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Cultivated meat refers to edible meat obtained by proliferating cells without killing livestock in a laboratory. The selection of donor animals is a crucial factor for efficient cell culture production. Hanwoo is a native Korean taurine cattle breed raised as livestock in Korea since before 2000 B.C. Cells isolated from Hanwoo, which has little genetic diversity, are expected to be advantageous in cell culture because of the existence of fewer individual differences. However, cells collected from Hanwoo are in a state where efficient culture conditions have not been established. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of mimicking an in vivo environment on the proliferation and differentiation of Hanwoo muscle satellite cells. The culture conditions consisted of CON (37°C/20% O2), T1 (37°C/2% O2), T2 (39°C/20% O2), and T3 (39°C/2% O2). Cell numbers decreased and expression levels of PAX7 and MYF5 decreased at a temperature of 39°C (p

Virtual reality(VR) applications are typically developed within their own immersive digital worlds; therefore, virtual spaces are usually treated as discrete from the physical space where augmented and mixed reality users exist, which makes it difficult to combine these heterogeneous realities into an integrated extended reality(XR) environment. Along these lines, we propose a method that enables a user to geometrically register the virtual space within a VR application to a real space using a commodity camera in a workspace as an anchor point. We first investigate the mathematical aspect of the computational model for connecting the virtual space to the physical world. Then, we present a computational procedure that implements our proposed method with numerical accuracy and stability. As an application, we demonstrate that users of two VR systems from different vendors may collaborate within a shared real workspace while interacting with each other physically. The presented method provides a key mechanism for enabling XR users to leverage these immersive technologies by effectively using different realities within an integrated environment.

Abstract Membrane scaling is a barrier to membrane distillation (MD). In this study, 3D-printed carbon nanotube (CNT) spacer was used to investigate its capability for mitigating membrane scaling during MD and to elucidate the scaling mechanism experimentally and theoretically. CNT spacer was tested under temperature-dependent calcium sulfate scaling conditions, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to measure scaling quantitatively. CNT spacer exhibited unique membrane scaling mechanism, where only a 37% reduction (29 Lm−2h−1) in the initial flux was achieved, even above a volume concentration factor (VCF) of 4. On the other hand, the membrane with a polylactic acid (PLA) spacer (controls) entirely lost flux before reaching a VCF of 3.5. Interestingly, bubble formation was observed in CNT spacer, which could be attributed to the enhanced flux and vaporization rate on membrane surface in the presence of rough-surfaced CNT spacer. Bubbly flow along the membrane channel with CNT spacer can potentially reduce surface scaling on membrane during MD. Moreover, due to the surface roughness of CNT spacer, the initial nuclei might be detached more easily from CNT spacer surface than from smooth PLA surface and grow further into larger crystals in the bulk, resulting in reduced dissolved solutes in the solution. This phenomenon was indirectly corroborated by comparing the experimentally measured fluxes and theoretically computed values from our mechanistic model of MD-crystallization developed in this study. Therefore, this study revealed that CNT spacer with rough surfaces can potentially have benefit of mitigating membrane scaling during MD.

Abstract This study presents an analysis of the atmospheric footprint sensitivities and CO2 enhancements measured at three in situ stations in South Korea (Anmyeondo (AMY), Gosan (JGS), Ulleungdo (ULD)) using the KIM-STILT and WRF-STILT atmospheric transport models. Monthly aggregated footprints for each station were compared between the models for July and December 2020. The footprints revealed major source regions and the sensitivity of atmospheric mole fractions at the receptor to upstream surface fluxes. In July, both models showed similar major source regions for the AMY station, including Korea, the Yellow Sea, and Japan. However, a discrepancy was observed in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, with KIM-STILT showing larger sensitivity compared to WRF-STILT. In December, both models indicated strong sensitivity over Northeast and Eastern China, but KIM-STILT exhibited smaller sensitivities towards Northwestern China and Mongolia compared to WRF-STILT. At station ULD in July, both models exhibited comparable source regions, but a notable difference was found in Southeast China, where KIM-STILT showed stronger sensitivity. For the JGS station, both models agreed on major sources, but WRF-STILT demonstrated stronger sensitivity over North and Northeastern China. Regarding CO2 enhancements, both models generally underestimated the amplitude of CO2 enhancements, especially in July. However, in December, there was better agreement with observed data. The models were able to reproduce the phase of measured ΔCO2 reasonably well despite the underestimation of CO2 amplitudes. The contribution of biospheric CO2 to the observed enhancements, along with fossil-fuel emissions, was highlighted. In specific cases with significant CO2 enhancements, the models provided varying estimates of CO2ff values, particularly in the source regions of Eastern China. The differences in sensitivity estimations emphasize the need for further investigation to understand the underlying factors causing disparities. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential advantages of each model in capturing dispersion patterns in specific regions, highlighting the importance of understanding these differences to improve the accuracy of atmospheric transport models. Further work is necessary to address the observed disparities and enhance our understanding of the transport models in the studied regions.

Abstract The aim of study was to investigate proliferation and differentiation capacities of Hanwoo myosatellite cells for the development of Hanwoo cell cultures. From P1 to P19, the number of live cells decreased and the cell size increased. It was confirmed that the PAX7 mRNA was higher in P3 than P6 and P9 (p

To improve culture efficiency of Hanwoo myosatellite cells, these cells were cultured at different temperatures. Hanwoo myosatellite cells were compared with C2C12 cells to observe proliferation and differentiation at culture temperatures of 37°C and 39°C and determine the possibility of using them as cultured meat. Immunofluorescence staining using Pax7 and Hoechst, both cells cultured at 37°C proliferated better than cultured at 39°C (p < 0.05). When differentiated cells were stained with myosin and Hoechst, there was no significant difference in myotube thickness and Fusion index (p > 0.05). In Western blotting analysis, Hanwoo myosatellite cells were no significant difference in the expression of myosin between cells differentiated at the two temperatures (p > 0.05). C2C12 cells were no significant difference in the expression of myosin between cells differentiated at the two temperatures (p > 0.05). In reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, Hanwoo myosatellite cells cultured at 39°C had significantly (p < 0.05) higher expression levels of MyHC, MYF6, and MB than those cultured at 37°C. C2C12 cells cultured at 39°C showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher expression levels of MYOG and MB than those cultured at 37°C. To increase culture efficiency of Hanwoo myosatellite cells, proliferating at 37°C and differentiating at 39°C are appropriate. Since results of temperature differences of Hanwoo myosatellite cells were similar to those of C2C12 cells, they could be used as a reference for producing cultured meat using Hanwoo satellite cells.

Intensive algal blooms increasingly degrade the inland water quality. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the algal phenomena quantitatively and qualitatively using synoptic monitoring, algal pigment analysis, and a deep learning model. Water surface reflectance was measured using field monitoring and drone hyperspectral image sensing. The algal experiment conducted on the water samples provided data on major pigments including chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin, accessory pigments including lutein, fucoxanthin, and zeaxanthin, and absorption coefficients. Based on the reflectance and absorption coefficient spectral inputs, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) was developed to estimate the concentrations of the major and minor pigments. The 1D-CNN could model periodic trends of chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, lutein, fucoxanthin, and zeaxanthin compared to the observed ones, with R2 values of 0.87, 0.71, 0.76, 0.78, and 0.74, respectively. In addition, major and secondary pigment maps developed by applying the trained 1D-CNN model to the processed drone hyperspectral image inputs successfully provided spatial information regarding the spots of interest. The model provided explicit algal biomass information using the estimated major pigments and implicit taxonomical information using accessory pigments such as green algae, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. Therefore, we provide strong evidence of the extendibility of deep learning models for analyzing various algal pigments to gain a better understanding of algal blooms.

It is impossible to know the amount of pork primal cut by pig carcass grade which is determined only by carcass weight and backfat thickness in the Korean Pig Carcass System. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the pig carcass grade and the amount of pork primal cut estimated with AutoFom III. A total of 419,321 Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc (LYD) pigs were graded with the Korean Pig Carcass Grade System. Amounts of belly, neck, loin, tenderloin, spare ribs, shoulder, and ham were estimated with AutoFom III. Regression equations for seven primal cuts according to each grade were derived. There were significant differences among the three carcass grades due to heteroscedasticity variance (p < 0.0001). Three regression equations were derived from AutoFom III estimation of primal cuts according to carcass grades. The coefficient of determination of the regression equation was 0.941 for grade 1+, 0.982 for grade 1, and 0.993 for grade 2. Regression equations obtained from this study are suitable for AutoFom III software, a useful tool for the analysis of each pig carcass grade in the Korean Pig Carcass Grade System. The high reliability of predicting the amount of primal cut with AutoFom III is advantageous for the management of slaughterhouses to optimize their product sorting in Korea.

This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and storage stability (at 0, 3, and 7 days) of hybrid beef patties with different amount of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) added. Shiitake mushrooms contain healthy ingredients such as ergosterol and β-glucan. Four proportions of shiitake mushrooms were added to beef patties (T1, 20%, T2, 40%, T3, 60%, T4, 80%) as a substitute for beef and compared with a control group (CON 0%). Chemical composition, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, pH, color, texture profile analysis, and sensory properties of the products were compared on day 0. As a storage stability experiment, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total microbial count were compared (0, 3, and 7 days). The results revealed that replacement with shiitake improved the WHC and cooking loss of patties but had a negative effect on sensory properties and storage stability. These results indicate that shiitake mushrooms can be added along with beef to produce hybrid patties; however, the usage amount must be considered.

Abstract Rechargeable seawater battery (SWB) is a unique energy storage system that can directly transform seawater into renewable energy. Placing a desalination compartment between SWB anode and cathode (denoted as seawater battery desalination; SWB‐D) enables seawater desalination while charging SWB. Since seawater desalination is a mature technology, primarily occupied by membrane‐based processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), the energy cost has to be considered for alternative desalination technologies. So far, the feasibility of the SWB‐D system based on the unit cost per desalinated water ($ m−3) has been insufficiently discussed. Therefore, this perspective aims to provide this information and offer future research directions based on the detailed cost analysis. Based on the calculations, the current SWB‐D system is expected to have an equipment cost of ≈1.02 $ m−3 (lower than 0.60–1.20 $ m−3 of RO), when 96% of the energy is recovered and stable performance for 1000 cycles is achieved. The anion exchange membrane (AEM) and separator contributes greatly to the material cost occupying 50% and 41% of the total cost, respectively. Therefore, future studies focusing on creating low cost AEMs and separators will pave the way for the large‐scale application of SWB‐D.

Among future food problems, the demand for meat is expected to increase rapidly, but the production efficiency of meat, which is a protein source, is very low compared to other foods. To address this problem, research on the development and production of cultured meat as an alternative meat source using muscle stem cells in vitro has recently been undertaken. Many studies have been conducted on myosatellite cells for medical purposes, but studies on alternative meat production are rare. In vitro cell culture mimics the in vivo environment for cell growth. The satellite cell niche is closer to hypoxic (2% O2) than normoxic (20% O2) conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficient oxygen conditions of myosatellite cell cultures for the production of cultured meat. The bovine satellite cell counts and mRNA (Pax7, Myf5 and HIF1α) levels were higher in hypoxia than normoxia (p < 0.05). Through Hoechst-positive nuclei counts, and expression of Pax7, MyoD and myosin protein by immunofluorescence, it was confirmed that muscle cells performed normal proliferation and differentiation. Myoblast fusion was higher under hypoxic conditions (p < 0.05), and the myotube diameters were also thicker (p < 0.05). In the myotube, the number of cells was high in hypoxia, and the expression of the total protein amounts, differentiation marker mRNA (myogenin, myosin and TOM20), and protein markers (myosin and TOM20) was also high. The study results demonstrated that the proliferation and differentiation of bovine myosatellite cells were promoted more highly under hypoxic conditions than under normoxic conditions. Therefore, hypoxic cultures that promote the proliferation and differentiation of bovine myosatellite cells may be an important factor in the development of cultured meat.

This study aimed to determine whether fermented soy sauce has a mutually synergistic effect on the quality and storage properties of pork patties, and to investigate the effects on the availability and physicochemical properties of various taste ingredients of soy sauce, a traditional Korean food ingredient. The experimental groups were as follows: Control (−): No additives; Control (+): 0.1% ascorbic acid; T1: 1% fermented soy sauce; T2: 3% fermented soy sauce; T3: 5% fermented soy sauce. No significant difference was detected in moisture, protein, and fat among the various treatment groups; however, ash content and water holding capacity increased and texture properties improved with the concentration of fermented soy sauce. The addition of fermented soy sauce during refrigerated storage for 10 days showed a positive effect on the storage properties. The peroxide value, content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total phenolics, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity differed significantly in pork patties with different treatments and storage intervals. The effect of fermented soy sauce on the overall quality and storage properties of pork patties during refrigerated storage is relatively unknown. These findings demonstrate that the addition of fermented soy sauce improves the quality properties and antioxidant activity of pork patties.

A shape detail transfer is the process of extracting the geometric details of a source region and transferring it onto a target region. In this paper, we present a simple and effective method, called GeoStamp, for transferring shape details using a Poisson equation. First, the mean curvature field on a source region is computed by using the Laplace–Beltrami operator and is defined as the shape details of the source region. Subsequently, the source and target regions are parameterized on a common 2D domain, and a mean curvature field on the target region is interpolated by the correspondence between two regions. Finally, we solve the Poisson equation using the interpolated mean curvature field and the Laplacian matrix of the target region. Consequently, the mean curvature field of the target region is replaced with that of the source region, which results in the transfer of shape details from the source region to the target region. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by showing several examples and also show that our method is quite useful for adding shape details to a surface patch filling a hole in a triangular mesh.

Cluster computing has attracted much attention as an effective way of solving large-scale problems. However, only a few attempts have been made to explore mobile computing clusters that can be easily built using commodity smartphones and tablets. To investigate the possibility of mobile cluster-based rendering of large datasets, we developed a mobile GPU ray tracer that renders nontrivial 3D scenes with many millions of triangles at an interactive frame rate on a small-scale mobile cluster. To cope with the limited processing power and memory space, we first present an effective 3D scene representation scheme suitable for mobile GPU rendering. Then, to avoid performance impairment caused by the high latency and low bandwidth of mobile networks, we propose using a static load balancing strategy, which we found to be more appropriate for the vulnerable mobile clustering environment than a dynamic strategy. Our mobile distributed rendering system achieved a few frames per second when ray tracing 1024 × 1024 images, using only 16 low-end smartphones, for large 3D scenes, some with more than 10 million triangles. Through a conceptual demonstration, we also show that the presented rendering scheme can be effectively explored for augmenting real scene images, captured or perceived by augmented and mixed reality devices, with high quality ray-traced images.

A triangular mesh obtained by scanning 3D models typically contains holes. We present an effective technique for filling a hole in a triangular mesh in geometric modeling. Simple triangulation of a hole is refined and remeshed iteratively to generate an initial patch. The generated patch is then enhanced to become a target patch by minimizing the variation of principal curvatures. In discrete approximation, this produces a third-order Laplacian system of sparse symmetric positive definite matrix, and the symmetry can efficiently be used to find the robust solutions to the given Laplacian system. Laplacian smoothing of the target patch is defined as a source patch. The shape difference between two corresponding vertices of the source and the target patches is measured in terms of Euclidean distance and curvature variation. On the basis of the shape difference and a user-specified control parameter, different blending weights are determined for each vertex, and the final patch is generated by blending two patches. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by discussing several examples. The experimental results show that our technique can effectively restore salient geometric features of the original shape.

In this paper, we present a novel approach for reconstructing 3D geometry from a stream of images captured by a consumer-grade mobile RGB-D sensor. In contrast to previous real-time online approaches that process each incoming image in acquisition order, we show that applying a carefully selected order of (possibly a subset of) frames for pose estimation enables the performance of robust 3D reconstruction while automatically filtering out error-prone images. Our algorithm first organizes the input frames into a weighted graph called the similarity graph. A maximum spanning tree is then found in the graph, and its traversal determines the frames and their processing order. The basic algorithm is then extended by locally repairing the original spanning tree and merging disconnected tree components, if they exist, as much as possible, enhancing the result of 3D reconstruction. The capability of our method to generate a less error-prone stream from an input RGB-D stream may also be effectively combined with more sophisticated state-of-the-art techniques, which further increases their effectiveness in 3D reconstruction.

We propose a new tangible visualization table for intuitive and effective visualization of terrain data transferred from a remote server in real time. The shape display approximating the height field of remote terrain data is generated by linear actuators, and the corresponding texture image is projected onto the shape display. To minimize projection distortions, we present a sophisticated technique for projection mapping. Gesture-based user interfaces facilitate intuitive manipulations of visualization results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system by displaying and manipulating various terrain data using gesture-based interfaces.

Background: Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a significant etiological agent of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) in infants and young children. The present study has been conducted to investigate the prevalence of recently identified respiratory viruses. Methods: In total, 543 oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from hospitalized patients with acute respiratory symptoms (ARS) between January and December 2021 (5,653 females and 4,950 males) were tested for respiratory viruses using RT-PCR. Results: At least one respiratory virus was detected by RT-PCR in 119 out of 175 samples (68%). The most frequently detected virus was human rhinovirus (HRV) (34, 6.5%), followed by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) (19, 3.6%), human bocavirus (HBoV) (8, 1.5%), human adenovirus (HAdV) (7, 1.3%), and human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) (4, 0.8%). HPIV-3 accounted for 3.6% (19/175) of all viral pathogens and was the second most frequently detected viral pathogen in our study. HPIV-3 infections peaked in the fall (November) of 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of the coding region of the viral protein HA revealed that all 35 (100%) of 35 HPIV-infected patients were infected with HPIV-3. Conclusions: HPIV was an important causative pathogen associated with ALRI in children hospitalized in Korea in the late fall of 2021, as the social distancing rules for COVID-19 were relaxed. These findings highlight the importance of HPIV as a cause of ALRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]