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Volatile compounds involved in the chemical communication of fruit flies have been studied for some years; however, their complete elucidation has not yet been reported. Tephritids, which belong to the Anastrepha genus, exhibit inter- and intraspecific changes regarding the chemical composition of their sex pheromones, as well as an evident relationship with the volatiles produced by their hosts. This paper reports advances in the elucidation of the chemical communication of Anastrepha species that involve sex pheromones, cuticular hydrocarbons, and the interaction between the fruit host volatiles and compounds released by the male flies.

Volatile compounds involved in the chemical communication of fruit flies have been studied for some years; however, their complete elucidation has not yet been reported. Tephritids, which belong to the Anastrepha genus, exhibit inter- and intraspecific changes regarding the chemical composition of their sex pheromones, as well as an evident relationship with the volatiles produced by their hosts. This paper reports advances in the elucidation of the chemical communication of Anastrepha species that involve sex pheromones, cuticular hydrocarbons, and the interaction between the fruit host volatiles and compounds released by the male flies.

The plants extract may be compatible with other management tactics, especially with biologicalcontrol. so the aim of this work was to evaluate the residual effect of several extracts from cedartree (C) and mahogany tree (M) (bark (C), wood (M) and leaf (F); cecropia tree (I) (bark - C andwood - M) and of the pereiro (P) (bark -C), and its possible effects on the adults of the parasitoidTrichogramma galloi(Zucchi, 1988) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Cards containingparasitised eggs of Diatraea saccharalis(Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), or containigeggs that would be submitted to the parasitoid were immersed for 30 seconds in the extracts at 5000μg.mL-1. The number of parasitised eggs and adult emergence of the parasitoid were evaluated.The highest rates of parasitism, up to 60.0%, was obtained by the control treatment, MC, MM, CCand MF, and the treatments that caused a lower percentage of parasitism, IC, IM, PC, CM andCF, respectively. The extracts of different parts of mahogany, which showed a good percentageof parasitism, affected the development of the parasitoid with a low adult emergence. The PCshowed a lower parasitism and emergence. In relation to eggs treated four days after parasitism,it was found that the control treatment had a good average in emergency (98.85%), in the samecategory of treatments IM, CF and CC, respectively. The CC extract was more selective and the PCwas the least selective for T. galloi., Os extratos vegetais podem ser compatíveis com outras táticas de manejo, principalmente com o controle biológico. Desta forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito residual dos extratos de Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae) cedro (C) e Swietnia macrophylla King Vell. (Meliaceae) mogno (M) (casca- C), madeira (M) e folha (F); Cecropia pachystachya (Cecropiaceae) imbaúba (I) (casca - C e madeira - M) e Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (Apocynaceae) pereiro (P) (casca - C), sobre adultos do parasitoide Trichogramma galloi (Zucchi, 1988) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Cartelas contendo ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) parasitados, ou que seriam submetidos aos parasitoides, foram imersas por 30 segundos nos extratos a 5000 mg.mL-1. Avaliaram-se o número de ovos parasitados e a emergência dos adultos do parasitoide. As maiores taxas de parasitismo, acima de 60,0 %, foram obtidas pela testemunha, MC e MM, CC e MF; e os tratamentos que causaram menor percentagem de parasitismo foram IC, IM, PC, CM e CF, respectivamente. Os extratos das diferentes partes do mogno, que apresentaram uma boa percentagem de parasitismo, afetaram o desenvolvimento do parasitoide, com uma baixa emergência de adultos. O PC apresentou um valor baixo de parasitismo e de emergência. Em relação aos ovos tratados quatro dias após o parasitismo, verificou-se que a testemunha apresentou uma boa emergência (98,85%), semelhantes a IM, CF e CC, , respectivamente. O CC foi o extrato mais seletivo e o PC foi o menos seletivo para T. galloi. Action of plants extract on Trichogrammagalloi (Zucchi, 1988)(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)AbstractThe plants extract may be compatible with other management tactics, especially with biologicalcontrol. so the aim of this work was to evaluate the residual effect of several extracts from cedartree (C) and mahogany tree (M) (bark (C), wood (M) and leaf (F); cecropia tree (I) (bark - C andwood - M) and of the pereiro (P) (bark -C), and its possible effects on the adults of the parasitoidTrichogramma galloi(Zucchi, 1988) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Cards containingparasitised eggs of Diatraea saccharalis(Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), or containigeggs that would be submitted to the parasitoid were immersed for 30 seconds in the extracts at 5000μg.mL-1. The number of parasitised eggs and adult emergence of the parasitoid were evaluated.The highest rates of parasitism, up to 60.0%, was obtained by the control treatment, MC, MM, CCand MF, and the treatments that caused a lower percentage of parasitism, IC, IM, PC, CM andCF, respectively. The extracts of different parts of mahogany, which showed a good percentageof parasitism, affected the development of the parasitoid with a low adult emergence. The PCshowed a lower parasitism and emergence. In relation to eggs treated four days after parasitism,it was found that the control treatment had a good average in emergency (98.85%), in the samecategory of treatments IM, CF and CC, respectively. The CC extract was more selective and the PCwas the least selective for T. galloi.

The AIDS epidemy has spread out and led to the diversification on the research for new antiviral drugs. Natural products, especially those derived from plants, are well-recognized as excellent sources of new drugs. Several of them have inhibitory activity against HIV replication, and some have been already clinically tested, with favorable results. This review presents the biochemical basis of the viral cycle and the research up to date on the identification, determination of the mechanism of biological action together with the therapeutical potential of plants-derived natural products, in the inhibition of HIV.

The advent of synthetic organic chemistry is one of the most profound scientific developments in the history of human species. The creative nature of this area has earned this discipline a reputation for precise art and science, and can be applicable to a wide range of purposes. The first chapter of this thesis attempts to explore the application of organic synthesis to medicinal chemistry. The importance of inflammation as a disease-triggering factor is no longer restricted to autoimmune and infectious diseases since it has been increasingly associated with chronic and degenerative diseases. Based on the identification of the aminoguanidine moiety in several compounds that have anti-cytokine activity, the first chapter aimed at the synthesis of a series of aminoguanidine derivatives and their isosteric analogues from a strategy of molecular simplification of documented nitrogen heterocycles. The synthesis of derivatives was carried out in yields ranging from 58 to 99%. The second chapter covers the application of synthetic organic chemistry to chemical ecology. By taking into account the economic damage caused by insect pest damage on several important crops as well as the public health problem arisen from the use of pesticides to control the presence of these pests in crops, the use of pheromones comprises an attractive strategy for the control and monitoring of the same insects. Thus, we aimed at the application of synthetic procedures for the elaboration of the pheromonal components of economically interesting pests, namely Hyponeuma taltula, Anthistarcha binocularis and Rhynchophorus palmarum, which respectively affect sugarcane, cashew and coconut crops. Based on the established routes, the components of H. taltula and A. binocularis could be obtained with overall yields of 6.8% and 21.59%, respectively. We also compared the synthetic reference compounds with the extracts of the sex glands of these species and we thus confirmed the structure proposals of their components, which in turn will allow our research group to perform future studies on the electrophysiology and the attractivity of these components in the field. CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico O advento da química orgânica sintética constitui um dos desenvolvimentos científicos mais profundos na história da humanidade. A natureza criativa dessa área proporcionou à disciplina a reputação de uma arte e uma ciência precisa, podendo ser aplicável a uma vasta gama de finalidades. O primeiro capítulo desta tese trata de explorar a aplicação da síntese orgânica à química medicinal. Visto que a importância da inflamação como fator desencadeante de enfermidades não é mais restrita a doenças autoimunes e infecciosas uma vez que tem sido cada vez mais associada a doenças crônicas e degenerativas. Com base na identificação do quimiotipo aminoguanidínico em diversos compostos que apresentam atividade anticitocina, o primeiro capítulo visou à síntese de uma série de derivados aminoguanidínicos e seus análogos isostéricos a partir de uma estratégia de simplificação molecular de heterociclos nitrogenados documentados. A síntese de 39 derivados foi realizada com rendimentos compreendidos entre 58 e 99%. O segundo capítulo abrange a aplicação da química orgânica sintética à ecologia química. Diante do prejuízo econômico provocado pelas perdas ocasionadas pelo ataque de insetos pragas a diversas culturas importantes e do problema de saúde pública que envolve o uso cada vez maior de pesticidas como consequência da presença das pragas nos cultivos, o uso de feromônios constitui uma estratégia atrativa para o controle e monitoramento desses insetos. Sendo assim, a segunda parte deste trabalho objetivou a aplicação de procedimentos sintéticos para a elaboração dos componentes feromonais de pragas de interesse econômicos, a saber Hyponeuma taltula, Anthistarcha binocularis e Rhynchophorus palmarum, que afetam respectivamente as culturas da cana-de-açúcar, do cajueiro e do coqueiro. Com base nas rotas estabelecidas, os componentes do feromônio sexual de H. taltula e A. binocularis puderam ser obtidos com rendimentos globais de 6,8 % e 21,59 %, respectivamente, e comparados com os extratos das glândulas sexuais dessas espécies para fins de confirmação das propostas de feromônios, possibilitando estudos futuros acerca de aspectos eletrofisiológicos e a aplicação desses componentes no campo. Com relação ao R. palmarum, a rota empregada não forneceu o componente do feromônio de agregação com excesso enantiomérico satisfatório.