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Skin epithelial stem cells detect and correct aberrancies induced by oncogenic mutations. Different oncogenes invoke different mechanisms of epithelial tolerance: while wild-type cells outcompete β-catenin-Gain-of-Function (βcatGOF) mutant cells, HrasG12Vmutant cells outcompete wild-type cells1,2. Here we ask how metabolic states change as wild-type stem cells interface with mutant cells, and how this ultimately drives different cell competition outcomes. By adapting our live-imaging platform to track endogenous redox ratio (NAD(P)H/FAD) with single cell resolution in the same mice over time, we show that wild-type epidermal stem cells maintain robust redox ratio despite their heterogeneous cell cycle states. We discover that both βcatGOF and HrasG12Vmodels lead to a rapid drop in redox ratios. However, the “winner” cells in each model (wild-type in βcatGOF and mutant in HrasG12V), rapidly recover their redox ratios, irrespective of the mutation induced. Using mass spectrometry (13C-LC-MS/MS)3, we find that both mutants increase flux through the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle, but the “winner” HrasG12Vcells and the “loser” βcatGOF cells modulate glycolytic flux differently. Hence, we reveal the metabolic adaptations that define the hallmarks of winners and losers during cell competitionin vivoand uncover the nodes of regulation unique to each cell fate.

Stem cell differentiation requires dramatic changes in gene expression and global remodeling of chromatin architecture. How and when chromatin remodels relative to the transcriptional, behavioral, and morphological changes during differentiation remain unclear, particularly in an intact tissue context. Here, we develop a quantitative pipeline which leverages fluorescently-tagged histones and longitudinal imaging to track large-scale chromatin compaction changes within individual cells in a live mouse. Applying this pipeline to epidermal stem cells, we reveal that cell-to-cell chromatin compaction heterogeneity within the stem cell compartment emerges independent of cell cycle status, and instead is reflective of differentiation status. Chromatin compaction state gradually transitions over days as differentiating cells exit the stem cell compartment. Moreover, establishing live imaging of keratin-10 nascent RNA, which marks the onset of stem cell differentiation, we find that keratin-10 transcription is highly dynamic and largely precedes the global chromatin compaction changes associated with differentiation. Together, these analyses reveal that stem cell differentiation involves dynamic transcriptional states and gradual chromatin rearrangement.

In vitro studies suggest that mapping the spatiotemporal complexity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling is essential to understanding its function. The lack of tools to directly monitor NF-κB proteins in vivo has hindered such efforts. Here, we introduce reporter mice with the endogenous RelA (p65) or c-Rel labeled with distinct fluorescent proteins and a double knockin with both subunits labeled. Overcoming hurdles in simultaneous live-cell imaging of RelA and c-Rel, we show that quantitative features of signaling reflect the identity of activating ligands, differ between primary and immortalized cells, and shift toward c-Rel in microglia from aged brains. RelA:c-Rel heterodimer is unexpectedly depleted in the nuclei of stimulated cells. Trajectories of subunit co-expression in immune lineages reveal a reduction at key cell maturation stages. These results demonstrate the power of these reporters in gaining deeper insights into NF-κB biology, with the spectral complementarity of the labeled NF-κB proteins enabling diverse applications.

(1) Background: Prolonged neck flexion is thought to cause harmful loading on the cervical spine. Along with the degenerative process, cervical alignment tends to change toward lordotic curvature. The association between cervical alignment and cervical spondylosis remains unclear. (2) Methods: Three raters retrospectively assessed cervical radiographies of outpatients at a tertiary center in 2019 using degenerative cervical spondylosis score (DCS score; a newly developed scoring system), C2-7 absolute rotational angle (ARA), and C2-7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA). (3) Results: A total of 561 patients were included in the analysis. Multiple regression analysis with adjustments for age and sex revealed that C2-7 ARA, rather than SVA, was a significant parameter for degenerative spondylosis. The interaction between age and C2-7 ARA was significant, indicating that the increase in DCS score with increasing age was more pronounced in patients with kyphotic cervical alignment. The direct effect of age on DCS score was 0.349 (95% CI 0.319 to 0.380, p < 0.001) and the proportion of the mediation effect of C2-7 ARA was −0.125 (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: C2-7 ARA was significantly associated with DCS after adjustment for both age and sex. Subjects with more kyphotic cervical alignment showed a greater correlation between increased DCS score and older age.

p53 mediates epithelial cell migration and leader cell elimination during wound repair

Healthy skin is a tapestry of wild-type and mutant clones. Although injury can cooperate with Ras mutations to promote tumorigenesis, the consequences in genetically mosaic skin are unknown. Here, we show that wild-type cells prevent oncogenic Ras-induced aberrant growth after injury. Although HrasG12V/+ and KrasG12D/+ cells outcompete wild-type cells in uninjured, mosaic tissue, their competitive advantage is suppressed after injury due to a selective increase in wild-type cell proliferation. EGFR inhibition abolishes the competitive advantage of wild-type cells after injury of HrasG12V/+-mosaic skin. Global loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 increases wild-type cell proliferation even without injury, suppressing the competitive advantage of HrasG12V/+ cells. Thus, injury plays an unanticipated role in switching the competitive balance between oncogenic and wild-type cells in genetically mosaic skin.One sentence SummaryInjury-repair selectively induces wild-type cell proliferation to suppress oncogenic growth in Ras-mosaic skin epithelium.

A new space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) technique to eliminate common-mode voltage (CMV) is proposed for a dual three-phase inverter fed-dual-winding fault-tolerant permanent magnet motor (FTPMM) drive. In general, since both the PWM module-1 of an inverter-1 drive and the PWM module-2 of an inverter-2 drive adopt the conventional SVPWM (CSVPWM) technique, two identical CMVs are generated in the drives. Each of the CMCs generated by the CMVs flows through the stray capacitances between the stator windings and the motor frame. These currents flow into the ground of the drive, where they are combined. Hence, in the proposed technique, each of the PWM modules adopts the remote-state PWM (RSPWM)2A and RSPWM2B. As a result, two CMVs with same absolute values and opposite polarities are generated at every switching period, and the corresponding generalized total CMV of the dual-winding FTPMM drive always becomes zero. Analytical and experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the proposed technique.

Recent increases in Distributed Generation (DG) into distribution system have led to changes in the conventional protection scheme because of the reverse fault current coming from the DG side. However, it is not yet clear whether the reverse fault current is caused by the type of interconnection transformer or the type of DG. Therefore, for reliable coordination between protective devices, it is necessary to analyze the reverse fault current contribution from the DG side to fault location according to the system configuration. In this paper, the single-line to ground fault current contribution is analyzed when different combinations of the transformer and DG are interconnected in the system. For this, a methodology for calculating the fault current according to the type of transformer and DG is introduced. Using this methodology, the fault current contribution from each transformer and DG is analyzed separately to eliminate the mixed contribution from both the transformer and DG. The mixed fault current contribution from the different combinations of these devices is then analyzed. For the interconnection transformer, delta-grounded wye (D-Yg), Yg-Yg, and Yg-D transformer configurations are considered; for DG, synchronous machine-based and inverter-based DG are considered. Based on this analysis, the present paper provides effective guidelines for determining the reverse fault current according to the type of transformer and DG in the distribution system, enabling reliable protection coordination under the integration of DG.

In this paper, a model for a prediction of conducted emission from vehicular PMSM-drive braking system is presented. The proposed model is based on the high-frequency circuit model combined with EM simulation. The parameter for high-frequency circuit modeling is derived from the measurement as well as 3D EM simulation based on FEM. To establish meaningful high-frequency parameters, the lumped parameters concerning the three-phase motor coil, motor busbar, heatsink, LISN, harness wire, meshed strap wire, and the passive-EMI filters including parasitics are either electromagnetically simulated or directly measured through an impedance analyzer. The distributed parameters of the PCB’s, connector, and motor housing are calculated via the 3D EM simulation. Eventually, the presented high-frequency parameters were integrated with PWM inverter circuit for the system-level analysis, and the model was verified through the correlation between the measurement and simulation with the EMI filters installed in the system. Moreover, the EMI characteristics with/without particular noise propagation path were analyzed in the model. The calculated conducted emission of the proposed model showed a very good agreement with the experimental data, which proves the validness of the proposed model.

In this paper, an accurate high-frequency modeling methodology for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in a vehicular electrical braking system is presented, which is suitable for analyzing various electromagnetic interference problems caused by a motor drive system. The proposed modeling approach is established according to the vector fitting technique and based on the S-parameter measurements of the PMSM. The equivalent circuit model of the PMSM converted from a measured S-parameter matrix can better describe the impedance characteristics of the three-phase PMSM under study compared to the existing equivalent circuit models because the imbalances inside the motor are taken into account in the proposed modeling process. The proposed PMSM model exhibits high accuracy in the range from 100 kHz to 120 MHz in comparison with the common-mode and differential-mode characteristics of the PMSM, which are measured using the conventional setups.

This paper presents a method for the reduction of mode conversion from differential-mode (DM) noise to common-mode (CM) noise in an unbalanced EMI filter. The unbalanced nature in the EMI filter is a result of not incorporating all the required filter components due to space and cost constraints or due to the parasitic impedances of a printed circuit board (PCB). It is demonstrated that the reduction of mode conversion from DM noise to CM noise can be achieved by modifying the current path on the ground (GND) layer of the PCB of the unbalanced EMI filter. The currents on the GND layer are guided to take a longer route by introducing a "cutout" to the ground plane in the PCB, which increases the impedance of the current path on the GND layer. This approach does not require additional components to the EMI filter for the reduction of CM noise due to the mode conversion. Simulations show that the cutout decreases the CM noise converted from the DM noise by at least 4 dB in the AM radio frequency band (530 kHz – 1.8 MHz).

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT5) is a well-known transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in osmotic stress. However, the role of NFAT5 in inflammatory pain remains unknown. Here, we studied the function of NFAT5 in inflammatory pain using NFAT5-heterozygous (Het) mice. To study inflammatory pain, we injected 10 µL of 2% formalin into the right hind paws of mice and monitored pain behaviors, such as licking, lifting, and flinching, for 60 min. After the first 15 min (phase I), there were no significant differences in pain behaviors between wild-type (WT) and NFAT5-Het mice. However, from 15–60 min (phase II), NFAT5-Het mice displayed significantly fewer pain behaviors compared to WT mice. Further, the expression levels of inflammatory-pain-related factors, including c-Fos, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and phosphorylated n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (p-NR2B), were significantly elevated in the spinal dorsal neurons of formalin-treated WT mice but was not elevated in NFAT5-Het mice. Similarly, c-Fos, p-ERK, and p-NR2B levels were significantly higher in glutamate-treated PC12 neuronal cells but were not affected by Nfat5 silencing in glutamate-treated PC12 cells. Altogether, our findings suggest that NFAT5 deficiency may mitigate formalin-induced inflammatory pain by upregulating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression and downregulating its downstream factors in spinal dorsal neurons. Therefore, NFAT5 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory pain.

Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-osj-10.1177_23094990211000142 for Comparison of continuous and single interscalene block for quality of recovery score following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair by Sangwon Yun, Yumin Jo, Seojin Sim, Kuhee Jeong, Chahyun Oh, Byungmuk Kim, Woo-Yong Lee, Seyeon Park, Yoon-Hee Kim, Youngkwon Ko, Woosuk Chung and Boohwi Hong in Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery

Measuring the neurotoxic effects of multiple anesthetic exposures during neurodevelopment is complex due to the numerous factors that can affect the outcome. While we recently discovered that the interval between multiple sevoflurane exposures can affect the level of neurotoxicity, the significance of interval for other anesthetic agents is unknown. Thus, we evaluated the significance of dosing interval in the neurotoxic effects of multiple ketamine injections in postnatal day (PND) 17 mice. PND17 mice of both sexes were intraperitoneally injected with ketamine (35 mg/kg) three times at short (2 h) or long (24 h) intervals. Changes in synaptic transmission were measured in hippocampal pyramidal neurons 5 days after the last injection, and behavioral changes were assessed at the age of 8 weeks. Values are presented as mean ± SD. Whereas short-interval ketamine injections enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission, as evidenced by an increased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs; ketamine, 0.09 ± 0.07 Hz; control, 0.06 ± 0.03 Hz), long-interval ketamine injections did not; instead, they decreased the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs; ketamine, 47.72 ± 6.90 pA; control, 51.21 ± 7.65 pA,). However, only long-interval ketamine injections induced long-term changes in anxiety behavioral in the open-field test (decrease in center duration; ketamine, 400.1 ± 162.8 s; control, 613.3 ± 312.7 s). Multiple ketamine injections induce interval-dependent, long-lasting synaptic changes and behavioral impairments. Future studies should carefully consider the dosing interval as a significant factor when studying the neurotoxic effects of multiple anesthetic exposures.

Background Sex plays an important yet often underexplored role in neurodevelopment and neurotoxicity. While several studies report the importance of sex regarding anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in neonatal mice, only few have focused on the late postnatal period. Here, to further understand the importance of sex regarding the neurobiological changes after early anesthesia during the critical synaptogenic period, we exposed postnatal day 16, 17 (PND 16, 17) mice to sevoflurane in pediatric patients and performed detailed evaluations in the hippocampus. Methods PND 16, 17 mice received a single exposure of oxygen with or without sevoflurane (2.5%) for 2 h. Changes of the hippocampus were analyzed in male and female mice 6 h after exposure: excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission, protein/mRNA expression levels of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic molecules (GluR1, GluR2, PSD95, gephyrin, GAD65), and number of excitatory synapses. Results Sevoflurane exposure increased the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents specifically in male mice (control: 0.07 ± 0.04 [Hz]; sevoflurane: 14.72 ± 0.08 [Hz]), while miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents were affected specifically in female mice. The protein/mRNA expression levels of excitatory synaptic molecules were also increased specifically in male mice. Unexpectedly, protein/mRNA expression levels of inhibitory synaptic molecules were increased in both sexes, and there was no male-specific increase of excitatory synapse number. Conclusions Exposure of mice to sevoflurane during the critical, late postnatal period induces sex-dependent changes in the hippocampus. Although often disregarded, our results confirm the importance of sex as a biological variable when studying the changes triggered by early anesthesia.

Effective grounding has been applied to mitigate the temporary overvoltage (TOV) caused by the non-islanding operation of distributed generation (DG). Although effective grounding is applied, the TOV can still exceed the allowable voltage defined by the effective grounding. However, previous works did not represent the main contribution of the TOV. Therefore, this study analyzes the characteristics of TOVs caused by the non-islanding operation of DG in an effectively grounded distribution system. Then, it analyzes whether the TOVs can be mitigated by applying a neutral grounding resistor (NGR), which is a practical approach in terms of utility. Consequently, a methodology to calculate the TOVs is introduced. Based on the methodology, the characteristics of total TOVs caused by transformer type, DG type, and DG location were analyzed during the non-islanding operation of DG in an effectively grounded distribution system. Finally, it investigates whether the total TOVs can be lowered by applying an NGR. Thus, this study can provide effective guidelines to determine and mitigate the TOVs caused by the non-islanding operation of DG, enabling the reliable operation of distribution systems with DG.

The Thomson Scattering (TS) diagnostic system calculates electron temperature and density profiles of tokamak plasma. The diagnostic is enabled by measuring and analyzing pulse signals of scattered laser light in the tokamak plasma. In order to improve accuracy of the diagnostic, it is necessary to reduce noise level of the pulse signals. In KSTAR, a fast digitizer with 5 GS/s has been adopted for obtaining the pulse shape information, and a research of model-based signal processing for the pulse signals has been conducted. In this paper, we present a new approach for the model-based signal processing and its parallel computation architecture design to improve its computation speed. As our approach, we conduct a nonlinear least square method in frequency domain by taking Fourier Transformation (FT) of the TS pulse model containing a convolution operator. Then, we can obtain algebraic functions for the transformed model and its Jacobian, which can reduce amount of computation and can be computed in parallel respect to frequency component. We implement the parallel computation of the algorithm in Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) and evaluate its effectiveness in terms of computation performance, convergence analysis, and variation of the model parameters.

A minimum root mean square (RMS) torque ripple-remote-state pulse-width modulation (MTR-RSPWM) technique is proposed for minimizing the RMS torque ripple under reduced common-mode voltage (CMV) condition of three-phase voltage source inverters (VSI)-fed brushless alternating current (BLAC) motor drives. The q-axis current ripple due to an error voltage vector generated between the reference voltage vector and applied voltage vector is analyzed for all pulse patterns with reduced CMV of the RSPWM. From the analysis result, in the MTR-RSPWM, a sector is divided into five zones, and within each zone, pulse patterns with the lowest RMS torque ripple and reduced CMV are employed. To verify the validity of the MTR-RSPWM, theorical analysis, simulation, and experiments are performed, where the MTR-RSPWM is thoroughly compared with RSPWM3 that generates the minimum RMS current ripple. From the analytical, simulation, and experimental results, it is shown that the MTR-RSPWM significantly reduces the RMS torque ripple under a reduced CMV condition at the expense of an increase in the RMS current ripple, compared to the RSPWM3.

Sugammadex can rapidly reverse neuromuscular blockade and has several advantages over cholinesterase inhibitors. It is unclear, however, whether administration of sugammadex in the absence of intraoperative deep neuromuscular blockade has direct clinical benefits. The present study retrospectively assessed the ability of sugammadex to prevent post-operative respiratory adverse events in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery in the absence of routine deep neuromuscular blockade. The medical records of patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal surgery from 2014 to 2018 in a tertiary care hospital were reviewed. Patients who underwent reversal of neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex or pyridostigmine were subjected to propensity score matching. To assess their relative effects on post-operative adverse respiratory events (defined as a composite of SpO2 < 94% in the post-anesthesia care unit, additional oxygen supplementation during ward transfer or stay, and emergency use of sugammadex in the post-anesthesia care unit), the incidence of these effects was compared in propensity score matched groups of patients treated with sugammadex or pyridostigmine. Of the 602 patients, 210 remained in each group after propensity score matching. The incidence of post-operative respiratory adverse events did not differ significantly in the two groups. These findings suggest that the unrestricted administration of sugammadex not preceded by intra-operative deep neuromuscular blockade does not have clinical benefits, when compared with pyridostigmine, in preventing post-operative respiratory adverse events.

Although often disregarded, venous air embolism (VAE) is a frequent complication during hysteroscopy (10–50%) (Liu et al. 2017; Vilos et al. 2019). VAE occurs when air enters a patient's circulatio...

In electric vehicles, the pulse width modulation scheme is widely used in three-phase motor drive systems for its high performance. However, the fast switching of semiconductor devices may induce excessively high dv/dt and di/dt, which can cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues, making it difficult to satisfy electromagnetic compatibility standards. In this paper, the current conducted emission test for a three-phase motor drive system is performed based on CISPR 25 component-level testing setup for AM radio frequency band, which is from 530 kHz to 1.8 MHz. Under these conditions, common-mode (CM) noise generation mechanisms of the motor drive system are identified through measurements. It is found that the dominant mechanism is the mode conversion from differential mode (DM) switching current of the three-phase PWM inverter to CM current through the cable harness due to the imbalances in the PCB structure and EMI filter network which are at the dc input side of the three-phase inverter. Based on this finding, ground (GND) bridges are added between the digital signal and power GND nets to reduce the CM noise. The GND bridge effect on the reduction of CM noise in AM band is experimentally verified and further studied using circuit simulations.

Directional protective devices are utilized for reliable protection coordination in distribution system with Distributed Generation (DG). However, directional decision algorithm of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) has found a problem to detect the correct direction when zero-sequence voltage is lower than the threshold value. This paper proposes new directional decision algorithm to solve this problem. For this, the existing algorithm and its problem are investigated. Then, the characteristic of fault current is analyzed according to the fault location in distribution system with DG. Based on the analysis, the improved algorithm is proposed. Finally, it is verified that the proposed algorithm can determine the correct direction regardless of lower zero-sequence voltage than threshold value.

This paper presents a new active zero state pulse width modulation (AZSPWM) that improves the performance of both switching and common-mode voltage (CMV) of six-phase drives. The new AZSPWM applies two opposite large voltage vectors instead of zero voltage vectors for synthesizing the reference voltage vector. Compared with conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM), the switching patterns of the new AZSPWM present a symmetrical waveform, halving the switching frequency and reducing the total switching dramatically. The simultaneous switchings are also eliminated and the CMV is reduced by 1/3 in full modulation index. Simulation results show that the new AZSPWM slightly increases $\alpha-\beta$ , and x-y current distortions, but these distortions rapidly decrease as modulation index increases.

To reduce common-mode voltage (CMV), various reduced CMV pulse width modulation (RCMV-PWM) algorithms have been proposed, including active zero state PWM (AZSPWM) algorithms, remote state PWM (RSPWM) algorithms, and near state PWM (NSPWM) algorithms. Among these algorithms, AZSPWM algorithms can reduce CMV, but they increase the number of switchings compared to the conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM). This paper presents a new AZSPWM algorithm for reductions in both the CMV and total number of switchings in BLAC motor drives. Since the proposed AZSPWM algorithm uses only active voltage vectors for motor control, it reduces CMV by 1/3 compared to CSVPWM. The proposed AZSPWM algorithm also reduces the total number of switchings compared to existing AZSPWM algorithms by eliminating the switchings required from one sector to the next. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by analyses, simulations, and experimental results.

Shattered pellet injection (SPI) is the technology chosen for the ITER Disruption Mitigation System and is explored at several fusion research devices, like DIII-D and JET and J-TEXT. The ITER disruption mitigation strategy relies on multiple injections to achieve RE (runaway electron) avoidance with optimum TQ (thermal quench), CQ (current quench) durations to adequately reduce wall loads. To demonstrate the feasibility of the multiple injection and to extrapolate to ITER, experiments with two identical injectors toroidally opposite to each other are needed urgently. KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) can be a unique testbed to study the plasma disruption mitigation for ITER. KSTAR has installed two identical injectors in 180 degrees of toroidal opposite positions in 2019. For this system, ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) provided the two injectors, the shatter tubes, and auxiliary systems. NFRI (National Fusion Research Institute) provided the infrastructure of a vacuum pumping system, control & data acquisition system, and installed additional diagnostic systems for SPI in collaboration with the ITER Organization. This paper describes the engineering achievements during installation on KSTAR and the initial results of single and multiple SPI experiments in the 2019 campaign.

Recently, the interconnection of distributed energy resources (DERs) has been observed to hinder the reliability of power supply. To solve this problem, the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) has attempted to develop a practical fault analysis methodology for DERs that can be applied to distribution management system (DMS). This novel methodology to analyze the impacts of various DERs during shunt faults is presented in this paper. First, the basic concepts behind the proposed methodology are introduced. Then, the fault analysis methodology is introduced to determine the contributions of balanced and unbalanced DERs during shunt faults. Finally, the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method are confirmed using SIMULINK and the IEEE 30-bus system, respectively. Based on the analyses, the proposed methodology is expected to be integrated with the rapidly developing distribution automation and management system of the KEPCO.

Shattered pellet injection is of the most attractive way to mitigate the plasma disruption in fusion research facilities up to now. DIII-D has already utilized it and achieved very positive results. ITER has decided to adopt this technology for the DMS (disruption mitigation system) for PFPO-1 (Pre-Fusion Power Operation phase 1). The validation between simulation code and experiment, and continuous engineering development need to be carried out to meet the DMS’s requirement and reliability. KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) is a possible candidate to test the urgent issues of plasma disruption for ITER. KSTAR can install two injectors in toroidal opposite positions. For this work, ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) will provide the two injectors, the shatter tubes and auxiliary systems. NFRI (National Fusion Research Institute) is preparing the infrastructure of a pumping system, control and data acquisition system, and arranging the location of diagnostic and the heating systems. This presentation describes the basic requirements and the engineering challenges to be solved for successful deployment and operation of multiple SPI injectors in 2019.

Significance Advanced prostate cancer is a deadly disease made up of multiple cancer subtypes that evolve during its natural history. Unfortunately, antibody- and cell-based therapies in development that target single tumor antigens found in conventional prostate cancer do not account for this heterogeneity. Here, we show that two major subtypes of advanced prostate cancer, prostate adenocarcinoma (PrAd) and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), exhibit distinct cell-surface expression profiles. Integrated analysis of gene expression and cell-surface protein expression of prostate cancer nominated multiple subtype-specific cell-surface antigens. We specifically characterize FXYD3 and CEACAM5 as targets for immune-based therapies in PrAd and NEPC and provide preliminary evidence of the antigen-specific cytotoxic activity of CEACAM5-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells in NEPC., Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease composed of divergent molecular and histologic subtypes, including prostate adenocarcinoma (PrAd) and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). While PrAd is the major histology in prostate cancer, NEPC can evolve from PrAd as a mechanism of treatment resistance that involves a transition from an epithelial to a neurosecretory cancer phenotype. Cell surface markers are often associated with specific cell lineages and differentiation states in normal development and cancer. Here, we show that PrAd and NEPC can be broadly discriminated by cell-surface profiles based on the analysis of prostate cancer gene expression datasets. To overcome a dependence on predictions of human cell-surface genes and an assumed correlation between mRNA levels and protein expression, we integrated transcriptomic and cell-surface proteomic data generated from a panel of prostate cancer cell lines to nominate cell-surface markers associated with these cancer subtypes. FXYD3 and CEACAM5 were validated as cell-surface antigens enriched in PrAd and NEPC, respectively. Given the lack of effective treatments for NEPC, CEACAM5 appeared to be a promising target for cell-based immunotherapy. As a proof of concept, engineered chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting CEACAM5 induced antigen-specific cytotoxicity in NEPC cell lines. Our findings demonstrate that the surfaceomes of PrAd and NEPC reflect unique cancer differentiation states and broadly represent vulnerabilities amenable to therapeutic targeting.

The existing wheel-type high-speed railway with a rotatable motor has a limit of 600 km/h speed. The normal conducting electromagnet has several disadvantages to realize 600 km/h speed. Several disadvantages are the increased space and weight, and the decreased electric efficiency to generate the required high magnetic field. In order to reduce the volume and weight, superconducting electromagnets can be considered for LSM (Linear Synchronous Motor). Prior to the fabrication of the real system, a prototype demo-coil is designed and fabricated using 2G high temperature superconducting wire. The prototype HTS coil is cooled by the conduction using a GM cryocooler. To reduce the heat penetration, thermal design was performed for the current leads, supporting structure and radiation shield considering the thermal stress. The operating temperature and current are 30∼40 K and 100 A. The coil consists of two double pancake coils (N, S pole, respectively) and it is driven on a test rail, which is installed for the test car. This paper describes the design and test results of the prototype HTS LSM system. Thermal characteristics are investigated with additional dummy thermal mass on the coil after turning off the cryocooler.

In this paper, a modeling method for predicting the conducted emission with a current probe method is presented for a motor-drive braking system. The proposed model considers the motor driving circuit components and the measurement environment. The models of motor driving circuit component include PWM inverter circuits, 3-phase motor, PCB, heatsink, bus bars, and motor casing. The models of measurement environment involve the current probe, test table including ground plane, harness cable, and LISN. To reflect the accurate path of common and differential mode current of the motor drive system, co-simulation is proposed with the equivalent circuit and SPICE model. Co-simulation is eventually conducted by using EMC Studio of EMCoS Ltd. for the calculation of electromagnetic coupling around the circuit, and the high-frequency parameters of the motor driving circuit are calculated through ANSYS Inc.'s Q3D. For the model validation, the measurement and simulation results are compared, and the results of the conducted emission of those agree well in the range of 100 kHz up to 108 MHz.

Standardization of control system is an important issue in KSTAR which is organized with various heterogeneous systems. Diverse control systems in KSTAR have been adopting new application software since 2010. Development of this software was launched for easy implementation of a data acquisition system but it is extended to as a Standard Framework (SFW) of control system in KSTAR. It is composed with a single library, database, template, and descriptor files. The SFW based controller has common factors. It has non-blocking control command method with a thread. The internal sequence handler makes it can be synchronized with KSTAR experiment. It also has a ring buffer pool mechanism for streaming input data handling. Recently, there are two important functional improvements in the framework. Processor embedded FPGA was proposed as a standard hardware platform for specific application. These are also manipulated by the SFW based embedded application. This approach gives single board system an ability of low level distributed control under the EPICS environments. We also developed a real time monitoring system as a real time network inspection tool in 2012 campaign using the SFW.

The Multithreaded Application Real-Time executor (MARTe) is a multi-platform C++ middleware designed for the implementation of real-time control systems. It currently supports the Linux, Linux + RTAI, VxWorks, Solaris and MS Windows platforms. In the fusion community MARTe is being used at JET, COMPASS, ISTTOK, FTU and RFX in fusion [1] . The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS), a standard framework for the control systems in KSTAR and ITER, is a set of software tools and applications which provide a software infrastructure for use in building distributed control systems to operate devices. For a MARTe based application to cooperate with an EPICS based application, an interface layer between MARTe and EPICS is required. To solve this issue, a number of interfacing solutions have been proposed and some of them have been implemented. Nevertheless, a new approach is required to mitigate the functional limitations of existing solutions and to improve their performance for real-time applications. This paper describes the design and implementation of a shared memory based interface between MARTe and EPICS.

The Korea Super conducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) is performing the task of “Demonstration and Evaluation of ITER CODAC Technologies at KSTAR” whose objective is the evaluation of real-time technologies for decision making on real-time operating systems (RTOS), real-time frameworks and 10 GbE networks. In this task, the Multi-threaded Application Real-Time executor (MARTe) has been evaluated as a real-time framework for real-time feedback control system. The performance of MARTe has been verified by measuring response time and jitter in a path of feedback control from an analog input of a monitoring system to an analog output of an actuator system. In addition, the evaluation has been performed in terms of applicability of MARTe and its performance depending on types of operating system and tuning of CPU affinity and priority. This paper describes the overview of MARTe as a real-time framework, the results of evaluation performance and its implementation.

Recently, due to their high performance, electrical components with Pulse Width Modulation and a motor are being used in automotive systems. However, this increases the electromagnetic interference that affects electronic components in and the performance of automotive systems, making it more difficult to satisfy the standard of electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic issues. To solve the EMC problems in the design phase, detailed SPICE modeling is essential. In this paper, a detailed circuit of a motor driven system is proposed. The model is valid in the radio frequency range from 100 kHz up to 30 MHz. Moreover, this model takes into account the impedance effect in the chassis ground of the motor frame. For verification, the simulation results and measurement results are compared. A strong correlation between the SPICE model and the actual object is exhibited.