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In this study, the effect of high-calorie feeding and aerobic exercise on skeletal and cardiac muscle citrate synthase (CS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), and -II (CPT-II) mRNA expressions were evaluated. Genetically non-obese rats were grouped as normal-high calorie and sedentary-exercising. Gastrocnemius-soleus and heart muscles' CS, CPT-I, and CPT-II expressions and skeletal muscles' histopathological characteristics were evaluated. High-fat diet had increased body weight by 10% and aerobic exercise did not make any difference. Skeletal muscle CS expression was increased significantly in normal-calorie exercising group. Exercise and high-fat diet did not change CPT-I and CPT-II expressions in both heart and skeletal muscle. Histopathological evaluations demonstrated increased cytoplasmic lipid droplets in high-calorie fed sedentary rats, and exercise had reduced lipid droplets in skeletal muscle. Also, both mitochondria and nuclei distribution were impaired in high-calorie groups. In conclusion, aerobic exercise without food restriction was not enough to make significant changes in fat transportation mechanism into skeletal and heart muscle.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada sporcu ve sedanter bireylerin performans testleri sonucunda tespit edilen en yüksek yağ yakım aralıkları ve substrat kesişim noktalarındaki metabolik değişkenlerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 10 sedanter (22,1 ± 0,5 yıl) ve 11 sporcu (22,3 ± 0,6 yıl) olmak üzere toplam 21 erkek gönüllü katılmıştır. Katılımcıların egzersiz testleri yürüme bandında indirekt kalorimetre kullanılarak yapılmıştır (Cosmed Quark CPET). Uygulanan iki farklı egzersiz testi sonucunda katılımcıların performans düzeylerine ve yağ oksidasyon hızlarına ait veriler elde edilmiştir.Bulgular: Beden kitle indekslerine göre sporcular normal, sedanter bireyler ise fazla kilolu sınıfında yer almışlar ve sedanter bireylerin vücut yüzde yağ oranları sporculara kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. Sporcuların pik oksijen alım seviyeleri anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olmasına karşın, en yüksek yağ oksidasyon hızları sedanter bireylere benzer seviyede tespit edilmiştir. Karbonhidratların baskın enerji kaynağı haline gelmeye başladığı kesişim noktasında, sporcu ve sedanter bireylerin oksijen alım miktarları arasında istatistiksel fark olmamasına karşın, bu değerin maksimal oksijen alım kapasitelerine oranı değerlendirildiğinde sporcu grupta istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Oksijen alım kapasitesi yüksek olan sporcu bireylerin hem en yüksek yağ yakım hızlarının hem de kesişim noktasındaki yağ yakım hızlarının sedanter gruba kıyasla istatistiksel farklılık göstermemesi, yağ oksidasyonunu belirleyen tek faktörün maksimal aerobik kapasite olmayabileceğini düşündürmektedir., Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate metabolic responses of athletic and sedentary men at maximal fat oxidation and crossover points that were determined by performance tests. Materials and Methods: 10 sedentary (22.1 ± 0.5 years) and 11 athletic (22.3 ± 0.6 years) volunteers participated in this study. Participants’ exercise tests were performed on a treadmill. Maximal fat oxidation rates and metabolic responses at cross over point (COP) were measured by indirect calorimeter (Cosmed Quark CPET). Results: Sedentary individuals were classified as overweight whereas athletic individuals were classified as normal according to their body mass indices and sedentary individuals’ body fat percentage were significantly higher than athletic participants. Although athletic participants’ peak oxygen uptakes were significantly higher, maximal fat oxidation rates were similar at both groups. At COP where oxidation of carbohydrates predominate fat oxidation, both group’s oxygen consumption rates were found to be similar. On the other hand, the ratio of oxygen consumption to maximal oxygen uptake at COP was significantly lower in athletic group.Conclusion: Athletic individuals’, whom had higher oxygen uptake capacities, maximal fat oxidation rates and fat oxidation rates at COP were not significantly higher than sedentary individuals. This finding indicates that maximal aerobic capacity might not be the only determinant of fat oxidation.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, 40 dakikalık sabit submaksimal bir egzersiz sırasında, farklı aerobik kapasiteye sahip sedanter ve sporcu bireylerin maksimal yağ oksidasyon hızlarına ait değişimlerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya rekreasyonel düzeyde spor yapan (n=11) ve sedanter olan (n=10) toplam 21 erkek katıldı. Katılımcıların egzersiz testleri yürüme bandında (Cosmed), gerçekleştirildi. Yağ oksidasyon hızları ve egzersize verdikleri metabolik cevaplar indirekt kalorimetri ile ölçüldü (Quark CPET). Tüm katılımcılara, maksimal performans testi, yağmaks testi ve 40dk yürüme testi olmak üzere üç farklı test uygulandı.Bulgular: Sporcu gruba ait zirve oksijen tüketim değeri, % yağ ve % kas oranları, beden kitle indeks değeri ve maksimal yağ oksidasyonunun elde edildiği egzersiz şiddet düzeyi ile sedanter gruba ait aynı parametre değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar bulundu. Maksimal yağ oksidasyonu değerlerinde ise anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu. Diğer taraftan yağ oksidasyonu 40dk’lık sabit submaksimal egzersiz sırasında sabit kalmayarak her iki grupta da azaldı. Sporcu grupta 16dk, Sedanter grupta yaklaşık 14dk’da sabit bir düzeye ulaştı.Sonuç: Yağ oksidasyonunu belirlemede maksimal aerobik kapasite dışında başka faktörlerin de araştırılmaya devam edilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Daha elit sporcularda yağ oksidasyon paterninin araştırılması yağ metabolizmasındaki farklı fizyolojik mekanizmaların anlaşılmasında katkıda bulunabilir., Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the maximal fat oxidation rate during 40 min of continuous submaximal exercise in athletes and sedentary individuals which they have the different aerobic capacity.Materials and Methods: Recreational athletes (n=11) and sedentary persons (n=10) were participated this study. Exercise tests were performed on a treadmill (Cosmed). Fat oxidations and metabolic responses during exercise were measured with indirect calorimetry (Quark b2). Maximal performance test, fatmax test, and a 40-minute walking test were carried out to all the participants.Results: Essentially athletic participants’ peakVO2, body fat, body muscle percentages, body mass index, and exercise intensity of maximal fat oxidation rate were significant than sedentary person’s. But there were no significant differences between the maximal fat oxidation rates. On the other site, in both groups during submaximal continuous exercise for 40 min the fat oxidation rate was not sustained and decreased to a plateau level within the first 16 min for athletes and 14 min for sedentary participants.Conclusion: It is important to investigate factors other than maximal aerobic capacity in determining fat oxidation. Investigating the fat oxidation pattern in more elite athletes may contribute to the understanding of the different physiological mechanisms in fat metabolism.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, genç yüzme milli takımı veTürkiye Olimpiyat Hazırlık Merkezi (TOHM) Projesikapsamındaki Adana yüzme takımından yüzücülerinsualtı görüntüleme sistemi ile kulaç karakteristiklerininincelenmesi ve 50 m. serbest yüzme performansverilerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Milli takımdan 8 veTOHM takımından 8 olmak üzere toplam 16 yarışmacıgenç kadın yüzücü çalışmamıza katılmıştır. Antropometrikve derialtı yağ doku ölçümleri yapılarak kas veyağ oranları ile beden kütle endeksleri (BKİ) hesaplanmıştır.50 m. serbest yüzme kulaç karakteristikleri,sualtı hareketli kamera sistemi ile kaydedilmiştir.Hız, süre, Kulaç Sayısı (KS), Kulaç Oranı (KO), KulaçUzunluğu (KU) ve Kulaç İndeksi (Kİ) verileri, sualtıanaliz programı ile incelenmiştir. İstatistiksel analiz SPSS-V21 programı kullanılarak bağımsız t testi veMann Whittney U testi ile p0,05). Milli yüzücüler, TOHMsporcuları ile karşılaştırıldıklarında anlamlı olarak dahakaslı, daha ağır ve daha geniş kol açıklığı ölçüm değerlerinesahip bulunmuşlardır (p0,05). Milli yüzücülerin 50metre yüzme dereceleri ile Kİ (r = -0,89) verileri arasındaistatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmişken,TOHM takımında bu ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır (p>0,05).Çalışmamızın sonuçlarına göre; kadın yüzücülerin kulaçkarakteristiğini ifade eden verilerin tanımlanması, incelenmesive iyileştirilmesinin, performansın geliştirilmesiadına büyük önem taşıdığı düşünülmektedir. Benzergruplarda, uzun dönemde performansın elit seviyeyetaşınmasının, yüzücülerin KU, Kİ ve bunlara bağlı olarakyüzme tekniğinin g, The aim of the present study is to compare swimmingstroke characteristics of young national Olympicswimmers and swimmers from Olympic PreparationCenters of Turkey in Adana (TOPC) by usingunderwater video record system. Anthropometricand skinfold thicknesses of the swimmers’ were measured.Body fat and body mass indexes were calculated.50m front crawl swimming performanceswere recorded with an Underwater Moving CameraSystem. Statistical analysis procedures were carriedout by using SPSS-V21 software with IndependentSamples t-Test and Mann Whittney-U test. The significancelevel was accepted as p0,05). Body mass, armspan, mesomorph, muscle and bone percentage of nationalswimmers were found significantly higher thanTOPC swimmers (p0,05). The results of our study show thatdefining the data expressing female swimmers’ strokecharacteristics and analysis have great importance toimprove swimming performance. We posit that developingstroke length, stroke index and consequentlyswimming techniques are essential to achieve elite-levelperformance improvement in the long term.

BACKGROUND: Isokinetic dynamometers measure moment and calculate work and power values, which are generally used to interpret muscle performance. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the differences of peak moment (PM), work, and power between FRoM and calculated valid isokinetic sector (VIS) data to define the possibility of the misinterpretation of isokinetic dynamometer data. METHODS: Fourteen professional male soccer players who had ACL reconstruction were recruited to the muscle strengthening program which was conducted four days a week for six weeks with increasing training intensity each week. Isokinetic muscle peak moment, work, and power of knee extensors and flexors were measured at angular velocities of 60, 120, 180 and 240â /s. RESULTS: The results of the standard full-RoM (FRoM) report were compared with the calculated VIS data. Analyses of the FRoM data showed that PM, work, and power values for both extensor and flexor muscle groups improved significantly. However, a comparison of FRoM and VIS data showed significant differences for the work and power values at 120, 180 and 240â /s. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of FRoM isokinetic data may cause improper interpretations in muscle performance, particularly for contractions with higher angular velocities. ©2018-IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

We investigated the cognitive effects of exercising in the heat on the field players of two football teams in a series of three matches. Different rehydration and cooling strategies were used for one of the teams during the last two games. Cognitive functions were measured before, during and immediately after each football match, as well as core temperature, body mass, plasma osmolality and glucose levels, allowing an estimate of their differential impacts on cognition. The pattern of results suggests that mild-moderate dehydration during exercise in the heat (up to 2.5%) has no clear effect on cognitive function. Instead, plasma glucose and core temperature changes appear to be the main determinants: higher glucose was related to faster and less accurate performance, whereas core temperature rises had the opposite effect. The 50% correlation between plasma glucose and core temperatures observed during exercise in the heat may help to stabilize cognitive performance via their opposing effects. The glucose-like effects of sports drinks appear to be mediated by increased plasma glucose levels, because drinks effects became non-significant when plasma glucose levels were added to the models. The cooling intervention had only a beneficial effect on complex visuo-motor speed.

During a football match played in warm (34.3 ± 0.6 °C), humid (64 ± 2% rh) conditions, 22 male players had their pre-match hydration status, body mass change, sweat loss and drinking behavior assessed. Pre-match urine specific gravity (1.012 ± 0.006) suggested that all but three players commenced the match euhydrated. Players lost 3.1 ± 0.6 L of sweat and 45 ± 9 mmol of sodium during the 90-min match and replaced 55 ± 19% of their sweat losses and hence by the end of the game were 2.2 ± 0.9% lighter. The water volume consumed during the game was highly variable (1653 ± 487 mL; 741-2387 mL) but there was a stronger relationship between the estimated pre-game hydration status and water volume consumed, than between sweat rate and water volume consumed. In a second match, with the same players 2 weeks later in 34.4 ± 0.6 °C, 65 ± 3% rh, 11 players had a sports drink available to them before and during the match in addition to water. Total drink volume consumed during the match was the same, but approximately half the volume was consumed as sports drink. The results indicate that substantial sweat water and electrolyte losses can occur during match play in hot conditions and a substantial water and sodium deficit can occur in many players even when water or sports drink is freely available.

Dehydration and hyperthermia both, if sufficiently severe, will impair exercise performance. Dehydration can also impair performance of tasks requiring cognition and skill. Body temperature may exceed 40 °C in competitive games played in hot weather, but limited data are available. Football played in the heat, therefore, poses a challenge, and effects on some aspects of performance become apparent as environmental temperature increases above about 12-15 °C. Prior acclimatization will reduce the impact of high environmental temperatures but provides limited protection when humidity is also high. Ingestion of fluids is effective in limiting the detrimental effects on performance: drinks with added carbohydrate and electrolytes are generally more effective than plain water and drinks may be more effective if taken cold than if taken at ambient temperature. Pre-exercise lowering of body temperature may aid some aspects of performance, but the efficacy has not been demonstrated in football.

Heat stress may contribute to decreased match performance when football is played in extreme heat. This study evaluated activity patterns and thermal responses of players during soccer matches played in different environmental conditions. Non-acclimatized soccer players (n=11, 20±2 years) played two matches in conditions of moderate heat (MH) and high heat (HH) index. Core temperature (Tc) and physical performance were measured using a telemetric sensor and a global positioning system, respectively. The average ambient temperature and relative humidity were MH 34±1 °C and 38±2%; HH 36±0 °C and 61±1%. Peak Tc in the MH match was 39.1±0.4 °C and in the HH match it was 39.6±0.3 °C. The total distance covered in the first and second halves was 4386±367 and 4227±292 m for the MH match and 4301±487 and 3761±358 m for the HH match. Players covered more distance (P

Amaç: Hemofili tekrarlayan kanama ataklarına sekonder olarak kas- iskelet sorunlarına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, su içi egzersizlerinin, kas ve eklem problemleri olan şiddetli hemofili A hastalarında etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metod: Proflaksi alan, şiddetli hemofili A hastası (n=11) düzenli olarak egzersiz uygulamasına alınmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan hastaların, sağ bacaklarında üst bacak, orta bacak ve calf çevrelerinde (42.0 ± 2.4, 43.0 ±2.1 ; 37.1 ±1.9, 39.0 ±1.8; 28.1 ± 1.4, 28.9 ±1.3 respectively) (mean ± SE), sol bacaklarında üst ve orta bacak çevrelerinde (36.9 ± 1.5 , 38.9 ± 1.5 ; 41.2 ± 2.2 , 42.9 ± 2) egzersiz öncesi değerlerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (p

Diabetic nephropathy is a feared complication of diabetes since it can lead to end-stage renal failure and also it is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. The important clinical problems caused by diabetic nephropathy are proteinuria and decreased renal function. Exercise is a cornerstone of diabetes management, along with diet and medication. Since acute exercise causes proteinuria and decreases glomerular filtration rate, the effect of exercise on diabetic nephropathy is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of regular aerobic exercise on microalbuminuria and glomerular filtration rate in diabetic rats. Moderate diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg IV) in rats and an aerobic exercise- training program on a treadmill was carried out for 8 weeks. Four groups of rats; control sedentary (CS), control exercise (CE), diabetic sedentary (DS) and diabetic exercise (DE) were included in the study. Blood glucose levels were determined from the plasma samples taken at the end of 4 weeks of stabilization period and 8 weeks of training program. Creatinine clearance (CCr) and microalbuminuria (MA) levels were determined to evaluate renal functions. The analyzed data revealed that regular aerobic exercise: 1) significantly decreased the plasma glucose level of the DE group compared to the DS group (p0.05), 2) significantly decreased the microalbuminuria level of the DE group compared to those of DS group (p0.01), 3) significantly decreased the creatinine clearance levels of the DE and CE groups compared to those of CS group (p0.05). The results of this study suggest that despite of decreasing creatinine clearance, regular submaximal aerobic exercise has a preventive effect on development of microalbuminuria and thus may retard nephropathy in diabetic rats. Key pointsRegular submaximal aerobic exercise can facilitate the control of blood glucose level in diabetic rats.Streptozotocin induced diabetes may cause microalbuminuria and regular submaximal aerobic exercise may have a preventive effect on renal functions.

Support vector machine is a statistical learning classifier, based on the principle of structural risk minimization, which performs well when applied to data outside the training set. This paper presents a new approach based on support vector machines to predict whether an athlete is aerobically fit or not. The input data set contains physical properties of athletes as well as their cardiopulmonary exercise testing results which were obtained at Cukurova University Sports Physiology Laboratory. According to the exercise test protocol, speed and grade of the treadmill were increased at certain times and the input variables of time, speed and grade of the treadmill, and oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, minute ventilation and heart rate of athletes were recorded. The average of the exercise test data was taken over certain time intervals and a curve fitting algorithm was applied to remove the spikes in the data and make it more suitable to use with support vector machines. Experiments with several different training and test data show that curve-fitted data has better performance measures, such as higher prediction rate, sensitivity, specificity, and shorter training time. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wrestling requires strength of the upper and lower body musculature which is critical for the athletic performance. Evaluation of the adolescent's skeletal muscle is important to understand body movement, especially including those involved in sports. Strength, power and endurance capacity are defined as parameters of skeletal muscle biomechanical properties. The isokinetic dynamometer is an important toll for making this type of evaluation. However, load range phase of range of motion has to be considered to interpret the data correctly. With this in mind we aimed to investigate the lover body musculature contractile characteristics of adolescent wrestlers together with detailed analyses of load range phase of motion. Thirteen boys aged 12 - 14 years participated to this study. Concentric load range torque, work and power of knee extension and flexion were measured by a Cybex Norm dynamometer at angular velocities from 450°/sec to 30°/sec with 30°/sec decrements for each set. None of the wrestlers were able to attain load range for angular velocities above 390°/sec and 420°/sec for extension and flexion respectively. Detailed analyses of the load range resulted in statistically significant differences in the normalized load range peak torque for extension at 270°/sec (1.44 ± 0.28 Nm·kg(-1) and 1.14 ± 0.28 Nm·kg(-1) for total and load range peak torque respectively, p0.05), and for flexion at 300°/sec (1.26 ± 0.28 Nm·kg(-1) and 1.03 ± 0.23 Nm·kg(-1) for total and load range peak torque respectively, p0.05), compared to total peak torque data. Similarly, the significant difference was found for the work values at 90°/sec (1.91 ± 0.23 Nm·kg(-1) and 1.59 ± 0.24 Nm·kg(-1) for total and load range work respectively for extension and 1.73 ± 0.21 Nm·kg(-1) and 1.49 ± 0.19 Nm·kg(-1) for total and load range work respectively for flexion, p0.05), and was evident at higher angular velocities (p0.001) for both extension and flexion. At extension, load range power values were significantly smaller than total power for all angular velocities except 150°/sec (p0.05 for 120 and 180°/sec, p0.001 for others). Finally, load range flexion power was found to be higher than total power with statistically significance (p0.05 for 60, 120, 150, 180, 210, 270 and 300°/sec, p0.001 for 240 °/sec). Extra caution is required for correct interpretation of load range data in terms of considering the load range during limb movement. Evaluation of muscle performance of these adolescent wrestlers at regular intervals may give us an opportunity to obtain a healthy maturation profile of these adolescent wrestlers. Key PointsConsideration of load range for peak torque, work and power calculation resulted significant differences in the data presented by isokinetic dynamometer. Therefore evaluation of the dynamometer data required consideration of the load range for correct analysis and interpretation.Contraction velocity has critical importance in determining the load range attaining ability for a moving limb during load range evaluation. In fact alterations in contraction speed may be due to a number of changes in muscle morphology, subjects' age and the ratio between type I and type II muscle fiber area.