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Los jesuitas, mayormente que el resto del clero, tomaron como propia la devoción por la Virgen de Loreto y la difundieron por el mundo. En su provincia del Paraguay, el P. Diego de Torres Bollo, su primer provincial, fue quien la popularizó, luego de su paso por el santuario. Lo hizo en forma efectiva, sugiriendo a todos los misioneros que en cada poblado indígena se levante una réplica de la capilla lauretana, como también en los colegios de las ciudades. Trajo un plano, además de unas estrellas y astillas como reliquias. Pero el proceso de expolio y abandono surgido después de la expulsión solo dejó intacto un único edificio ubicado en Santa Rosa (Paraguay). Nuestra intención es dar a conocer los motivos que impulsaron al provincial a tomar estas decisiones, que dejaron un sinnúmero de testimonios. Por ello describimos y analizamos críticamente el caso ubicado en el antiguo poblado guaraní de Santa Rosa, por ser actualmente el único existente, con una serie importante de esculturas y sobre todo pinturas interiores en sus muros que representan el Traslado y los momentos previos al nacimiento de Jesús y su vida en la Casa

For the Mexican Otomi of the Sierra Norte de Puebla, Santa Rosa is a sacred plant used by the shaman to heal people and sing in rituals called costumbres. It is also an Antigua, a sacred deity who maintains a constant dialogue with ritual specialists. In the Otomi discourse and its worldview of Santa Rosa, as well as in its ritual process, it is eaten, not smoked. Although it is cannabis, they mention that: "the Santa Rosa is eaten, it is sacred; marijuana, the one they smoke in Mexico, is another one that looks like it." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La producción agropecuaria requiere del manejo de un conjunto de sistemas físicos, biológicos y económicos. La incertidumbre asociada a estos sistemas contribuye a la complejidad en el proceso de la toma de decisiones e incide en la eficiencia del manejo. La Agrometeorología es una disciplina que une meteorología y producción agropecuaria e intenta detectar y definir efectos para después aplicar los conocimientos que se tienen de la atmósfera a los aspectos prácticos de dicha producción. La relevancia de los fenómenos atmosféricos sobre la producción agropecuaria es evidente cuando pensamos en catástrofes como sequías, heladas, granizadas o inundaciones, pero sin llegar a estos extremos, variaciones más sutiles en lluvias, radiación solar, temperatura, viento o humedad del aire, tienen un impacto considerable sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de plantas (cultivos, malezas), animales y las plagas en general. El conocimiento del clima de un lugar y su variabilidad, a partir de registros históricos suficientemente largos, son esenciales para que el productor agropecuario pueda tomar las mejores decisiones, de lo contrario éstas tendrían mucho componente azaroso. Se define como clima al estado medio de la atmósfera y sus variaciones y es posible describirlo mediante el comportamiento de los elementos que lo componen. Caracterizar el clima de un lugar es importante no solo para la planificación agropecuaria sino para la interpretación correcta de los pronósticos y tendencias meteorológicas. Una de estas herramientas para caracterizar el clima son las estadísticas climáticas, que los autores de esta publicación ponen a disposición de investigadores, docentes, estudiantes y asesores, a efectos de que puedan ser consideradas para la elaboración de diagnósticos, predicciones y diseños estratégicos en la agronomía moderna.

Street tree can be defined as any tree planted within public sidewalks. The presence of urban street trees provides ecological, social and economic services that improve environmental conditions and life quality in cities. The objective of this study was to conduct an assessment of street trees in the downtown area of Santa Rosa. Survey was carried out between November 2020 and February 2021. This study examined the number, species, size and condition of street trees and recorded negative tree interactions with urban infrastructure in 498 blocks. Results comprise a total of 7381 records encompassing 84, 7 % trees, 9,9 % empty planters, 4,2 % shrubs, 0,3 % palms and 0,9 % herbs, grasses and other types. On average, there are 12 trees, 6 specimens of other types and 2 empty planters per block. The dominant species was the American ash (Fraxinus americana) with 50,5 % abundance. Sixty percent of trees were in the study area are in "very good" to "good" condition and the predominant tree size was medium (57,3 %). There is a minimum deficit of 1,851 trees, mainly noticeable in commercial fronts. Most of the negative interactions are observed on sidewalks, which are raised or broken due to the effect of tree roots. It is recommended to plant trees in order to increase the number of trees per block and complete empty planters. In addition, the extraction and replacement of specimens in poor condition should be facilitated. There is a need to develop lists with more suitable tree species, taking into account the characteristics of the area and the city, and including native species. This assessment provides a useful baseline for the effective management of urban street trees in Santa Rosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A revision of microscope slides deposited between 2014 and 2017 in the collection of Rocha and Doma (National University of La Pampa, Argentina) revealed three new species of the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840: M. pelufforum sp. nov., M. irenae sp. nov. and M. quiranae sp. nov. Milnesium pelufforum sp. nov. is mostly characterized by ten transverse bands of sculptured cuticle and pseudoplates (the first band, until now, never detected in the genus), six peribuccal lamellae and claw configuration [2-2]-[2-2] in young or [2-3]-[3-2] in senior specimens. Milnesium irenae sp. nov. is mostly characterized by complex cuticular ornamentation including a fine reticulation different from the typical one in the genus; it also has pseudoplates, six peribuccal lamellae, medioventral peribuccal papilla reduced, stylets, their furcae and supports very developed, and claw configuration [2-3]-[2-2]. Milnesium quiranae sp. nov. is mostly characterized by smooth cuticle, six peribuccal lamellae, and claw configuration [3-3]-[3-3]; with growing, the medioventral peribuccal papilla reduces and the buccal tube becomes wider. With the present contribution the genus Milnesium now has 48 valid species, and the number of described limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from South America has risen to 11, including 8 from Argentina with 5 from Salta and La Pampa province.

Osmotic dehydration is becoming more popular as a complementary treatment in the processing of dehydrated foods, since it presents some advantages such as minimising heat damage to the colour and flavour, inhibiting enzymatic browning and reduce energy costs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sugar and honey syrups as osmotic agents in the dehydration of plum. Plum fruits were dipped in different concentration (40, 50, 60 and 700Brix) of sugar and honey for the preparation of osmotically dehydrated plum followed by packing in LDPE bags. The processed product was stored at ambient conditions and subjected to chemical and sensory evaluation at an interval of one month for a period of three months. With the advancement of storage period, a decreasing trend was observed in moisture, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin. The osmotically dehydrated plum prepared from the treatment T9 (700Brix honey syrup) adjudged as the superior on the basis of colour, texture and taste, respectively. The study concluded better retention of osmotically dried plum prepared with 700Brix honey while as control resulted in greater loss of nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Conflict revolves around communication and culture intersections. This interplay has historical antecedents and contemporary applications. Conflicts involving Indigenous Peoples and colonizers appear in literary representations (e.g. Shakespeare's The Tempest), and contests between communities and cultures in historical, political and social settings. Amnesty International reports Indigenous Peoples' realities and efforts to lobby for social justice. One effort is in becoming visible and seeking meaningful recognition examined in media coverage of the First Peoples' holiday in Trinidad and Tobago, and resonates in conflicts reported elsewhere between Indigenous Peoples and others. Using media reports, interviews and other texts, this article employs a critical discourse studies approach to trace narrative elements and themes of communication, culture and conflict interplay, and interpret the contested expression and meaning of these texts to describe, understand, explain and construct a theoretical and applied account of resistance against unequal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O estudo sobre dinâmicas populacionais configura um dos principais instrumentos de planejamento e, consequentemente, de desenvolvimento político-econômico nas mais diversas esferas administrativas, principalmente devido à possibilidade de obter previsões e analisar interferências que possam otimizar determinado processo ao longo do tempo. Neste contexto, as Equações Diferenciais têm configurado um importante ramo de estudo na construção e no aprimoramento de modelos matemáticos que retratam dinâmicas populacionais. Visando sua exploração para prever a variação do número de habitantes do município de Santa Rosa/RS para as próximas cinco décadas, a presente pesquisa buscou analisar como tem ocorrido o comportamento desta relação no passado e identificar as variáveis que a interferem ou possam intervir no futuro, baseando-se na utilização dos modelos de Malthus, Verhulst e Gompertz. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa que alia a abordagem qualitativa à quantitativa, de cunho documental e bibliográfico, ancorada na exploração dos respectivos modelos matemáticos, mediante o reconhecimento histórico de sua construção e da conseguinte simulação de prováveis cenários populacionais santa-rosenses em um futuro próximo. Os resultados evidenciaram maior proximidade da variação populacional do município com o Modelo de Gompertz, induzindo a crer na existência de uma taxa de inibição da variável de estado proporcional ao respectivo logaritmo. Embora a taxa de crescimento da população santa-rosense tenha sido considerável em um passado recente, a previsão é que ela continue sendo positiva, porém em taxas menores, tendendo à estabilidade de um determinado limite sustentável.

Se pretende esbozar algunas características de un Sistema de Información para obtener información para la toma de decisiones y control en la administración públicas que consideramos fundamentales si pretendemos lograr un Estado cuyo accionar responda al “Prima de la Excelencia de las 5E: Eficiencia, Eficacia, Economicidad, Ejecutividad y Efectividad.” En general el análisis y desarrollo de la propuesta, aunque basados en características generales, se restringirá al ámbito de Municipal, en particular de la ciudad de Santa Rosa, el cual en la actualidad no cuenta con ningún sistema centralizado para la toma de decisiones, y los sistemas informáticos en uso son desarrollos de vieja data (generalmente con interfaz de caracteres) y la interrelación entre ellos es mínima (exportando archivos a modo texto) y las decisiones a partir de tablas dinámicas gestionadas con planillas de cálculo.

Objectives: Invertebrates are important foods for many primates and provide valuable nutrients often unavailable from plant sources. We examine the diet of white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) to determine: (a) timing and types of invertebrate food consumption; (b) whether invertebrate consumption varies with availability of plant foods; and (c) how invertebrates contribute to energy and protein intake of females during different reproductive states. Materials and methods: We analyze 2 years of behavioral data from 25 adult female capuchins to determine which invertebrates are eaten. We describe annual and monthly invertebrate consumption patterns, and, employing circular statistics, analyze seasonal consumption of the four most important invertebrate groups eaten. We apply logistic regression analyses to tree density and fruit energy data to determine whether capuchin invertebrate foraging is related to fruit energy availability of their most commonly consumed fruits. We evaluate the nutritional contribution of invertebrates to energetic and protein requirements of females over time and across reproductive stages. Results: Capuchins consumed invertebrates from 21 identifiable groups, but their diet was dominated by four orders: Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. All four orders were consumed in a significantly seasonal pattern, and reduced fruit energy availability was a significant predictor of increased invertebrate foraging. Capuchin females often required invertebrate energy intake to meet their overall monthly energetic needs, particularly while they were lactating, even though they appear to exceed their protein requirements every month. Discussion: These results indicate that invertebrate consumption is critical for capuchin energetic needs, particularly during periods of reduced fruit availability and lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, cross-border cooperation brings many economic benefits for neighbour countries; and this also holds true in the specific case of tourism, whose development either side of a border can ensure increased turnover in trade, gastronomy, the hotel business and the wider sector of tourist services. Further, even more far-reaching effects can entail an improved state of infrastructure where transport and communications are concerned, as well as higher levels of income for local people. Cross-border cooperation may well be a precondition where regions involved are peripheral, in the sense that they are difficult of access as regards location, and also characterised by small and/or declining populations. What is involved here above all is a curtailment of the formal obstacles standing in the way of people’s crossing of a border, as followed up by joint efforts to develop tourism and transport. Amazonia has proved a magnet for explorers and adventurers since the time the first Europeans came there. Today, that vast region’s nature and indigenous peoples prove fascinating to a far wider group of actual and would-be tourists. Indeed, an ever-greater range of tour operators now have tourist visits to the Amazon Basin in their brochures. Travel agents likewise offer visits to towns along the River Amazon, as well as trips to the Selva. Ecotourism and ethno-tourism are likewise developing. In this paper, the authors analyse the conditioning (first and foremost the historical conditioning) that has underpinned the development of tourism in the Leticia-Tabatinga-Santa Rosa region, which is specific in that it marks the point of convergence of the borders of Colombia, Brazil and Peru.

El artículo analiza algunos de los componentes centrales de la Teoría de la Dependencia y cómo, a pesar de que ésta ha probado ser insuficiente para explicar el subdesarrollo en América Latina, algunos de sus supuestos, especialmente los referentes a las consecuencias sociales y económicas derivadas de la inversión extranjera, no pueden ser ignorados. Al centrar su atención en la región de Golfito, en la Zona Sur costarricense, el trabajo procura dimensionar el estado de dependencia creado a partir del control económico y social ejercido por la United Fruit Company, y la forma en que el impacto socioeconómico generado a partir de la retirada de la compañía, incidió en la incapacidad ulterior de la región para desarrollarse de forma autónoma.

El presente artículo busca transmitir los principales lineamientos que han surgido al analizar la construcción territorial del departamento de Santa Rosa, desde 1852 a 1871. Así, se intenta establecer un diálogo con los trabajos recientes sobre la construcción de la nación durante el periodo de Carrera. Basándose en la metodología de historia regional propuesta por Arturo Taracena, se analizará a la elite local en sus múltiples relaciones con su contraparte guatemalteca y su incidencia en la centralización política después de 1852. Al enfocarse en un caso particular, se podría nutrir de los trabajos recientes sobre nacionalismo de Douglas Sullivan-Gonzalez y de historia local de Ann Jefferson, los cuales han abierto nuevas perspectivas para investigar el oriente de Guatemala.

Desde 1994 hasta 1997, 1800 muestras de artrópodos correspondientes a 642 especies distribuidas en 21 órdenes y 95 familias fueron recolectadas en 21 localidades protegidas del Área de Conservación Guanacaste, para ser estudiadas como fuente potencial de nuevos medicamentos. Las localidades con más recolectas fueron Santa María (231 spp.; 421 muestras), Santa Rosa (110 spp.; 172 muestras), Cacao (98 spp.; 203 muestras) y Pitilla (67 spp.; 79 muestras), siendo la mayor cantidad recolectadas durante la estación lluviosa. El 49.72% de las muestras recolectadas correspondió al orden Lepidoptera, 15.75% a Coleoptera, 13.33% a Hymenoptera, 11.43% a Orthoptera, 6.75% a Hemiptera, 3.20% a Homoptera y 7.89% a otros grupos. Además, un 54.26% de las muestras correspondía a individuos adultos, 19.90% a larvas, 11.20% a estiércol, 6.46% a pupas, 6.12% a prepupas, 2.07% a ninfas y 3.74% a otros estadios. Un 44.38% de las muestras se recolectó mediante recolecta manual, seguido por crianza de insectos (25.73%), trampa de luz (18.80%), diferentes tipos de redes (10.52%) y otros métodos (0.16%). La alta diversidad de los trópicos y la gran abundancia de artrópodos hace de este grupo una fuente potencial de productos farmacéuticos. Sin embargo, se debe evitar la recolecta intensiva en la misma localidad durante años consecutivos (sobre todo hembras), minimizar la interferencia en procesos vitales de los organismos y la dinámica de sus poblaciones. Además se debe recolectar la menor cantidad posible de individuos y escoger la época del año adecuada, para lograr el reestablecimiento natural de las poblacionesThis study describes the results and collection practices for obtaining arthropod samples to be studied as potential sources of new medicines in a bioprospecting effort. From 1994 to 1998, 1800 arthropod samples of 6-10 g were collected in 21 sites of the Área de Conservación Guancaste (A.C.G) in Northwestern Costa Rica. The samples corresponded to 642 species distributed in 21 orders and 95 families. Most of the collections were obtained in the rainy season and in the tropical rainforest and dry forest of the ACG. Samples were obtained from a diversity of arthropod orders: 49.72% of the samples collected corresponded to Lepidoptera, 15.75% to Coleoptera, 13.33% to Hymenoptera, 11.43% to Orthoptera, 6.75% to Hemiptera, 3.20% to Homoptera and 7.89% to other groups. Different life stages per arthropod species were obtained in most samples, 54.26% of them were adults, 19.90% corresponded to larvae, 6.46% to pupae, 6.12% to pre-pupae, 2.07% to nymphs and 3.74% to other stages. Other materials associated to insects like frass represented 11.20% of the samples collected. Several collecting methods were explored, based on the possibility of accessing the necessary amount of material causing the less impact. Most of the samples were obtained by manual collection (44.38%), followed by insects breeding (25.73%), light traps (18.80%), different types of nets (10.52%) and other methods (0.16%). In general, collecting methods and practices excluded the use of solvents, mixing different species or life stages in the same bag, which might have introduced undesirable effects in the screening systems for new compounds. Based on the possibility of finding new chemicals in similar samples associated to one arthropod species, the collecting strategy included the generation of several samples from same species, separated according to differences in life stages, collecting sites, ecosystems, seasons, feeding materials or behavioral aspects. This strategy allowed the generation a larger number of samples submitted to bioassays in different areas of pharmaceutical research

Luther Burbank (1849-1926), the best-known horticulturist in the United States, was honored in 1940 by having a U.S. postage stamp in his honor--as a scientist! Burbank became a legend in his time as the plant inventor and horticultural wizard releasing a prodigious 800 new cultivars, a number of which are still being grown, the most famous being the 'Burbank' potato, the 'Santa Rosa' plum, and the 'Shasta' daisy. During his lifetime he was considered as a coequal with Henry Ford, inventor of the assembly line factory, and Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the light bulb and phonograph. Hugo de Vries, Liberty Hyde Bailey, and Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov visited him and lauded his operation. Burbank promoted the concept that plant breeding could be the basis of a business and his headquarters in Santa Rosa, CA, became world famous. He established a publication company to disseminate his work and was instrumental in the eventual passage of the Plant Patent Act of 1930. However, Burbank was not a scientist. Although a strong supporter of Darwin and the theory of natural selection, he did not understand the contributions of Mendel to genetics and breeding. He performed no experiments in the classical sense and his notes were fragmentary. In 1904, he received a large grant from the Carnegie Institution ($10,000 annually) to promote the scientific study of plant breeding, which was discontinued after 5 years when the reviewer, George Harrison Shull, determined that Burbank's procedure was more art than science. However, Burbank is justly famous as a successful plant breeder. He intuitively followed the modern rationale of plant breeding by obtaining abundant diversity, using repeated and successive hybridization, and carrying out rigorous selection. Above all he had an eye and feel for plants. His success is an affirmation that plant breeding is an art as well as a science. As an innovative plant breeding artist, Luther Burbank remains an inspiration to plant breeders and horticulturists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]