex case study of 1,825 public schools in the Lima metropolitan area, Peru. Policymakers, planners and engineering professionals could benefit from results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Building stock constitutes a huge repository of construction materials in a city and a potential source for replacing primary resources in the future. This article describes the application of a methodological approach for analyzing the material stock (MS) in buildings and its spatial distribution at a city‐wide scale. A young Latin‐American city, the city of Chiclayo in Peru, was analyzed by combining geographical information systems (GIS) data, census information, and data collected from different sources. Application of the methodology yielded specific indicators for the physical size of buildings (i.e., gross floor area and number of stories) and their material composition. The overall MS in buildings, in 2007, was estimated at 24.4 million tonnes (Mt), or 47 tonnes per capita. This mass is primarily composed of mineral materials (97.7%), mainly concrete (14.1 Mt), while organic materials (e.g., 0.15 Mt of wood) and metals (e.g., 0.40 Mt of steel) constitute the remaining share (2.3%). Moreover, historical census data and projections were used to evaluate the changes in the MS from 1981 to 2017; showing a 360% increase of the MS in the last 36 years. This study provides essential supporting information for urban planners, helping to provide a better understanding of the availability of resources in the city and its future potential supply for recycling as well as to develop strategies for the management of construction and demolition waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintenance and decommissioning real options (RO) models are developed for life-cycle cost-benefit (LCCB) analysis of offshore platforms. Uncertainties about hydrocarbon prices, maintenance costs, environmental loading, structural capacity and damage due to deterioration are taken into consideration in the RO modelling. Expressions are derived for expected costs and benefits in terms of the availability function of the platform, which depends on the hazard and restoring functions, and on the annual probability of failure of the structure. Results show that the use of the net present value (NPV) approach can significantly underestimate the LCCB. The RO formulation developed is shown to provide a proper framework to account for the value of the managerial flexibility to consider different options along the service lifetime of the structure, such as maintenance and decommissioning, and to make decisions adapting to future information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ozoned water for the disinfection of tomatoes {Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) FA-180. The ripened tomatoes were inoculated with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and washed with ozoned water under two systems of agitation during 15 and 30 min in concentrations of dissolved ozone of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L, and it was evaluated the concentration of the microorganism in the treated and non treated tomatoes. It was demonstrated that ozone in aqueous phase has a marked effect in the disinfection of polluted tomatoes, and the washing system with a lab shaker was the more appropriated. A concentration of dissolved ozone of 1 mg/L and a time of treatment of 15 min are recommended to achieve a satisfactory disinfection in ripened tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, there has been an interest in new tourism management models due to the need for effective tourism management to ensure that destinations are sustainable, safe and competitive. The objective of this article is to carry out a study of the models that address the management of tourist destinations. The methods used were: the bibliometric analysis that allowed to determine the main lines of research on the subject, the bibliographic review to identify the variables that are most related to tourism management, with the support of a software an analysis was carried out in networks and by hierarchical clusters to identify the main clusters that allow a better visualization of the variables. It was determined that the variables of greatest use in the analyzed models are: marketing-communication, market research and/or service quality, planning and/or organization and management of actors, resources, information or crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]