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Presently the USAF is operating with 90 different Model Design Series (MDS) aircraft. The 90 MDS aircraft make up a total of 5778 airframes, each with a different number of Line Replaceable Units (LRUs) which make up the avionics systems. Some of the MDSs have as few as 53 avionics LRUs while others as many as 495. The total dollar value of the USAF aircraft avionics LRUs is approximately $42.4B and $30.68B in spares. Depot repairable cost to maintain these components each year is approximately $1.2B. Each MDS is assigned specific missions and the avionics systems are developed to support those missions. Due to the evolution of mission types and user needs, change is constant for the avionics manager. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Due to the rapid growth of the world´s oldest population, the number of older persons with stroke is expected to rise. Knowledge of stroke etiology is essential to offer personalized and equal health care across age groups. The present systematic review aimed to investigate the prevalence of etiological subtypes of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in older compared to younger people., Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, Epistemonikos, and Cinahl were systematically searched for studies regarding etiological classification in people ≥80 years compared to those <80 years with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke., Results: Out of 28 441 identified articles, eight met the inclusion criteria. In total, 8223 individuals were included in meta-analyses, of whom 2997 were 80 years or older. We demonstrated a higher prevalence of cardioembolic stroke in people ≥80 years OR 1.68 (95% CI, 1.12-2.53). Small vessel disease was significantly less common in older people OR .64 (95% CI, .50-.81). Regarding large vessel disease, no statistically significant difference between the two groups was shown OR 1.05 (95% CI, .77-1.43)., Conclusion: In people ≥80 years, cardioembolic stroke is more common, and small vessel disease less common compared to people <80 years. Overall, the results have to be interpreted with caution due to few studies. Large studies using validated classification systems are needed., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Diversification of cropping systems is a lever for the management of epidemics. However, most research to date has focused on cultivar mixtures, especially for cereals, even though crop mixtures can also improve disease management. To investigate the benefits of crop mixtures, we studied the effect of different crop mixture characteristics (i.e., companion proportion, sowing date, and traits) on the protective effect of the mixture. We developed a SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Removed) model of two damaging wheat diseases ( Zymoseptoria tritici and Puccinia triticina ), which were applied to different canopy components, ascribable to wheat and a theoretical companion crop. We used the model to study the sensitivity of disease intensity to the following parameters: wheat-versus-companion proportion, companion sowing date and growth, and architectural traits. For both pathogens, the companion proportion had the strongest effect, with 25% of companion reducing disease severity by 50%. However, changing companion growth and architectural traits also significantly improved the protective effect. The effect of companion characteristics was consistent across different weather conditions. After decomposing the dilution and barrier effects, the model suggested that the barrier effect is maximized for an intermediate proportion of companion crop. Our study thus supports crop mixtures as a promising strategy to improve disease management. Future studies should identify real species and determine the combination of host and companion traits to maximize the protective effect of the mixture. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Depressive symptoms independently contribute to major adverse coronary events (MACEs), with the biological immune response to depression being a likely mediator of this relationship. To determine whether genetic- and/or gender-specific phenotypic differences contribute to associations among depressive symptoms, inflammatory response, and risk of MACE in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), we conducted a prospective study of 1,117 ACS patients to test a gender-specific model in which depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]) are associated with risk of MACE. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model time to incident MACE and determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in specific inflammatory protein-coding genes and depressive symptoms interact to influence levels of inflammatory proteins or risk of MACE. Females had significantly higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels. Depression status differed by gender (29.9% of females and 21.1% of males had BDI-II scores indicative of depression [ p = .0014]). Depressive symptoms were associated with MACE; however, the interaction between these symptoms and gender was not significant. SNPs and depressive symptoms did not interact to influence inflammation or MACE. More females than males had BDI-II scores indicative of depression, yet the association between positive depressive symptom status and MACE did not vary by gender. Nor did the SNPs interact with depressive symptoms to influence inflammation or MACE. It remains of interest to identify a high-risk subgroup of ACS patients with genetic polymorphisms that result in immunoinflammatory dysregulation in the presence of depressive symptoms.

Hypomethylation of LINE-1 repeats in cancer has been proposed as the main mechanism behind their activation; this assumption, however, was based on findings from early studies that were biased toward young and transpositionally active elements. Here, we investigate the relationship between methylation of 2 intergenic, transpositionally inactive LINE-1 elements and expression of the LINE-1 chimeric transcript (LCT) 13 and LCT14 driven by their antisense promoters (L1-ASP). Our data from DNA modification, expression, and 5'RACE analyses suggest that colorectal cancer methylation in the regions analyzed is not always associated with LCT repression. Consistent with this, in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells lacking DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 or DNMT3B, LCT13 expression decreases, while cells lacking both DNMTs or treated with the DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-aza) show no change in LCT13 expression. Interestingly, levels of the H4K20me3 histone modification are inversely associated with LCT13 and LCT14 expression. Moreover, at these LINE-1s, H4K20me3 levels rather than DNA methylation seem to be good predictor of their sensitivity to 5-aza treatment. Therefore, by studying individual LINE-1 promoters we have shown that in some cases these promoters can be active without losing methylation; in addition, we provide evidence that other factors (e.g., H4K20me3 levels) play prominent roles in their regulation.

Here we present the taxonomy of the cheilostome genera Adeonellopsis MacGillivray, 1886 and Reptadeonella Busk, 1884 in Brazil. Of the six species previously reported in Brazilian waters, we include redescriptions of Adeonellopsis subsulcata (Smitt, 1873), Reptadeonella bipartita (Canu & Bassler, 1928) and Reptadeonella costulata (Canu & Bassler, 1928). Four new species of Reptadeonella are described: Reptadeonella aspera n. sp., Reptadeonella brasiliensis n. sp. (previously misidentified as Reptadeonella violacea), Reptadeonella cucullata n. sp. and Reptadeonella leilae n. sp. Reptadeonella aspera n. sp., from Bahia State, is characterized by rugose frontal calcification, a tubular peristome, small suboral avicularium and elliptical spiramen. Reptadeonella brasiliensis n. sp. is the commonest intertidal species in NE Brazil; it is distinguished from other Brazilian Reptadeonella in having a nodular peristome, large subperistomial areolar pore and zooids with one or two frontal pores frequently replaced by a suboral avicularium and crescentic spiramen. Reptadeonella cucullata n. sp., from Espírito Santo and Bahia states, has a hood-like peristome, large subperistomial areolar pore, suboral avicularium with curved mandible and denticulate spiramen. Reptadeonella leilae n. sp., described from Bahia State, has a frontal shield with small granules, tubular peristome, semilunar to semicircular subperistomial areolar pore and circular spiramen. Diagnostic characters of Reptadeonella species are discussed.

Purpose: To describe novel and emerging strategies practiced globally in research to improve longitudinal data collection., Organizing Construct: In research studies, numerous strategies such as telephone interviews, postal mailing, online questionnaires, and electronic mail are traditionally utilized in longitudinal data collection. However, due to technological advances, novel and emerging strategies have been applied to longitudinal data collection, such as two-way short message service, smartphone applications (or "apps"), retrieval capabilities applied to the electronic medical record, and an adapted cloud interface. In this review, traditional longitudinal data collection strategies are briefly described, emerging and novel strategies are detailed and explored, and information regarding the impact of novel methods on participant response rates, the timeliness of participant responses, and cost is provided. We further discuss how these novel and emerging strategies affect longitudinal data collection and advance research, specifically nursing research., Conclusions: Evidence suggests that the novel and emerging longitudinal data collection strategies discussed in this review are valuable approaches to consider. These strategies facilitate collecting longitudinal research data to better understand a variety of health-related conditions. Future studies, including nursing research, should consider using novel and emerging strategies to advance longitudinal data collection., Clinical Relevance: A better understanding of novel and emerging longitudinal data collection strategies will ultimately improve longitudinal data collection as well as foster research efforts. Nurse researchers, along with all researchers, must be aware of and consider implementing novel and emerging strategies to ensure future healthcare research success., (© 2014 Sigma Theta Tau International.)

Nurses are a pivotal component of the translational research movement and apply scientific discoveries to the healthcare and clinical practice fields. Biobanking is also an important factor in furthering translational research by providing biospecimens and related clinical data to the research community. The effectiveness of any biobanking effort necessitates the enrollment of large numbers of diverse participants, which signifies a need for the nursing profession to secure the knowledge necessary to impact biobanking practices and to promote participant advocacy. In addition, biobanks provide the volume, variety, veracity, and velocity of data that can address the challenges of nursing research. Nurse scientists, research nurse coordinators and clinical research and practice nurses must be informed about the various benefits and risks associated with biobanking in addition to ethical issues surrounding informed consent, participant privacy, and the release of research results. Ultimately, nurses need to possess competencies to facilitate biobanking practices both at the research bench and at the point of care.

Preservation of biospecimens for biobanking applications traditionally involves freezing while maintaining the integrity of the product throughout multiple freeze-thaw cycles. The protection and stabilization of DNA at room temperature (RT) may eliminate the costs associated with freezer storage and reduce the maintenance costs for biobanks. However, there is a paucity of information describing the yield, purity, and integrity of DNA extracted from biospecimens stored at RT. To evaluate the yield, purity, and integrity of DNA extracted from whole blood samples stored at RT (18°C), low (-20°C), and ultra-low (-80°C) temperatures, whole blood samples from sheep and human subjects were collected, and aliquots were stored at RT (18°C), -20°C, and -80°C. Blood samples at RT were stored utilizing biostabilization technology designed to protect genomic DNA in whole blood. The quantification of the extracted DNA was determined by spectrophotometry, and the integrity was assessed following gel electrophoresis. Storage temperature did not influence the DNA yield (p=0.52); DNA yield averaged 13.6 ± 1.2 ng/μL across all storage temperatures. However, DNA yield was influenced (p=0.04) by species. The DNA yield was not influenced by a species × storage temperature interaction (p=0.84). Among the samples stored at RT, the species, type of technology utilized, and the interaction did not influence (p>0.13) DNA yield for both DNAgard and DNAstable. The 260/280 ratio was influenced by a species × storage temperature interaction (p=0.01). Generally, the 260/280 ratios were higher (p<0.05) for human samples stored at low and ultra-low temperatures compared to sheep samples stored at similar temperatures. Ambient temperature-based technologies offer an alternative to low temperature biospecimen preservation for blood that can be utilized by biobanks to reduce freezer storage costs while maintaining the quality of the biospecimen.

Colatooeciidae includes the genera Colatooecia, Cigclisula and Trematooecia. While Colatooecia is considered a well-defined genus, the differences between Cigclisula and Trematooecia are poorly defined. This taxonomic review was undertaken to understand the morphological differences between Cigclisula and Trematooecia. The type species of Cigclisula is redescribed and the type species of Trematooecia is designated and redescribed. Diagnostic characters of both genera are redefined. Six new species of Cigclisula and one of Trematooecia are described: Cigclisula australis n. sp., Cigclisula buski n. sp., Cigclisula fistulosa n. sp., Cigclisula osburni n. sp., Cigclisula perforata n. sp., Cigclisula winstonae n. sp. and Trematooecia rotunda n. sp. Four species previously assigned to Cigclisula are transferred to Trematooecia: Trematooecia arborescens (Canu & Bassler, 1928) n. comb., Trematooecia gemmea (Winston & Woollacott, 2009) n. comb., Trematooecia hexagonalis (Canu & Bassler, 1930), and Trematooecia verticalis (Maplestone, 1910) n. comb. Two species previously assigned to Trematooecia are transferred to Cigclisula: Cigclisula turrita (Smitt, 1873) and Cigclisula psammophila(Winston & Håkansson, 1986) n. comb.

Background: Despite the prevalence of depressive symptoms and increased risk for future cardiovascular events, depressive symptoms frequently go underrecognized in patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Identifying an effective approach to depressive symptom screening is imperative in this population., Objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore the agreement between Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores and a single screening question for depressive symptoms in 1122 patients hospitalized for ACS., Methods: Independent-samples t tests and χ tests were used to compare the groups with BDI-II scores of 14 or higher and lower than 14. Three separate agreement analyses were conducted using categorized BDI-II scores (≥14, ≥20, and ≥29). Agreement of the BDI-II categories with the responses to the single screening question was assessed with the simple κ statistic. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using the BDI-II categories as the criterion standards for depressive symptom screening., Results: The agreement analysis revealed a moderate level of agreement (κ coefficient = 0.42) between the BDI-II scores of 14 or higher and the single screening question. Of the participants who reported a BDI-II score of 14 or higher, 61.65% answered yes to the single screening question (sensitivity, 0.62). For those who had BDI-II scores of lower than 14, a total of 82% responded no to the single screening question (specificity, 0.82). When using higher BDI-II scores to define depressive symptoms (≥20 and ≥29), the level of agreement decreased, whereas sensitivity increased to 0.76 and 0.90, with a trade-off in specificity (0.79 and 0.74, respectively)., Conclusions: These results suggest that the single screening question for depressive symptoms correctly identifies depressive symptoms 62% of the time but inappropriately identifies depressive symptoms 18% of the time in patients hospitalized for ACS. This suggests that the single screening question for depressive symptoms may be used with caution to initially screen patients with ACS, who can then undergo a more thorough assessment for clinical depression.

This study examined the prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms and the self reported somatic depressive symptoms as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) among patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and explored the impact of gender on both. A convenience sample of 789 adults (248 women and 541 men) was recruited for the study during hospital admission for ACS and participants were screened for self-reported depressive symptoms. BDI-II scores of ≥14 indicate a moderate level of depressive symptoms and this cut-off score was used to categorize patients into depressed and non-depressed groups. Pearson chi-square tests for independence (categorical variables) and t tests for independent samples (continuous variables) were used for gender comparisons. Results showed that depressive symptoms during ACS episodes were different between women and men. Women reported greater overall depressive symptoms (BDI-II mean = 11.89, S.D. = 9.68) than men (BDI-II mean = 9.00, S.D. = 7.93) (P < 0.000). Significantly more women (7.66%) were identified positive for somatic depressive symptoms (sleep and appetite disturbances and fatigue) than men (2.22%) (P = 0.0003). Findings support that there are gender differences in depressive symptoms experienced by patients hospitalized for ACS. Somatic symptoms of depression may be important indicators of depression especially among female ACS patients.

We provide original descriptions for nine new species in the cheilostome bryozoan genus Cauloramphus (C. gracilis, C. Ordinarius, C. amphidisjunctus, C. cheliferoides, C. oshurkovi, C. infensus, C. parvus, C. peltatus, and C. ascofer) and a redescription of C. disjunctus Canu and Bassler, 1929 . We delineate a group of eight species, here termed the 'C. disjunctus clade,' that have the opesial spine joints calcified to a greater or lesser extent in mature zooids; most also have paired, hypertrophied avicularia. This group includes C. amphidisjunctus, C. cheliferoides, C. infensus, C. parvus, C. peltatus, and C. ascofer in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska; C. oshurkovi in the Commander Islands; and C. disjunctus in Japan. High levels of apparent endemism in two unrelated bryozoan genera (Cauloramphus and Monoporella), and geographical population differentiation in C. ascofer indicating ongoing allopatric speciation, suggest high speciation rates for deep benthic bryozoans in the western Aleutians. A phylogenetic hypothesis for the C. disjunctus clade indicates that populations of Cauloramphus dispersed between the Aleutians and Asia on at least three separate occasions, and that the polarity of at least two of these dispersal events was from the Aleutians to Asia.