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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert® MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) on fresh respiratory samples for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) in children.METHODS: Between July 2017 and December 2019, children with presumed TB were prospectively enrolled at clinical sites in three African countries. Children were assessed using history, physical examination and chest X-ray. Sputum or gastric aspirate samples were analysed using Ultra and culture. The diagnostic accuracy of Ultra was calculated against culture as the reference standard.RESULTS: In total, 547children were included. The median age was 4.7 years, 77 (14.1%) were HIV infected and 77 (14.1%) had bacteriologically confirmed TB. Ultra detected an additional 20 cases in the group of children with negative culture results. The sensitivity of Ultra was 66.3% (95% CI 47-82), and the specificity was 95.4% (95% CI 89-99) when assessed against culture as the reference standard.CONCLUSION: Despite the improved performance of Ultra as compared to Xpert as was previously reported, its sensitivity remains sub-optimal for the detection of TB in children. Ultra detected additional 20 cases which otherwise could not have been detected by culture alone, suggesting that the latter is an imperfect reference standard.

Background: The external quality assessment (EQA) or external quality control is an evaluation conducted by a certified external organization to inquire about the quality of the results provided by a laboratory. The primary role of EQA is to verify the accuracy of laboratory results. This is essential in research because research data should be published in international peer-reviewed journals, and laboratory results must be repeatable. In 2007, the University Clinical Research Center (UCRC’s) biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory joined the EQA program with the College of American Pathologists in acid-fast staining and culture and identification of mycobacteria as per laboratory accreditation preparedness. Thus, after 11 years of participation, the goal of our study was to evaluate the performance of our laboratory during the different interlaboratory surveys. Methods: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study to evaluate the results of UCRC mycobacteriology laboratory from surveys conducted during 2007 and 2017. Results: Of the 22 evaluations, the laboratory had satisfactory (100% of concordance results) in 18 (81.8%) and good (80% of concordance results) in 4 (18.2%). Overall, the laboratory was above the commended/accepted limits of 75%. Conclusion: So far, UCRC’s BSL-3 performed well during the first 11 years of survey participation, and efforts should be deployed to maintain this high quality in the preparedness for laboratory accreditation and support to clinical trials.

Malaria is a public health problem in Mali. Seasonal chemo prevention (SCP) is of particular importance, hence its introduction by the WHO since 2012 in children aged 3 to 59 months from the start of the transmission season. This study aims to demonstrate the impact of SCP on malaria in the health districts of Kangaba and Kolokani.Our retrospective study was carried out from 2013 to 2015 in the health districts of Kangaba and Kolokani using the databases of the NGO AMCP / ALIMA. Data from 2014 and 2015 were compared to data from 2013.The number of malaria cases in children under 5year in the area covered by the SCP shows a considerable decrease in Kangaba of 52% in 2014 and 49% in 2015, compared to the reference period being the year 2013. In Kolokani the decrease is 57% in 2014 and 40% in 2015 compared to the year 2013. Compared to deaths, a decrease of 50.5% was recorded in 2014 and 60.4% in 2015 compared to the year 2013, i.e. 51 and 61 fewer deaths compared to 2013, respectively, in health facilities.The SCP had made it possible to reduce significant mortality and malaria morbidity in the two health districts of Kangaba and Kolokani.le paludisme est un problème majeur de santé publique au Mali. La chimio prévention saisonnier a une importance particulière d’où son instauration par l’OMS depuis 2012 chez les enfants de 3 à 59 mois à partir du début de la saison de transmission. Cette étude vise à démontrer l’impact de la CPS sur le paludisme dans les districts sanitaires de Kangaba et de Kolokani.Notre étude rétrospective a été réalisée de 2013 à 2015 dans les districts sanitaires de Kangaba et de Kolokani en utilisant les bases de données de l’ONG AMCP/ALIMA. Les données de 2014 et 2015 ont été comparés à ceux de 2013.Le nombre de cas de paludisme chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans dans la zone couverte par la CPS montre une baisse considérable à Kangaba de 52% en 2014 et 49% en 2015, par rapport à la période de référence étant l’année 2013. A Kolokani la baisse est de 57% en 2014 et 40% en 2015 par rapport à 2013. Par rapport aux décès, une baisse de 50,5% a été enregistrée en 2014 et 60,4% en 2015 par rapport à 2013, soit respectivement 51 et 61 décès en moins comparé à 2013, dans les structures de santé.La CPS avait permis une réduction de la mortalité importante et de la morbidité palustre dans les deux districts sanitaires de Kangaba et de Kolokani.

Fascioliasis, caused by an infection with liver flukes of the genus Fasciola, is an important disease of livestock in most parts of the world. However, little is known about the distribution of fascioliasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We report results of a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 in the district des Savanes in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire. We obtained 275 livers from bovine suspected with fascioliasis and 51 unsuspected livers from 24 slaughterhouses. Livers were dissected using a standard operating procedure and all Fasciola gigantica flukes were removed from the tissues of the liver and the biliary ducts. We found F. gigantica in 125 livers from bovines suspected with fascioliasis (45.5%) in 10 departments of the district des Savanes. Among the unsuspected livers, five were positive for F. gigantica (9.8%). The distribution of fascioliasis showed considerable spatial heterogeneity, both at regional (ranging from 18.0% to 52.3%) and departmental level (ranging from 14.3% to 64.0%). Poro region was the most affected (52.3%) with a relatively homogeneous distribution. The departments most affected by fascioliasis were M'Bengue (64.0%), Sinematiali (62.1%) and Ferkessedougou (52.9%). Our study confirms that fascioliasis is an important veterinary disease in the northern part of Cote d'Ivoire, and hence, high-risk areas need to be targeted for prevention and control measures.

This article reports on the biochemical investigation of six African cereals (fonio, teff, sorghum, African rice, finger millet, pearl millet). These cereals play an important role in food security in many African and Asian regions, despite not being internationally traded, with the exceptions of sorghum and, partially, of pearl millet. Nowadays, crop breeders and research institutions are becoming concerned with improving the productivity and the nutritional quality of these cereals for reasons connected with the problems of human population growth and climate change. However, in these species less is known about the presence and content of anti-nutritional components that may impact human health, such as polyphenols, in particular tannins, phytate and the goitrogenic C-glycosyl flavones. In this work, these compounds were quantified and identified by means of biochemical assays or HPLC and LC-MS analysis. Obtained results showed that each of the six analysed cereals contained different levels of anti-nutritional or harmful goitrogenic compounds. In particular, all three examined pearl millet lines showed the sharply highest content of C-glycosyl flavones, slightly highest content of phytic acid and a relevant average level of polyphenols. On the other side, the Fonio lines presented the lowest level of C-glycosyl flavones and condensed tannins.

Objective: The aim of this work is to determine the correlation between the presence of diabetes autoantibodies and certain environmental parameters and diet in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their siblings. Methods: The study population consisted of 49 people, including 19 with T1D and 30 siblings of first degree whose blood and faeces were collected. T1D were recruited from two University hospital centres in Cote d’Ivoire. Serum obtained allowed the determination of anti-ICA autoantibodies by the immunofluorescence method, anti-GAD and anti-IA2 detected by ELISA. Blood parasites were sought by the drop of thick and blood smears. Intestinal parasites were searched by the direct method, Kato and Ritchie techniques. Yeasts isolation was done on Sabouraud chloranphénicol and identifying by the chromatic Candida medium. Pinworms were sought by the anal scotch test technique. Vaccines and food were mentioned on a survey sheet. Results: The 3 diabetes autoantibodies were present in T1D and 2 combinations anti-GAD-IA2 among siblings (p

le tétanos est une toxi-infection aiguë très grave due à l’exotoxine neurotrope de Clostridium tetani, un bacille anaérobie ubiquitaire, dont les spores se trouvent dans le sol. Selon l’o.M.S, la situation épidémiologique du tétanos connaît, une forte disparité dans le monde et a quasiment disparu dans les pays développés. Malgré l’existence d’une gamme variée de méthode contraceptive au Burkina Faso, les avortements clandestins restent encore fréquents exposant les victimes à des complications infectieuses pouvant être très graves. nous rapportons un cas de tétanos stade ii, survenu après un avortement provoqué clandestin chez une patiente séropositive au Vih de 19 ans. il s’agissait d’une jeune femme de 19 ans, célibataire, résidant au secteur 10 de la ville de ouahigouya au Burkina Faso. elle fut admise dans le service des urgences gynécologiques et obstétricales de la maternité du Centre hospitalier universitaire Régional de ouahigouya (ChuR-ohg) pour une limitation douloureuse de la bouche à son ouverture, associée à une raideur cervicale. au vu du tableau clinique et du bilan obtenu, le diagnostic retenu était un tétanos stade ii à porte d’entrée utérine à la suite d’une manoeuvre abortive, associé à une infection à Klebsiella pneumoniae, sur un terrain Vih1. la patiente a bénéficié d’une prise en charge multidisciplinaire impliquant le réanimateur, le gynécologue obstétricien, l’infectiologue. l’évolution a été favorable et la patiente fut libérée au 17ème jour d’hospitalisation, sous contraception oestro-progestative comprimé et des conseils sur la double protection à base de préservatif masculin ou féminin. un rendez-vous en médecine pour la prise en charge et le suivi pour son infection à Vih. les grossesses non désirées sont objets d’avortements provoqués clandestins et les complications peuvent être parfois redoutables. une utilisation effective des méthodes de planification familiale par les femmes en âge de procréer contribuera à les prévenir.Mots-clés : Tétanos, avortement provoqué clandestin, ouahigouya.Tetanus is a very serious, acute toxigenic infection caused by the neurotropic exotoxin of Clostridium tetani, ubiquitous anaerobic bacillus, whose spores are found in the soil. according to the who, the epidemiological situation of tetanus is experiencing a wide disparity in the world and has almost disappeared in developed countries. despite the existence of a wide range of contraceptive methods in Burkina Faso, clandestine abortions are still common, exposing victims to infectious complications that can be very serious. we report a case of stage ii tetanus, which occurred after an illegal abortion in a 19 year’s old patient, positive to hiV with favorable outcomes. This was a 19 year’s old unmarried woman residing in Sector 10 of ouahigouya City, in Burkina Faso. She was admitted to the gynecological and obstetric emergency department of the maternity ward of the Regional Center university hospital of ouahigouya for a painful limitation of the mouth when it opened, associated with cervical stiffness. in view of the clinical picture and the result obtained, the diagnosis was a tetanus stage ii uterine portal following an abortive maneuver, associated with a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, on a terrain hiV1. The patient benefited from multidisciplinary management involving the resuscitator, the obstetrician gynecologist and the infectious disease specialist. The evolution was favorable and the patient was released on the 17th day of hospitalization, under oestro-progestative contraceptive tablet and advice on dual protection based on male or female condom. a medical appointment for care and follow-up for his hiV infection. unwanted pregnancies are subject to clandestine abortions and complications can sometimes be dangerous. effective use of family planning methods by women of childbearing age will help to prevent them.Keywords: Tetanus, induced abortion, ouahigouya.

L’une des fonctions principales de l’aménagement de la Réserve de Biosphère de la Boucle du Baoulé (RBBB) au Mali est de conserver la végétation dans son état originel dans l’aire centrale. L'étude des paramètres floristiques est indispensable si l'on veut mettre en place des aménagements durables dans la RBBB.La présente étude vise à étudier les variations des paramètres floristiques suivant les zones de conservation afin de réussir une conservation durable de la phytodiversité dans la RBBB. Le traitement à l’aide des logiciels EXCEL et CAP « Community Analysis Package 3.0 » des données de 35 relevés phytosociologiques réalisés sur un sol sableux d’origine éolienne dans l’aire centrale et les zones (tampon et transition) a mis en évidence une homogénéité dans la composition floristique de la végétation quelles que soient les zones de conservation comparées deux à deux.Les différences de biomasses ont été faibles (D = 0,24) entre les zones de transition et tampon et très faibles (D = 0,18-0,19) entre la zone de transition et l’aire centrale d’une part et entre cette dernière et la zone tampon d’autre part. Les espèces soudano-zambéziennes et de l’Elément base soudanien ont été les plus prépondérantes dans la zone de transition et moins dominantes dans l’aire centrale tandis que ce sont les espèces à large distribution et plurirégionales qui ont été prédominantes dans la zone tampon. Pour répondre aux objectifs de conservation de la phytodiversité dans la RBBB et assurer une conservation durable de la phytodiversité, il convient d’intensifier la protection et de procéder à des interventions sylvicoles visant à préserver la flore dans son état originel voir l’enrichir dans l’aire centrale et dans la zone tampon.Mots clés: Indice de similarité, distances de Hamming, origine phytogéographique, zones de conservation, Réserve de Biosphère de la boucle de Baoulé (RBBB)English Title: Variation of some floristic parameters according to the zones of conservation of the biosphere reserve of Baoule (in Mali)English AbstractThe Reserve of Biosphere of the Loop of Baoulé (RBBB) in Mali, is a protected area of arranged according to the model of reserve of biosphere of UNESCO in central surface, buffer zones and of transition separated by corridors from passage from the animals.The goal of this managment is to especially preserve the vegetation in its original state in the central surface. The present study aims at studying the variations of the floristic parameters according to the zones of conservation in order to make a success of a sustainable conservation of the phytodiversity in the RBBB. The treatment using the software EXCEL and CAP “Community Analysis Package 3.0” of the data of 35 phytosociological releves carried out on a sandy ground of wind origin in the central surface and the zones (buffer and transition) highlighted homogeneity in the floristic composition of the vegetation whatever the zones of conservation compared two to two.The differences of biomasses were weak (D = 0.24) between the zones of very weak transition and buffer and (D = 0,18 - 0,19) between the zone of transition and the central surface on the one hand and between the latter and the buffer zone on the other hand. The species soudanozambéziennes and of the Element bases soudanien were most dominating in the zone of transition and less dominant in the central surface while in fact the species with broad distribution and pluri-regional were prevalent in the buffer zone. To answer the objectives of conservation of the phytodiversity in the RBBB and to ensure a conservation of the phytodiversity. If is advisable to intensify protection and to proceed to forestry interventions aiming at preserving the flora in its original state to see enriching it in the central surface and the buffer zone.Keywords: index of similarity, distance the Hamming, phytogeographical origin, zones of conservation, Biosphere Reserve of the Bend of Baoulé

A study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and distribution of Salmonella strains in raw chicken gizzards in 11 municipalities (Abobo, Adjame, Anyama, Attecoube, Bingerville, Cocody, Koumassi, Marcory, Port-Bouet, Treichville and Yopougon) in the District of Abidjan. Sixty six (66) samples of chicken gizzards were collected between April and September 2012. From the total of 66 samples tested, Salmonella was isolated in 77.27% (51/66). One hundred and four strains (104) were isolated and fifteen distinct serotypes identified: Derby (18.9 %), Budapest (17%), Essen and S. Kentucky (11.3%), Hadar (9.4%), Agona (7.5%), Chester, Ruiru, Schwarzengrund (3.8%), Aoto, Bargny, Elisabethville, Fortune, Poeslderf and Santiago (1.9%). Serogroup O:4 was the most prevalent (67.3 %). Prevalence of other serogroups were 18.3% for O:8, 10.6% for O:3,10, 1.9% for O:21, 1% for O:1,3,19 and O:13. Antibiotic profiles of Salmonella spp. showed 93.37 % of resistance to cotrimoxazole, 73.08% to tetracycline, 46.15% to ticarcilline, 35.58% to nalidixic acid and resistance rates . 30% to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Strains were found susceptible to cefoxitim (100%), cefotaxim (99.04 %), cephalotin (90.38%), amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (92.31%) and gentamycin (89.42%).Keywords: Salmonella, raw chicken gizzards, serogroups, antibiotic susceptibility, Cote dfIvoire.