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PurposeScarcity of resources and ever-changing customer demand has driven the manufacturing organization to opt for an integrated sustainable-green-lean-six sigma-agile manufacturing system (ISGLSAMS). The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the various drivers for the adoption of ISGLSAMS for the more sustainable development of the industries.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey questionnaire, data were collected for the 14 ISGLSAMS drivers, identified through the literature review, from 108 Indian manufacturing industries. The sign test is used to check the relevance and significance of drivers. ISGLSAMS drivers are ranked based on the median and standard deviation. A multiple regression model was employed to investigate the effects of other drivers on the highest-ranked driver to strengthen the understanding of the drivers.FindingsCompetition, customer demand, technological changes, supply chain pressure, cost benefits, incentives, top management commitment and future legislation are found the strongest drivers for ISGLSAMS. For administering the competition for ISGLSAMS policymakers must focus on the availability of organization resources, customer demand, future legislation, incentives, supply chain pressure and technological developments.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to a better understanding of ISGLSAMS drivers. Through this study government, stakeholders and policymakers may plan the policy, roadmap and strategies to drive the manufacturing organizations for the adoption of ISGLSAMS for more sustainable development of industries in India.Originality/valueThis work contributes to the identification and prioritization of the drivers for the more sustainable manufacturing system, i.e. ISGLSAMS (7 Rs based, i.e. 6 Rs of sustainability with 7th R, reconfiguration). The research also contributes to the (1) ISGLSAMS literature (2) the awareness and demand of (a) ISGLSAMS (b) reconfigurable, sustainable and modular products (c) redesign, recovery and refurbishing of the product to increase the product life cycle.

PurposeThe purposes of this paper are (1) to identify and rank the various enablers for an integrated sustainable-green-lean-six sigma-agile manufacturing system (ISGLSAMS), and (2) to study their correlations and their impact on organizational performance.Design/methodology/approachThree tiers methodology is used to analyze the enablers for the successful adoption of ISGLSAMS. First, a total of 32 ISGLSAMS enablers are identified through a comprehensive literature review. Then, data are collected with a structured questionnaire from 108 Indian manufacturing industries. Then, an analytic approach is used to analyze (1) the relevance and significance of enablers and (2) their correlations (1) with each other, and (2) with the organizational performance outcomes, to strengthen the understanding of ISGLSAMS.FindingsThe findings suggest that top management commitment, sustainable reconfigurable manufacturing system, organization resources for 6 Rs, customers' and stakeholders' involvement, corporate social responsibility (CSR), customers and stakeholders-focused strategic alliances, dynamic manufacturing strategies, use of information and communication technology, concurrent engineering, standardized tasks for continuous improvement, virtual network of supply chain partners, real-time monitoring and control, training and education, employees' involvement and empowerment enablers are the higher level enablers for the adoption of ISGLSAMS. Findings also suggest that there is a scope for research in the incorporation of lot size reduction, Keiretsu-Kraljic supply chain relationship strategy, external collaborations with the stakeholders other than supply chain members, matrix flatter organization structure, employees' career development, justified employees' wages, government support for research fund and subsidies and vendor-managed inventory practices for ISGLSAMS. Top management commitment, sustainable reconfigurable manufacturing system, organization resources for 6 Rs, corporate social responsibility (CSR), dynamic manufacturing strategies, use of information and communication technology, concurrent engineering, virtual network of supply chain partners, real-time monitoring and control, training and education, employees' involvement and empowerment have a significant effect on (1) sustainable product design, (2) sustainable production system, (3) improvement in the sale, (4) improvement in market responsiveness, (5) improvement in the competitive position and (6) improvement in the global market image.Practical implicationsThrough this study of ISGLSAMS enablers and their interdependence, and their impact on ISGLSAMS performance outcomes government, organizations, stakeholders, policymakers and supply chain partners may plan the policy, roadmap and strategies for the successful adoption of (1) ISGLSAMS in the organizational value chain, and (2) Industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis in India. The study also contributes to the industrial managers, and value chain partners a better understanding of ISGLSAMS.Originality/valueThis study is the first attempt to understand (1) the ISGLSAMS enablers and their correlations, and (2) the effect of ISGLSAMS enablers on ISGLSAMS performance outcomes to get the competitive and sustainability advantage. The study contributes to the practitioners, policymakers, organizations, government, researchers and academicians a better understanding of ISGLSAMS enablers and its performance outcomes.

PurposeScarcity of resources, ecological imbalance, global warming, rising energy prices and the ever-changing need for variety have attracted the government and manufacturers for sustainable development of the industries. The integrated sustainable-green-lean-six sigma-agile manufacturing system (ISGLSAMS) provides a solid platform for meeting both the customers’ variety needs and business sustainability requirements. Many organizations opted for ISGLSAMS, but still due to various barriers organizations are not able to fully implement ISGLSAMS. The purpose of this paper is to identify the barriers to the ISGLSAMS, so that a more sustainable industrial manufacturing system and industrial symbiosis can be developed.Design/methodology/approachA literature review, from the Web of Science and Google Scholar database, has been carried out to identify the various barriers to the implementation of ISGLSAMS in the entire value chain. A total of 168 research papers have been reviewed for identifying the ISGLSAMS barriers.FindingsThis paper elaborates the concept of the ISGLSAMS, its attributes and various barriers and contributes to a better understanding and successful implementation of ISGLSAMS to meet business’ sustainability and market performance goals in the entire value chain. The paper also projects the future research framework and directions for the ISGLSAMS, integrated sustainable-green-lean-six sigma-agile (ISGLSA) product and ISGLSA supply and value chain.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to a better understanding of ISGLSAMS’ barriers. The government, stakeholders and policymakers may plan the policy, road map and strategies to overcome the ISGLSAMS’ barriers. In-depth knowledge of subclauses of ISGLSAMS’ barriers will help the practitioners to overcome the ISGLSAMS’ barriers strategically. By overcoming the ISGLSAMS barriers, a more sustainable 7 Rs based market focused manufacturing system can be designed. This will also increase the opportunities to enhance the industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis and better recovery of the product, process and supply chain residual value. This will reduce the waste to the ecosystem.Originality/valueThis work has been carried out in search of a more sustainable manufacturing system, i.e. ISGLSAMS (which is 7 Rs based, i.e. 6 Rs of sustainability with 7th R, reconfiguration) to meet the customer variety needs along with sustainability in the ever-changing customer market. This study adds value to the practitioners to identify and prioritize the ISGLSAMS’ industry-specific barriers and design the solution for the more sustainable development of (1) industries, (2) the industrial symbiosis system and (3) the ISGLSA product, process, system and supply value chain with minimum resource consumption and environmental impact. The research also contributes to the (a) ISGLSAMS (b) ISGLSA supply chain (c) reconfigurable, sustainable and modular products and (d) redesign, recovery and refurbishing of the product to increase the product life cycle.

Very short-term offshore wind speed forecasting by application of Stacked long short-term memory (LSTM) and Bidirectional LSTM deep learning models is done in this work. Wind speed data of two diff...

Developing an efficient photobioreactor (PBR) and reducing freshwater dependence are among the significant challenges for generating 3rd generation biomass feedstock. Addressing these, the present study focused on developing a modified airlift (MoAL) PBR. Its performance was further evaluated and compared with the traditional airlift PBR by cultivating microalgae in dark fermentation spent wash. Lower mixing time and higher interfacial mass transfer coefficient was observed in the MoAL PBR having a perforated draft tube. Experimentally, the MoAL exhibited the maximum biomass concentration of 3.18 g L

PurposeScarcity of resources and ever-changing demand have attracted the government and manufacturers for an integrated sustainable-green-lean-six sigma-agile manufacturing system (ISGLSAMS). Many organizations failed to adopt ISGLSAMS due to various barriers. The purpose of this paper is to identify and rank the various barriers to ISGLSAMS and to analyze the correlations among the various barriers to ISGLSAMS so that the adoption of ISGLSAMS can be implemented in manufacturing organizations for more sustainable development of the industries, and industrial ecology.Design/methodology/approachA three tiers methodology is used to analyze the barriers to the adoption of ISGLSAMS. First, a total of 24 ISGLSAMS barriers are identified through a comprehensive literature review. Then data are collected with a structured questionnaire from 108 Indian manufacturing industries. Then, the sign test is used to check the relevance and significance of barriers. Then ISGLSAMS barriers are ranked based on the median and standard deviation. Spearman's correlations between the ISGLSAMS barriers are identified and studied to strengthen the in-depth understanding of correlations among the barriers.FindingsThe result shows that most of the Indian manufacturing industries agreed with the selected barriers to the adoption of ISGLSAMS. Low supplier commitment, uncertain financial benefits, the misconception of high cost, difficulty in evaluation of system performance throughout the life cycle, complexity in ISGLSA process design, the complexity of management of ISGLSAMS, complexity in ISGLSA system design, lack of updated information, complexity in ISGLSA product design and uncertain future legislation are found the major barriers for the ISGLSAMS in Indian manufacturing industries. While lack of leadership, low top management commitment, lack of government support, organizational structure, low employees' commitment, technological risk and low public pressure are considered minor barriers for the ISGLSAMS. Inter-relationships study of the barriers further contributes to the methodology to overcome the barriers.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to a better understanding of ISGLSAMS barriers. Through this study, government, stakeholders and policymakers may plan the policy, roadmap and strategies to overcome the barriers to the ISGLSAMS. This will lead to the successful adoption of ISGLSAMS for more sustainable development of manufacturing industries in India.Originality/valueThis work contributes to identifying the barriers to a more sustainable manufacturing system, i.e. ISGLSAMS (7Rs based), and prioritizing them in Indian manufacturing industries. The research also contributes to the (1) study of inter-relationships among the ISGLSAMS barriers for analyzing the effect of one barrier over another barrier, and (2) ISGLSAMS literature because the sustainable manufacturing literature still lags the achievement of sustainability goals due to 6Rs focus.

Consumption of fossil fuel generated electrical energy can be reduced substantially by the application of renewable energy systems in transportation-related facilities like airports. This paper foc...

Background: Levothyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone that is chemically identical to Thyroxine (T4), which is secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Levothyroxine is used to treat deficiency of thyroid hormone and prevent the recurrence of thyroid cancer. Levothyroxine is present endogenously in the human body. Method: It requires a treated matrix for the preparation of calibration curve standard and quality control samples. The method was developed using LC-MS/MS and validated in human charcoal stripped serum. Charcoal stripped matrix was used for the preparation of Calibration curve standards and Quality control samples. The method involves Solid-Phase Extraction technique. Levothyroxine D3 is used as an internal standard (ISTD). Result: Chromatographic separation was achieved using reversed phase analytical column Gemini NX-C18 110Å, 3μm (50x3.6) mm. Mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water in a ratio of 70:30 with 150μL of formic acid in 1000 mL of the mobile phase. Mobile phase achieved shorter run-time of 0.9 minute due to the use of Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Positive electro-spray ionization technique detected MRM ion pair transitions 777.60→731.65 for Levothyroxine and 780.70→734.6 for Levothyroxine- D3 (ISTD) were used. AB SCIEX Triple Quad™ API-4000 LC-MS/MS system and the bioanalytical method with 10ng/mL as the limit of quantification have been applied successfully to pharmacokinetics studies. Conclusion: Chromatographic separation was achieved using reversed phase analytical column Gemini NX-C18 110Å, 3μm (50x3.6) mm. Mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water in a ratio of 70:30 with 150μL of formic acid in 1000 mL of the mobile phase. Mobile phase achieved shorter run-time of 0.9 minutes due to the use of Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). AB SCIEX Triple Quad™ API-4000 LC-MS/MS system and the bioanalytical method with 10ng/mL as the limit of quantification have been applied successfully to pharmacokinetics studies.

Wind speed forecasting is required for predicting the power production from wind farms. Information about estimated wind power production helps in better grid management and scheduling of different types of power plants connected to the grid. This paper uses deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for wind speed forecasting. The time series data of wind speed is separated into training, validation, and testing data and the errors in forecasting are estimated. The errors of deep learning method are also compared with that of statistical ARIMA model. It is observed that CNN makes forecasting errors comparable to that of statistical model. The wind speed dataset used in this work are of a coastal site located in Gujarat (India) and are measured by an anemometer located at 80 m height.

The design and fabrication of nichrome based coplanar microheater for LPG sensing applications is presented in this work. Nichrome based coplanar microheater is fabricated using photolithography process. The surface morphology of DC sputtered nichrome is characterized using scanning electron microscope. Electrothermal behaviour of the fabricated microheater is characterized by varying the applied current while the thermal distribution pattern over the active heating area is recorded using thermal imaging camera. The silicon thickness under microheater active area is varied by silicon etching with different time duration in TMAH solution. Silicon thickness effect on maximum temperature of microheater is also investigated experimentally. The tin oxide (SnO2) thin film as LPG sensor is deposited on fabricated coplanar heating platform and it is tested with different amount of LPG concentration.

In this study, the suitability of cultivating Monoraphidium sp. KMC4 was exhibited in different effluent based culture (EBC) media concentrations, the latter being treated with powdered activated carbon (PAC) with a loading of 5-50 mg L

Recent years have shown a tremendous increase in power generation from renewable sources of energy. Especially, solar photovoltaic and wind energy have gained more attention because of the maturity of both of these technologies. This study describes the possibility of the installation of a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system for supplying a daily load of 4, 65SkWh in a university campus situated at city Kota, in Rajasthan, India. HOMER software is used for the simulation of the hybrid renewable energy system. Various scenarios have been generated to supply the load demand. The scenario in which the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) comes nearly equal to the charge of importing power from the grid is taken as the optimal solution. This paper gives the technical and financial details of the optimal solution which consists of 585 kW capacity of solar PV and 15 kW capacity of wind turbines. Results obtained from the study shows that power generation from renewable sources is 46.98% of the total energy being utilized on the university campus. The net present cost for a lifespan of 25 years comes out to be $221 million and the power generated from renewable sources comes out to be 9,24,141 kWh/year.

ObjectivesConvalescent plasma (CP) as a passive source of neutralizing antibodies and immunomodulators is a century-old therapeutic option used for the management of viral diseases. We investigated its effectiveness for the treatment of COVID-19.DesignOpen-label, parallel-arm, phase II, multicentre, randomized controlled trial.SettingThirty-nine public and private hospitals across India.ParticipantsHospitalized, moderately ill confirmed COVID-19 patients (PaO2/FiO2: 200-300 or respiratory rate > 24/min and SpO2 ≤ 93% on room air).InterventionParticipants were randomized to either control (best standard of care (BSC)) or intervention (CP + BSC) arm. Two doses of 200 mL CP was transfused 24 hours apart in the intervention arm.Main Outcome MeasureComposite of progression to severe disease (PaO2/FiO2< 100) or all-cause mortality at 28 days post-enrolment.ResultsBetween 22ndApril to 14thJuly 2020, 464 participants were enrolled; 235 and 229 in intervention and control arm, respectively. Composite primary outcome was achieved in 44 (18.7%) participants in the intervention arm and 41 (17.9%) in the control arm [aOR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.77]. Mortality was documented in 34 (13.6%) and 31 (14.6%) participants in intervention and control arm, respectively [aOR) 1.06 95% CI: −0.61 to 1.83].InterpretationCP was not associated with reduction in mortality or progression to severe COVID-19. This trial has high generalizability and approximates real-life setting of CP therapy in settings with limited laboratory capacity. A priori measurement of neutralizing antibody titres in donors and participants may further clarify the role of CP in management of COVID-19.Trial registrationThe trial was registered with Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI); CTRI/2020/04/024775.

In recent years, applications of renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, and biomass are increasing for electrical power generation. However, use of biogas for power generation, cooking, and lighting is increasing as its reliability is more than wind and solar resources and its availability can be easily and accurately estimated. Biogas energy produces electric energy that does not depend on nature. It is clean and pollution-free energy. Also, as biogas production requires cattle's that are available in rural areas, the biogas plants can be installed in rural villages and they can be a good option for the generation of electricity. In this paper, a feasibility study of establishing a generation of electricity from biogas at community level in rural area of Rajasthan, India is done. Nagar Nigam Gaushala at village Banda, District Kota has about 3200 cattle. A community level biogas power plant at this gaushala is designed. The total generation of electricity from biogas power plant is 160,600 kWh/year.

Most of the electricity generation and transportation industries are based on fossil fuels in the present scenario but these fossil fuels are the main source of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and global warming increment. CO2 is the key component in GHG emissions. These emissions can be reduced by using a renewable energy source like solar for electricity generation and using Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) technology for transportation. Total CO2 emission from 87,470 cars and 7,44,678 two-wheelers of Smart City Udaipur is calculated as 52 tonnes per km of driving distance. 100 vehicles (50 cars and 50 two-wheelers) are selected for pilot project calculation of required solar PV Plant size and required fuel for FCEV. 16,669.16 kWh electricity and 3,310 litres of water will be required per day for the electrolysis process to produce 331 kg hydrogen. Solar PV plant of 4 MW capacity will be required for enough electricity generation. MATLAB simulations of 6 kW (for bikes) and 50 kW (for cars) PEM Fuel Cell is done and some graphs are plotted in this paper with the help of simulation outputs like- power, efficiency, utilization etc.

Transportation sector is one of the major contributors for environmental pollution. Exhaust gases released from vehicles are one of the major sources of emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. This paper presents the feasibility of CO 2 emission reduction in Kota, India by replacing the present fossil-fuel based internal combustion engine vehicles with hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles. Hydrogen is produced by the electrolysis process due to its highest purity hydrogen production and the required electricity is generated by a solar photovoltaic power plant. Total CO 2 emission by 61,402 number of cars of Kota is calculated as approximately 4000 tonnes for an average driving distance of 500 km. 100 cars are taken into account in this paper for a pilot project calculation. 5000 litre of water and 25,183.45 kWh of electricity will be required for enough hydrogen production to run 100 cars. The required size of solar photovoltaic plant will be 5.5 MW and is also simulated by PVSyst software. For conversion of total cars into hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicle, solar photovoltaic power plant of size 3.5 GW and 3070 kilolitre of water will be required.

The utilization of costly chemical fertilizers and large freshwater requirements make the microalgae cultivation process uneconomical and highly unsustainable. To address this challenge, the present study aimed to integrate cattle wastewater (CW) (alternate for fertilizers) with domestic sewage wastewater (DSW) (substitute for freshwater) to cultivate Chlorella thermophile. To maximize the biomass yield, in-depth nutrient consumption patterns in both batch and fed-batch cultivation conditions were analyzed. Out of the eight (1%-4.5%) different CW feed concentrations tested during the batch cultivation, 2.5% CW set gave the highest biomass yield (2.17 g L

The dependence of fresh-water for biomass growth is a major drawback in third generation microalgae biofuels, which need to be replaced with alternate sources. Optimizing nutrient concentrations already present in wastewater and its utilization towards microalgae growth could be a sustainable approach. In the present study, native microalga Chlorella thermophila (MF179624) was isolated and identified as model strain to optimize low-nutrient content campus sewage wastewater (CSW) using central composite design (CCD) followed by steepest ascent method (SAM). In consideration to the statistical optimization, addition of 325 mg L−1 and 1.8 g L−1 of KH2PO4 and NaNO3 resulted in 60% enhancement of biomass yield (2.59 g L−1) with two fold lipid productivity (81.38 mg L−1 d−1). In addition, substantial nutrient removal of ammonia (98.48 ± 1.52%), nitrate (86.37 ± 3.73%), phosphate (73.83 ± 4.28%), along with COD (82.53 ± 4.37%) were achieved. Further, TGA, FTIR, and 1H-NMR based characterization of lipid revealed its potential as a biofuel feedstock. To confirm that, two-step acid-base catalytic transesterification reaction was performed, which resulted in 474.42 mg L−1 FAME yield containing 85.14% C16 and C18.

Comparison of six different variants of deep learning based models namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM, CNN-LSTM, Multilayer Perceptron, and Two-dimensional Convolutional LSTM based forecasting models is done in this paper for offshore wind speed forecasting. Models are developed and trained for one-step ahead short-term offshore wind speed forecasting. Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) of wind speed data is also done. All models are verified at two different offshore sites. At site-1 located near Gulf of Khambat (India), four experiments are performed by using offshore wind speed data of four heights (180, 160, 140, and 120 m) that are measured by a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) installed at 25 km off the coast of Gujarat state in the Arabian Sea. At site-2 located near Gulf of Mannar at Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean, two experiments are performed by using wind speed data of two heights (102 and 80 m) that are measured by a seashore meteorological mast located at Dhanushkodi in Tamil Nadu state of India. Experimental results confirm that EEMD reduces the forecasting error. The superiority of deep learning model is site specific and changes with change in site.

Background: This study focuses on therapeutic possibilities in managing benign superficial vocal fold lesions with video assisted cold knife endolaryngeal phonosurgery.Methods: Fifty patients with benign vocal fold lesions presented to us between September 2013 and October 2015 who failed conservative therapy were subjected to video assisted cold knife endolaryngeal phonosurgery. The pre and postoperative results were evaluated based on voice rating by visual analogue scale and GRBAS scale.Results: Encouraging results were achieved with cold knife endolaryngeal surgery as 96.3% of patients were symptom free without any recurrence after single operation. Most of them have achieved >90% of voice outcome by 1 month postoperatively based on voice assessment and laryngoscopic evaluation.Conclusions: Using a telescope with high definition video system for performing phonosurgery is economic, enables the surgeon to acquire static images and video sequences. Cold knife endoscopic laryngeal surgery is possibly a better option for addressing BVFLs.

Background: Virtual bronchoscopy (VB) is a software based, three-dimensional visualization format created from non-invasive medical imaging methods such as CT and magnetic resonance imaging, with the goal of creating views similar to minimally invasive bronchoscopy procedure. The aim of the study was to find the usefulness of VB in diagnosing vegetative and non-vegetative longstanding intra bronchial foreign bodies (FB).Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the department of otorhinolaryngology M. G. M. M. C and M. Y. hospital Indore for a period of 5 years. The medical records of patients with FB aspiration from august 2006 to September 2015 were reviewed. Data was collected regarding their clinical presentation examination and chest x-ray findings. Patients with suspected FB aspiration were subjected to VB and rigid bronchoscopy was performed.Results: In the subjects, we observed that chest radiograph were normal in as many as 40% cases. Hence negative chest radiographs do not rule out FB. In 48 patients with FB aspiration, which was detected by VB, 46 patients were diagnosed to have FB on rigid bronchoscopy. This amounts to a positive predictive value of 98%, which was similar to the gold standard, which is rigid bronchoscopy which had a positive predictive value of 99%.Conclusions: VB is the only imaging modality which gives 99.9% reassurance about the presence or absence of a FB, because of its high sensitivity and specificity, hence proves to be a lifesaving tool.

Total solar plant installation has been increased in recent years, thus performance optimization techniques for plant solar plant need to be applied to reduce payback period of grid connected SPV plants. Present work gives an in-depth, by evaluating and analyzing the effect of inter-row spacing of grid-connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) plant on the performance of power plant and the most appropriate structure that can be used for plant installation in the context of generation and performance installed at optimum fixed tilt of the location. This work deals with selection of optimized inter-row spacing as 1,1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 times of height of module from the ground and structure for plant installation obtained by simulated results and designing of the solar photovoltaic power (SPV) plant on PV-Syst designing software for Delhi-NCR, location situated in the composite zone of India by parameters like performance ratio, energy generated for different condition.

Buildings are one of the major contributors to the consumption of electrical energy generated by power plants. Taking the context of India, out of total generated energy 30% is consumed by building sectors. Therefore, this paper focuses on reducing the total energy demand for a building by applying several improvements like reducing loads, applying insulation, etc. Optimum demand of a department of University is estimated using eQUEST software version 3.65.7175 in this research and comparative results are obtained. The present research focuses on only connected load and improvement methods have been suggested which can save a total of about Rs. 31,507/-. An estimated payback period of 7.9 year is also calculated for the replacement of new equipment’s with the present one.

Sustainable power sources have picked up a ton of significance in the ongoing past because of its accessibility in bounty and contamination-free nature. Wind Power Age contrasted with the other sustainable power source sources has created at a fast pace. Like a large portion of the regular Power plants, Wind Power plants must guarantee the nature of intensity conveyed to the lattice. harmonic is the most significant Power Quality Issues identified with the Wind Power plants which happen because of successive exchanging of the Power Converters and variable Wind speed. This paper presents the Harmonic study in the DFIG Wind Farms. A 126 MW wind plant was considered for the study and an appropriate technique was embraced to decrease the Harmonic content. The study and design were conveyed by the Indian Grid Codes. The outcomes gotten show the Power Quality of the DFIG Wind Farm regarding %THD (Total Harmonic Twisting). Additionally, an appropriate time interval of fault occurring and clearing is taken for transient stability study.

The population of India is increasing at the decadal growth rate of 17.64% during 2001-2011. There is a rapid growth in energy demand too. However, most of the rural areas of India are still dependent on cookstoves that use wood or cattle dung cakes as fuel directly, because LPG availability is very less in the rural areas. In this paper, a feasibility study of establishing a community-based biogas plant at village Jalera in Baran district of Rajasthan, India is done. Mahaveer Gaushala Kalyan Samiti at Village Jalera, District Baran has about 900 cattle. A community-based biogas plant at this gaushala is designed. The total biogas plant volume is 613 m3 and the total biogas production is 270 m3/day. It is than supplied to the 198 houses. This community-biogas plant has the potential of earning income of Rs. 26, 36,685/year. It will also lead to total fuel savings of Rs. 17, 34,480/year when compared to the direct burning of cattle dung cakes. The annual volume of biogas produced by this plant is equal to 2,920 cylinders of domestic LPG gas amounting to Rs. 18,98,000.

The target set by India for installing solar photovoltaic power plants is 100 GW. Out of this, 40 GW is to be complimented by rooftop solar photovoltaic power plants. These targets are to be achieved by year 2022. But, till 31st May 2019, only 4.91% of the target set for rooftop solar photovoltaic is achieved. Despite the growth in renewable sector, achieving that target is still a challenge. This paper discusses the technical and economical analysis of a rooftop solar PV plant of 300 kW installed at Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India. The study reveals the importance of simulating a solar PV power plant by using software before installation. HOMER software is used for the simulation of power plant. It is found that if high power rating modules are used instead of the presently installed modules, 61,608 kWh/year of additional energy can be generated. Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the system (including energy imported from the grid supply) comes out to be ₹6.39/kWh, as renewable fraction is only 25.5% of the total load demand.

Energy Deficiency can be reduce by use of waste and available forms of energy (Non-conventional) to produce electricity or utilize them to reduce usage of other power absorbing devices as the world is facing energy crisis and as our fuel resources are depleting very fast. In Conventional Power Producing methods wasted heat can be recovered in Boiler accessories like Economizers and Air Preheaters with less effectiveness. Current work is investigation of various aspects of convective heat transfer enhancement using Pin Fins, Corrugated Tubes and Twisted Tapes. The basic methods used to enhance the heat transfer by simultaneous increase of heat transfer surface area as well as the heat transfer coefficient. The method is carried out as on combination of Pin Fins, Corrugated Tubes and Twisted Tape as elements for the heat transfer enhancement, Investigations of a double-pipe Pin Fin heat exchanger were carried out. The heat transfer and pressure drop results for the Pin Fin and Corrugated tube heat exchanger were compared with the results for a smooth-pipe heat exchanger. It was found that by a direct comparison of Nusselt number Nu and Euler number Eu, conclusion regarding the relative performances could be made. Geometric parameters are considered, Ratio of Spacing between the fins and diameter of Pin Fin and the Ratio of Corrugated Tube diameter and diameter of corrugation. Heat transfer depends on numbers of Pins and spacing between pins. In this study Heat transfer enhancement is found to be about 5-15% for Pin Fin and 6-23% for Corrugated Tube with Twisted Tape. This Improvement will effectively improvise the overall efficiency of Conventional and Non-Conventional Power Plants.

In view of the globalization and energy consumption, an economic and sustainable biorefinery model is essential to address the energy security and climate change. From this perspective, renewable biofuel production from microalgae along with a wide range of value-added co-products define its potential as a biorefinery feedstock. However, economic viability of microalgal biorefinery at its current state is not considered sustainable. Reduce, recycle, and reuse of waste derived from algal bioenergy conversion process will lead to an energy efficient and sustainable zero-waste microalgal biorefinery. This review focuses on three major aspects of zero-waste microalgal biorefinery approach; (1) recent advances on microalgal bioenergy conversion processes (chemical, biochemical and thermochemical); (2) mitigation and transformation of liquid and solid waste and (3) techno-economic analysis (TEA) and lifecycle assessment (LCA). In addition, the study also focuses on the challenges and future perspectives for an advanced microalgal biorefinery model.

Renewable Energy Harvesting is needed to meet the increasing worlds demand for fossil fuel energy, the reduction rate of conventional energy sources must be reduced. Currently, many of techniques are available but with less effectiveness. These techniques result in a long payback period of investments. Present work is an investigation of various aspects of convective heat transfer enhancement using pin fins, Corrugated Tubes, and Twisted Tapes for recovery of Industrial waste heat and its integration with Renewable Energy such as Solar Energy. TRNSYS 16 is used to validate new energy concepts, from simple domestic hot water systems to the design and simulation of Integrated Waste heat Recovery system, including control strategies and alternative energy systems. Integrated Waste Heat Recovery System using Pin Fins, a corrugated tube with twisted tape heat Exchangers and with Flat Plate Solar Collector is having a significant effect on the overall efficiency of the power plant increases by 10.5-18.8% for various Load Conditions.