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Abstract Cervical cancer stands as a prevalent gynaecologic malignancy affecting women globally, often linked to persistent human papillomavirus infection. Biomarkers associated with cervical cancer, including VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGF-E, show upregulation and are linked to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. This research aims to employ in-silico methods to target tyrosine kinase receptor proteins—VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, and identify novel inhibitors for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors receptors (VEGFRs). A comprehensive literary study was conducted which identified 26 established inhibitors for VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 receptor proteins. Compounds with high-affinity scores, including PubChem ID—25102847, 369976, and 208908 were chosen from pre-existing compounds for creating Deep Learning-based models. RD-Kit, a Deep learning algorithm, was used to generate 43 million compounds for VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 targets. Molecular docking studies were conducted on the top 10 molecules for each target to validate the receptor-ligand binding affinity. The results of Molecular Docking indicated that PubChem IDs—71465,645 and 11152946 exhibited strong affinity, designating them as the most efficient molecules. To further investigate their potential, a Molecular Dynamics Simulation was performed to assess conformational stability, and a pharmacophore analysis was also conducted for indoctrinating interactions.

Background: Chemomechanical debridement is insufficient to disinfect all bacteria from the root canals of primary teeth, and obturation of canals with an appropriate material thus acquires excellent importance and remains a critical step in the ultimate success of pulpectomy. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate Endoflas, Metapex, and a mixture of calcium hydroxide (CH) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as obturating materials (OMs) in primary mandibular second molars. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five mandibular second primary molars requiring pulpectomies were identified in children aged 4–8 years. They were randomly allocated to the three treatment groups according to the type of OM received using the block randomization technique. After the completion of chemomechanical debridement, the canals were filled with Endoflas, Metapex, and CH-ZnO mixture, respectively. The intergroup clinical and radiographic comparison was made based on Coll and Sadrian criteria to decipher their clinical performance at 1, 3, and 6 months. Results: No statistically significant differences between the groups were observed at any evaluation time interval (P > 0.05). At 6 months, the clinical success rates were 95.2% in Endoflas, 96% in Metapex, and 95.8% in the CH and ZnO mixture groups, respectively. The materials, however, behaved differently in different clinical situations. Conclusion: Based on the observations, all three OMs showed similar clinical success in maintaining tooth functioning, but their use can be restricted to indications. However, prospective studies with longer follow-ups with more stringent eligibility criteria are required to reach more definitive conclusions.

There is a growing need to mainstream orphan or underutilized crops to enhance nutritional security and sustainable agriculture. Among these, Perilla frutescens L. is an important crop due to its rich nutritional and phytochemical content which makes it significant in nutrition, medicine, and industrial sector. Perilla seeds are mainly rich in ω-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, high α-linolenic acid, which contributes to their health benefits. This review explores the nutritional profile of perilla seeds and highlights its unique composition compared to other oilseed crops. It also analyzes the phytochemical components of perilla seeds and their various biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, cardioprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. These activities demonstrate the potential of perilla seeds in both pharmaceutical and food sectors. The review also covers recent advancements in genomics and transgenic research discussing potential areas for crop improvement. Additionally, it explores the use of perilla seeds in functional foods, blending perilla oil with other oils, and their applications in enhancing product formulations. This review offers valuable insights for researchers, students, policymakers, environmentalists, and industry professionals by detailing the potential of perilla seeds across various sectors. The findings support sustainable agriculture, crop diversification, and innovative product development, thus contributing to the integration of perilla into mainstream agriculture.

Abstract Molecular level understanding on the role of viral infections causing cervical cancer is highly essential for therapeutic development. In these instances, systems pharmacology along with multi omics approach helps in unraveling the multi-targeted mechanisms of novel biologically active compounds to combat cervical cancer. The immuno-transcriptomic dataset of healthy and infected cervical cancer patients was retrieved from the array express. Further, the phytocompounds from medicinal plants were collected from the literature. Network Analyst 3.0 has been used to identify the immune genes around 384 which are differentially expressed and responsible for cervical cancer. Among the 87 compounds reported in plants for treating cervical cancer, only 79 compounds were targeting the identified immune genes of cervical cancer. The significant genes responsible for the domination in cervical cancer are identified in this study. The virogenomic signatures observed from cervical cancer caused by E7 oncoproteins serve as the potential therapeutic targets whereas, the identified compounds can act as anti-HPV drug deliveries. In future, the exploratory rationale of the acquired results will be useful in optimizing small molecules which can be a viable drug candidate.

Bioremediation is crucial for recuperating polluted water and soil. By expanding the surface area of substrates, biosurfactants play a vital role in bioremediation. Biosurfactant-producing microbes release certain biosurfactant compounds, which are promoted for oil spill remediation. In the present investigation, a biosurfactant-producing bacterium Bacillus tequilensis was isolated from Chilika Lake, Odisha, India (latitude and longitude: 19.8450 N 85.4788 E). Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) of Bacillus tequilensis was carried out using Illumina NextSeq 500. The size of the whole genome of Bacillus tequilensis was 4.47 MB consisting of 4,478,749 base pairs forming a circular chromosome with 528 scaffolds, 4492 protein-encoding genes (ORFs), 81 tRNA genes, and 114 ribosomal RNA transcription units. The total raw reads were 4209415, and the processed reads were 4058238 with 4492 genes. The whole genome obtained from the present investigation was used for genome annotation, variant calling, variant annotation, and comparative genome analysis with other existing Bacillus species. In this study, a pathway was constructed which describes the biosurfactant metabolism of Bacillus tequilensis. The study identified that genes such as SrfAD, SrfAC, SrfAA and SrfAB are involved in biosurfactant synthesis. The sequence of the genes SrfAD, SrfAC, SrfAA, SrfAB was deposited in GenBank database with accession MUG02427.1, MUG02428.1, MUG02429.1, MUG03515.1 respectively. The whole genome sequence was submitted to GenBank with an accession RMVO00000000 and the raw fastq reads were submitted to SRA, NCBI repository with an accession: SRX5023292.

Bacillus anthracis is a gram positive, deadly spore forming bacteria causing anthrax and these bacteria having the complex mechanism in the cell wall envelope, which can adopt the changes in environmental conditions. In this, the membrane bound cell wall proteins are said to progressive drug target for the inhibition of Bacillus anthracis. Among the cell wall proteins, the SrtA is one of the important mechanistic protein, which mediate the ligation with LPXTG motif by forming the amide bonds. The SrtA plays the vital role in cell signalling, cell wall formation, and biofilm formations. Inhibition of SrtA leads to rupture of the cell wall and biofilm formation, and that leads to inhibition of Bacillus anthracis and thus, SrtA is core important enzyme to study the inhibition mechanism. In this study, we have examined 28 compounds, which have the inhibitory activity against the Bacillus anthracis SrtA for developing the 3D-QSAR and also, compounds binding selectivity with both open and closed SrtA conformations, obtained from 100 ns of MD simulations. The binding site loop deviate in forming the open and closed gate mechanism is investigated to understand the inhibitory profile of reported compounds, and results show the closed state active site conformations are required for ligand binding specificity. Overall, the present study may offer an opportunity for better understanding of the mechanism of action and can be aided to further designing of a novel and highly potent SrtA inhibitors.

Abstract In this paper, we introduce ( h 1 , h 2 ) $(h_{1},h_{2})$ -preinvex interval-valued function and establish the Hermite–Hadamard inequality for preinvex interval-valued functions by using interval-valued Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals. We obtain Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities for the product of two interval-valued functions. Further, some examples are given to confirm our theoretical results.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in middle ear and mastoid are uncommon. Presentation of RMS in these sites include purulent or blood stained discharge, polypoidal mass and granulation tissue. Clinical diagnosis may be delayed due to similar presentation as Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM). Authors herein report a case of six-year-old male patient, who presented with a blood stained discharge from right ear for 15 days. On otoscopic examination, a polypoidal mass in external auditory canal was identified. A history of ruptured right tympanic membrane with occasional discharge for two years had been given. Clinical diagnosis of CSOM with aural polyp had been made. Radiographically, it was a soft tissue lesion with poorly defined margins. There were no bony erosions with minimal collection in right middle ear cavity. On routine histopathological examination diagnosis of round cell tumour had been made. On Immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumour was immunoreactive for desmin and vimentin, while negative for Cytokeratin (CK), Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA), chromogranin and synaptophysin. Tumour was diagnosed as RMS (Embryonal type). This case report shows importance of early diagnosis of RMS in middle ear, which is often delayed and misdiagnosed as CSOM. Delayed diagnosis may lead to, facial nerve involvement, local meningeal involvement and distant metastasis. Histopathological examination and IHC e.g., desmin positivity are the mainstay of diagnosis.

In this paper, we obtain characterizations of solution sets of the interval-valued mathematical programming problems with switching constraints. Stationary conditions which are weaker than the standard Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions need to be discussed in order to find the necessary optimality conditions. We introduce corresponding weak, Mordukhovich, and strong stationary conditions for the corresponding interval-valued mathematical programming problems with switching constraints (IVPSC) and interval-valued tightened nonlinear problems (IVTNP), because the W-stationary condition of IVPSC is equivalent to Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions of the IVTNP. Furthermore, we use strong stationary conditions to characterize the several solutions sets for IVTNP, in which the last ones are particular solutions sets for IVPSC at the same time, because the feasible set of tightened nonlinear problems (IVTNP) is a subset of the feasible set of the mathematical programs with switching constraints (IVPSC).

The recent pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), raised global health and economic concerns. Phylogenetically, SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV, and both encode the enzyme main protease (Mpro/3CLpro), which can be a potential target inhibiting viral replication. Through this work, we have compiled the structural aspects of Mpro conformational changes, with molecular modeling and 1-μs MD simulations. Long-scale MD simulation resolves the mechanism role of crucial amino acids involved in protein stability, followed by ensemble docking which provides potential compounds from the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) database. These lead compounds directly interact with active site residues (His41, Gly143, and Cys145) of Mpro, which plays a crucial role in the enzymatic activity. Through the binding mode analysis in the S1, S1′, S2, and S4 binding subsites, screened compounds may be functional for the distortion of the oxyanion hole in the reaction mechanism, and it may lead to the inhibition of Mpro in SARS-CoV-2. The hit compounds are naturally occurring compounds; they provide a sustainable and readily available option for medical treatment in humans infected by SARS-CoV-2. Henceforth, extensive analysis through molecular modeling approaches explained that the proposed molecules might be promising SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors for the inhibition of COVID-19, subjected to experimental validation.

Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) is a core regulator in the retention of stemness, invasive, and self-renewal properties in glioma initiating cells (GSCs) and its overexpression inhibits the differentiation of glioma cells promoting tumor cell proliferation. The Pit-Oct-Unc (POU) domain comprising POU-specific domain (POUS) and POU-type homeodomain (POUHD) subdomains is the most critical part of the Oct4 for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells that lead to tumor initiation, invasion, posttreatment relapse, and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, the present investigation hunts for natural product inhibitors (NPIs) against the POUHD domain of Oct4 by employing receptor-based virtual screening (RBVS) followed by binding free energy calculation and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). RBVS provided 13 compounds with acceptable ranges of pharmacokinetic properties and good docking scores having key interactions with the POUHD domain. More Specifically, conformational and interaction stability analysis of 13 compounds through MDS unveiled two compounds ZINC02145000 and ZINC32124203 which stabilized the backbone of protein even in the presence of linker and POUS domain. Additionally, ZINC02145000 and ZINC32124203 exhibited stable and strong interactions with key residues W277, R242, and R234 of the POUHD domain even in dynamic conditions. Interestingly, ZINC02145000 and ZINC32124203 established communication not only with the POUHD domain but also with the POUS domain indicating their incredible potency toward thwarting the function of Oct4. ZINC02145000 and ZINC32124203 also reduced the flexibility and escalated the correlations between the amino acid residues of Oct4 evidenced by PCA and DCCM analysis. Finally, our examination proposed two NPIs that can impede the Oct4 function and may help to improve overall survival, diminish tumor relapse, and achieve a cure not only in deadly disease GBM but also in other cancers with minimal side effects.

Introduction: Omphalomesenteric Duct (OMD) anomalies are rare congenital disorders of primitive yolk sac. The spectrum of OMD anomalies has varied clinical presentations. Aim: To study the spectrum and management of symptomatic OMD anomalies in children at a rural tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study done at Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, a tertiary care centre located in rural part of Northern India. Medical records of all children less than 15 years of age who were diagnosed with symptomatic OMD anomalies and managed surgically between January 2016 to December 2019 (four years) were carefully analysed and data were recorded. The recorded parameters were age, sex, symptomatology, clinical presentation, intraoperative findings, surgical procedure performed, complications that developed during the early postoperative period, length of hospital stay and Histopathology Examination (HPE) of the specimens excised. The collected data were statistically analysed. A p-value

In this paper, we establish Fritz John stationary conditions for nonsmooth, nonlinear, semidefinite, multiobjective programs with vanishing constraints in terms of convexificator and introduce generalized Cottle type and generalized Guignard type constraints qualification to achieve strong S—stationary conditions from Fritz John stationary conditions. Further, we establish strong S—stationary necessary and sufficient conditions, independently from Fritz John conditions. The optimality results for multiobjective semidefinite optimization problem in this paper is related to two recent articles by Treanta in 2021. Treanta in 2021 discussed duality theorems for special class of quasiinvex multiobjective optimization problems for interval-valued components. The study in our article can also be seen and extended for the interval-valued optimization motivated by Treanta (2021). Some examples are provided to validate our established results.

In this paper, we consider convex multiobjective optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints in real Banach space. We establish saddle point necessary and sufficient Pareto optimality conditions for considered problems under some constraint qualifications. These results are motivated by the symmetric results obtained in the recent article by Cobos Sánchez et al. in 2021 on Pareto optimality for multiobjective optimization problems of continuous linear operators. The discussions in this paper are also related to second order symmetric duality for nonlinear multiobjective mixed integer programs for arbitrary cones due to Mishra and Wang in 2005. Further, we establish Karush–Kuhn–Tucker optimality conditions using saddle point optimality conditions for the differentiable cases and present some examples to illustrate our results. The study in this article can also be seen and extended as symmetric results of necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for vector equilibrium problems on Hadamard manifolds by Ruiz-Garzón et al. in 2019.

Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is the leading global health threat to date caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Recent clinical trials reported that the use of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors to treat COVID-19 patients could reduce dyspnea and hypoxia, thromboinflammation, hypercoagulability and improve oxygenation. However, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Thus, this study employs structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) to repurpose BTK inhibitors acalabrutinib, dasatinib, evobrutinib, fostamatinib, ibrutinib, inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, spebrutinib, XL418 and zanubrutinib against SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking is conducted with BTK inhibitors against structural and nonstructural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and host targets (ACE2, TMPRSS2 and BTK). Molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are then carried out on the selected complexes with high binding energy. Ibrutinib and zanubrutinib are found to be the most potent of the drugs screened based on the results of computational studies. Results further show that ibrutinib and zanubrutinib could exploit different mechanisms at the viral entry and replication stage and could be repurposed as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.

Introduction: Salivary gland comprises of major and minor salivary glands. FNAC is a diagnostic method based on morphologic findings of individuals and group of cells. FNAC is accepted as an excellent investigation for evaluating space occupying lesions of the salivary gland. Aim: FNAC diagnosis was compared with the histological impression and concordance, discordance evaluated. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, (UP), India. Data was collected retrospectively from January 2012 to July 2018. Cases of Salivary gland swelling diagnosed on FNAC and its correlation with histopathology during that period were included. All the cytology and histology slides were reviewed and analysed. Results: FNAC was done in 202 patients. Male to female ratio was 1.1:1. A 97 (48.01%) were non-neoplastic, among neoplastic lesions, 71 (35.14%) were benign and 34 (16.83%) were malignant. Submandibular gland was a common location 104 (51.48%) and sialoadenitis 71 (35.14%) was frequent. Among benign tumours pleomorphic adenoma was common 61 (30.19%) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma 9 (4.45%) in malignancy. Histopathology was done in 93 (46.03%) cyto-histo concordance and discordance was achieved in 80 (39.6%) and 13 (6.43%) respectively. FNAC revealed sensitivity of 72.41% and specificity of 96%. Conclusion: FNAC is a reliable diagnostic technique. It provides preoperative diagnosis for therapeutic management, so that unnecessary surgeries are prevented. However, FNAC remains less efficient in a few cases which are inaccurately diagnosed due to overlapping features and for those cases, histopathology is the only modality for final diagnosis.

In a computer system, the fastest storage component is the CPU cache, followed by the system memory. I/O to disk is thousands of times slower than an access to memory. This fact is the key for why you try to make effective use of memory whenever possible and defer I/Os whenever you can. The majority of the user response time is actually spent waiting for a disk I/O to occur. By making good use of caches in memory and reducing I/O overhead, you can optimize performance. The goal is to retrieve data from memory whenever you can and to use the CPU for other activities whenever you have to wait for I/Os. This paper examines ways to optimize the performance of the system by taking advantage of caching and effective use of the system's CPUs.

Inflammation is widely considered to be an important contributing factor of the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD), and the inflammatory cascade is particularly important in the atherosclerotic process. In consideration of the important role that inflammatory processes play in CHD, recent work has been focused on whether biomarkers of inflammation may help to improve risk stratification and identify patient groups who might benefit from particular treatment strategies. Of these biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) has emerged as one of the most important novel inflammatory markers. CRP an acute phase protein is synthesized by hepatocytes in response to proinflammatory cytokines, in particular interleukin-6. Many large-scale prospective studies demonstrate that CRP strongly and independently predicts adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and sudden cardiac death in individuals both with and without overt CHD. CRP is believed to be both a marker and a mediator of atherosclerosis and CHD. CRP plays a pivotal role in many aspects of atherogenesis including, activation of complement pathway, lipids uptake by macrophage, release of proinflammatory cytokines, induces the expression of tissue factor in monocytes, promotes the endothelial dysfunction and inhibits nitric oxide production. The commercial availability of CRP high sensitive assays has made screening for this marker simple, reliable, and reproducible and can be used as a clinical guide to diagnosis, management, and prognosis of CHD.

The botanical study of a germplasm, looking similar to Curcuma species and originally collected from the wild in Kolasib District of Mizoram, at the field genebank of ICAR-NBPGR Regional Station, Shillong, led to its confirmation and authentication as Stahlianthus involucratus (King ex Baker) Craib ex Loes. Earlier, this taxon had been reported from the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and West Bengal (Darjeeling) in India; this report indicates its distribution in Mizoram also. Its description, phenology, habitat and other field notes, and usefulness have been highlighted here.

The natural variant C491T (rs1800088) in ADRB2 gene substitutes Threonine to Isoleucine at 164th position in β2AR and results in receptor sequestration and altered binding of agonists. Present investigation pursues to identify the effect of T164I variation on function and structure of β2AR through systematic computational approaches. The study, in addition, addresses altered binding of salbutamol in T164I variant through molecular dynamic simulations. Methods involving changes in free energy, solvent accessibility surface area, root mean square deviations and analysis of binding cavity revealed structural perturbations in receptor to incur upon T164I substitution. For comprehensive understanding of receptor upon substitution, OPLS force field aided molecular dynamic simulations were performed for 10 ns. Simulations revealed massive structural departure for T164I β2AR variant from the native state along with considerably higher root mean square fluctuations of residues near the cavity. Affinity prediction by molecular docking showed two folds reduced affinity of salbutamol in T164I variant. To validate the credibility docking results, simulations for ligand-receptor complex were performed which demonstrated unstable salbutamol-T164I β2AR complex formation. Further, analysis of interactions in course of simulations revealed reduced ligand-receptor interactions of salbutamol in T164I variant. Taken together, studies herein provide structural rationales for suboptimal binding of salbutamol in T164I variant through integrated molecular modeling approaches.

The efficient use of primary memory is one of the major key for the good performance achieved from the any kind of server. The management of the various components stored in the main memory is the key challenge to get the desired throughput from an application running on the server. As we know the DBMS mostly works on client-server architecture. So the memory management for the DBMS's components stored in the main memory of the server is the critical task for a DBA. The DBA should have the knowledge of the components those are stored in main memory during runtime. This paper helps the DBA to get the detailed description of these core components of DBMS.

The efforts spent on testing are enormous due to the continuing quest for better software quality, and the ever growing complexity of software systems. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the complexity of testing tends to grow faster than the complexity of the systems being tested, in the worst case even exponentially. Whereas development and construction methods for software allow the building of ever larger and more complex systems, there is a real danger that testing methods cannot keep pace with construction, hence these new systems cannot be sufficiently fast and thoroughly be tested. This may seriously hamper the development of future generations of software systems. One of the new technologies to meet the challenges imposed on software testing is model-based testing. Models can be utilized in many ways throughout the product life-cycle, including: improved quality of specifications, code generation, reliability analysis, and test generation. This paper will focus on the testing benefits from MBT methods and review some of the historical challenges that prevented model based testing and we also try to present the solutions that can overcome these challenges.

Two new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (method A and B) have been developed for the estimation of tinofovir in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. Tinofovir was subjected to acid hydrolysis and this acid hydrolyzed drug was used for the estimation. Method A is based on the reaction with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone in the presence of ferric chloride, to form a colored species with a λmax at 628.5 nm. Method B is based on the reaction with Folin-ciocalteu phenol’s reagent under alkaline condition with a λmax at 768 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 5-40 µg/mL for method A and 2-30 µg/mL for method B, respectively. The methods were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference from any common pharmaceutical excepients and diluents. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery studies.

Filarial parasites modulate effective immune response of their host by releasing a variety of immunomodulatory molecules, which help in the long persistence of the parasite within the host. The present study was aimed to characterize an immunomodulatory protein of Brugia malayi and its interaction with the host immune component at the structural and functional level. Our findings showed that Brugia malayi Calreticulin (BmCRT) is responsible for the prevention of classical complement pathway activation via its interaction with the first component C1q of the human host. This was confirmed by inhibition of C1q dependent lysis of immunoglobulin-sensitized Red Blood Cells (S-RBCs). This is possibly the first report which predicts CRT-C1q interaction on the structural content of proteins to explain how BmCRT inhibits this pathway. The molecular docking of BmCRT-C1q complex indicated that C1qB chain (IgG/M and CRP binding sites on C1q) played a major role in the interaction with conserved and non-conserved regions of N and P domain of BmCRT. Out of 37 amino acids of BmCRT involved in the interaction, nine amino acids (Pro(126), Glu(132), His(147), Arg(151), His(153), Met(154), Lys(156), Ala(196) and Lys(212)) are absent in human CRT. Both ELISA and in silico analysis showed the significant role of Ca(+2) in BmCRT-HuC1q complex formation and deactivation of C1r2-C1s2. Molecular dynamics studies of BmCRT-HuC1q complex showed a deviation from ∼ 0.4 nm to ∼ 1.0 nm. CD analyses indicated that BmCRT is composed of 49.6% α helix, 9.6% β sheet and 43.6% random coil. These findings provided valuable information on the architecture and chemistry of BmCRT-C1q interaction and supported the hypothesis that BmCRT binds with huC1q at their targets (IgG/M, CRP) binding sites. This interaction enables the parasite to interfere with the initial stage of host complement activation, which might be helpful in parasites establishment. These results might be utilized for help in blocking the C1q/CRT interaction and preventing parasite infection.