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Table S1. Relative abundance of Archaea in alpine (Val Lavirun, LAV) and High Arctic soils (Villum Research Station, VRS) along the soil profile. Table S2. Results of envfit analyses (A, bacteria; B, fungi) testing the correlation between environmental parameters and the soil microbial communities in the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination. Depth, soil depth; T °C, soil temperature; C, carbon; N, nitrogen; DOC, dissolved organic carbon; DN, dissolved nitrogen; Water, gravimetric water content; 14C, 14C radiocarbon. Significant (< 0.05) p values are shown in bold (number of permutations 999). Table S3. Overall assembly statistics of the metagenomic data. Table S4. Numbers of functional genes annotated using eggNOG (only with COG ID/annotations), CAZy, and NCyc that differed significantly between the different soils in Val Lavirun (LAV, alpine site) and Villum Research Station (VRS, High Arctic site). Four different comparisons were considered: (i) permafrost (pF) in LAV vs. active layer (aL) in LAV; (ii) pF in VRS vs. aL in VRS; (iii) aL in LAV vs. aL in VRS; (iv) pF in LAV vs. pF in VRS. A horizon (0 ? 5 cm depth) was considered active layer here. Table S5. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant COG genes selected in the study (related to Figure 4A). LAV, Val Lavirun; pF, permafrost; aL, active layer; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S6. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant COG genes selected in the study (related to Figure 4B). VRS, Villum Research Station; pF, permafrost; aL, active layer; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S7. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant COG genes selected in the study (related to Figure 4C). aL, active layer; LAV, Val Lavriun; VRS, Villum Research Station; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S8. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant COG genes selected in the study (related to Figure 4D). pF, permafrost; LAV, Val Lavriun; VRS, Villum Research Station; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S9. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant COG genes selected in the study (related to Figure 5A). LAV, Val Lavirun; pF, permafrost; aL, active layer; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S10. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant COG genes selected in the study (related to Figure 5B). VRS, Villum Research Station; pF, permafrost; aL, active layer; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S11. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant COG genes selected in the study (related to Figure 5C). aL, active layer; LAV, Val Lavriun; VRS, Villum Research Station; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S12. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant COG genes selected in the study (related to Figure 5D). pF, permafrost; LAV, Val Lavriun; VRS, Villum Research Station; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S13. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant CAZy genes selected in the study (related to Figure 6A). LAV, Val Lavirun; pF, permafrost; aL, active layer; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S14. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant CAZy genes selected in the study (related to Figure 6B). VRS, Villum Research Station; pF, permafrost; aL, active layer; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S15. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant CAZy genes selected in the study (related to Figure 6C). aL, active layer; LAV, Val Lavirun; VRS, Villum Research Station; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S16. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant CAZy genes selected in the study (related to Figure 6D). pF, permafrost; LAV, Val Lavirun; VRS, Villum Research Station; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S17. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant NCYc genes selected in the study (related to Figure 7A). LAV, Val Lavirun; pF, permafrost; aL, active layer; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S18. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant NCYc genes selected in the study (relative to Figure 7B). VRS, Villum Research Station; pF, permafrost; aL, active layer; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S19. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant NCYc genes selected in the study (relative to Figure 7C). aL, active layer; LAV, Val Lavirun; VRS, Villum Research Station; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance. Table S20. Functional annotation, log2 fold change values and relative abundance of differentially abundant NCYc genes selected in the study (relative to Figure 7D). pF, permafrost; LAV, Val Lavirun; VRS, Villum Research Station; SE, standard error; Rel.ab, relative abundance.

Grapes of the “Grillo” variety, used to produce Marsala wine, were harvested from five vineyards with different climatic and agronomic parameters, in order to obtain a first mapping of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inhabiting the production area. Marsala base wine production was followed at a large-scale, and also two experimental vinifications, with different lysozyme and SO2 concentrations and in combination, were carried out at pilot-plant scale. LAB communities and conventional chemical parameters were periodically analysed. LAB were found on grapes at an average concentration of about 102 CFU g−1 which decreased during the transformation process. A total of 146 colonies were collected, but only 35 were recognized as presumptive LAB. On the basis of phenotypic differences and isolation source, 16 isolates were then subjected to genotypic identification and assembled into the following species: Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Enterococcus faecium, Leuconostoc fallax and Sporolactobacillus nakayamae subsp. nakayamae. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains were the most frequently isolated during winemaking which showed the highest resistance to SO2 and lysozyme.