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Turmeric has long been used as a strong anti-inflammatory in Indian drug systems. Turmeric is rich in curcuminoids that have different chemical, physico-chemical properties. Current work reports exraction of curcuminoids, curcumin using the Soxhlet extractor. Purification and quantification of curcumin is performed by chromatography. The yield percentage of curcumin reported 4.09% by the Soxhlet extraction method. Different solvent were used for extraction, among them acetone extract was with high yield of curcumin. Individual curcumin extract analysed using UV-VIS Spectroscopy and HPLC. Our results showed that the Salem turmeric contains highest percentage of curcumin. The in vitroMTT assay on the U87MG glioma cell line demanstrated anti-cancer activity of isolated curcumin.

The microbiome actually deals with micro-organisms that are associated with indigenous body parts and the entire gut system in all animals, including human beings. These microbes are linked with roles involving hereditary traits, defence against diseases and strengthening overall immunity, which determines the health status of an organism. Considerable efforts have been made to find out the microbiome diversity and their taxonomic identification in finfish and shellfish and its importance has been correlated with various physiological functions and activities. In recent past due to the availability of advanced molecular tools, some efforts have also been made on DNA sequencing of these microbes to understand the environmental impact and other stress factors on their genomic structural profile. There are reports on the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, including amplicon and shot-gun approaches, and associated bioinformatics tools to count and classify commensal microbiome at the species level. The microbiome present in the whole body, particularly in the gut systems of finfish and shellfish, not only contributes to digestion but also has an impact on nutrition, growth, reproduction, immune system and vulnerability of the host fish to diseases. Therefore, the study of such microbial communities is highly relevant for the development of new and innovative bio-products which will be a vital source to build bio and pharmaceutical industries, including aquaculture. In recent years, attempts have been made to discover the chemical ingredients present in these microbes in the form of biomolecules/bioactive compounds with their functions and usefulness for various health benefits, particularly for the treatment of different types of disorders in animals. Therefore, it has been speculated that microbiomes hold great promise not only as a cure for ailments but also as a preventive measure for the number of infectious diseases. This kind of exploration of new breeds of microbes with their miraculous ingredients will definitely help to accelerate the development of the drugs, pharmaceutical and other biological related industries. Probiotic research and bioinformatics skills will further escalate these opportunities in the sector. In the present review, efforts have been made to collect comprehensive information on the finfish and shellfish microbiome, their diversity and functional properties, relationship with diseases, health status, data on species-specific metagenomics, probiotic research and bioinformatics skills. Further, emphasis has also been made to carry out microbiome research on priority basis not only to keep healthy environment of the fish farming sector but also for the sustainable growth of biological related industries, including aquaculture.

Coriander is one of the most widely used herb. Coriander generally grown for leaf and grain purpose throughout the world. Induction of mutation is considered to be effective in improving various characteristics in plants like seed germination, plant vigour, yield etc. In present study we used three different chemical mutagens Colchicine, Sodium azide (SA) and Methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) on four different varieties of coriander (Green wonder, Cross-91, Mrudul and Surabhi). The study was performed by exposing the seeds of four varieties of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) to Colchicine (0.01%,0.02%,0.03% and 0.04%), Sodium azide (SA) at (0.1%,0.2%,0.3% and 0.4%) and Methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) at (0.01%,0.02%,0.03% and 0.04%) respectively. The observations were made on seed germination in field and laboratory conditions and the observations on seedling height, number of primary branches and leaves were made in field conditions. All the mutagens significantly affect the germination and seedling growth. The study revealed that germination percentage, plant height, no. of primary branches and leaves decreased with increase in dose/concentration of mutagen. Among three different chemical mutagen we observed that colchicine is better mutagen for induction of mutagen after that sodium azide (SA) had good results for seed treatment. Some of the concentrations of methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) (0.01% & 0.02%) were better. Among all four varieties of coriander Cross-91 gave better result after that Mrudul and Surabhi respond well to some concentrations. We categories the effectiveness of mutagen to induce mutation in coriander as MMS>SA>Colchicine.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a significant legume of food and plays a vital role in human livelihood. It is rich in proteins (40%), which contain major essential amino acids, and edible oil (20%). Salinity stress affects soybean yield 30-80%. Salinity stress significantly reduces net photosynthetic rates, increases energy losses for the mechanism of salt exclusion, substantially decreases nutrient intake and ultimately results in reduced plant growth. Present investigation was conducted to show how morphological and biochemical changes occur due to the stress of salinity on the soybean plant genotypes. Stress with salinity resulted in increased protein and proline content to withstand stress with salinity. Better root length, shoot length fresh weight and dry weight were observed of JS-355 variety. The JS-355 variety demonstrated the better response to all concentrations of salt stress used from 40 mM to 280 mM. As the salt concentration increases, so does the protein and proline concentration. The JS-355 variety showed the better results at all salt concentrations. The highest protein and proline content at high salt concentration was observed in varietyJS-355.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a widely grown crop with a high rate of photosynthetic activity due to its C4 pathway leading to higher yields of grain and a potential for biomass. It is predominantly cross-pollinated crop, a feature that has contributed to its wide morphological variability and geographical adaptability. Abiotic stress such as drought stress negatively affects plant growth and development. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of drought stress on the morphological and biochemical content of seven different maize varieties. Here we have tested 7 different varieties of maize from the Marathwada region of Maharshtra, India. One week old plants have been affected by drought stress. After one week of drought stress, the plants were subjected to various morphometric and biochemical tests. The results showed that water stress treatment significantly affects root length, shoot length and fresh biomass of seven different varieties, i.e. TMMH 806, NMH 1008, DELTA 10V30, INDAM 1122, SRIKAR 3555, DKC 9141, SGA. Drought stress also had a negative impact on chlorophyll and proline content. Result further exhibited that based on drought tolerance index, variety SRIKAR 3555 could be ranked as drought tolerant and NMH 1008 as drought-sensitive, while remaining cultivator ranked as drought intermediates.

Gut proteases are accountable for survival of Helicoverpa armigera on protein rich parts of plant devastating many important agricultural crops. The aim of present study was to identify potential natural compounds having inhibitory potency against Helicoverpa armigera gut proteases. We have modeled structure of H. armigera serine protease (UniProt ID: O18447 ) and analyzed its interactions with maslinic acid (Zinc ID: ZINC38140521). A 3D model was generated using bovine trypsin in complex with analogues of sunflower inhibitor 1 as template with the help of Chimera Modeler 1.11. The PROCHECK and Modfold analysis have revealed 81.8% of residue in favored region. The POOL and COACH analysis have revealed 18 amino acids in the active site. In the 10 ns MD simulations of modeled structure, the RMSD of the protein backbone increased slightly and later stabilized from 7 ns to 10 ns. The modeled structure was stabilized at gyration distance of about 1.65 nm at 7 ns. Potential hit compounds from the ZINC database identified in this study showed good inhibitory bindings with modeled structure. Among these compounds maslinic acid, a plant based pentacyclic triterpenes was found to be potent lead compound with good binding affinity (−9.5 kcal/mol). RMSD profile was

Number of attempts has been made to cryopreserve fish and shellfish gametes and success has been achieved to establish only sperm banks in case of some commercially important fish. In shellfish also particularly in shrimps though the sperm cryopreservation was successful, no attempts were made to develop sperm banks. As far as cryobanking of egg and embryos of fish and shellfish is concerned, less research efforts were made that too with limited success. Number of reasons has been given for the failure of egg /embryo cryopreservation and the main barriers speculated are low membrane permeability in the eggs, and the large yolk mass of the oocyte and the presence of compartments in early developing embryos. Both these factors result in ice crystal formation during the freezing process. In addition, the oocytes and embryos are prone to chilling injuries unrelated to ice crystal damage. There are number of other problems reported by several workers in the egg/embryo cryobanking protocols which are elaborately discussed in the present paper. There is an urgent need to develop a viable cryobanking technology for fish egg/embryos to enhance fish production in captive condition. Attempt to cryopreserve larvae of aquatic animals is another challenge coming up in recent past. The purpose of the present review is to collect comprehensive information on the efforts so far made on fish and shellfish egg and embryo cryobanking, assess the challenges in the development of viable technology and plan for future research for making this technology viable and cost effective.

Considering the advantages of gene editing technologies, in recent years, emphasis has been given on three main techniques of gene editing i.e. zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease system. In all of these three technologies one thing is common i.e. the technology utilizes restriction enzymes to break down the double stranded DNA molecule at a targeted location with the help of another molecule of homologous binding protein or RNA, which is also called as a guide RNA molecule. This targeted breaking and repair of the DNA molecule as per our requirement is generally viewed as a great breakthrough in gene therapy methods. In fisheries sector, in order to promote aquaculture/mariculture activities, aquaculture industries are facing number of challenges, particularly in area of quality and demand of seed production, control of health and disease management, production of quality traits with phenotypically improved varieties, and strengthening of immune system. Several efforts are being made both at public and private sectors to develop scientific technologies to meet these challenges and substantial achievements have also been made. But still these challenges remained as major constraints in hampering the growth of this industry as per the demand and expectations. However, with the advent of now recently developed gene editing techniques, we may have to explore and evaluate the possibilities of applications of this technology as a long lasting solution in addressing at least some of the vital issues of the aquaculture industry particularly in those related to altering targeted gene structure in the species for positive impact.

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) coupled with 3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid (MOPS) for catalytic performance to the cyclocondensation reaction of aromatic/heteroaromatic/aliphatic aldehydes, indole and aromatic/heteroaromatic amines have been demonstrated for the first time in favour of 3-aminoalkylated indoles in ethyl alcohol at reflux temperature. Reaction conditions are just like ambient nevertheless all chemical transformations completed smoothly contributing worthwhile for the synthesis of 3-aminoalkylated indoles.

The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) study is the most cited and reliable computational technique used for decades to obtain information about a substituent's physicochemical property and biological activity. There is step-by-step development in the concept of QSAR from 0D to 2D. These models suffer various limitations that led to the development of 3D-QSAR. There are large numbers of literatures available on the utility of 3D-QSAR for drug design. Three-dimensional properties of molecules with non-covalent interactions are served as important tool in the selection of bioactive confirmation of compounds. With this view, 3D-QSAR has been explored with different advancements like COMFA, COMSA, COMMA, etc. Some reports are also available highlighting the limitations of 3D-QSAR. In a way, to overcome the limitations of 3D-QSAR, more advanced QSAR approaches like 4D, 5D and 6D-QSAR have been evolved. Here, in this present review we have focused more on the present and future of more predictive models of QSAR studies. The review highlights the basics of 3D to 6D-QSAR and mainly emphasizes the advantages of one dimension over the other. It covers almost all recent reports of all these multidimensional QSAR approaches which are new paradigms in drug discovery.