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Begomoviruses are economically important plant viruses and are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci which is a complex of various cryptic species. However, it is uncertain whether most begomoviruses that infect host plants are transmitted by B. tabaci at a similar rate. We compared the begomovirus profiles that were detected in a total of 37 whitefly populations and 52 host plants on Java Island, Indonesia. Seven begomovirus species were detected in B. tabaci at different rates: pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV, 56.8%), tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV, 46.0%), tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV, 21.6%), squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV, 21.6%), ageratum yellow vein China virus (AYVCNV, 2.7%), mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV, 2.7%), and okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV, 2.7%). The begomoviruses were detected at different rates in three cryptic species of B. tabaci. In addition, six begomovirus species were detected in the various host plants at different rates: PepYLCIV (67.3%), TYLCKaV (53.9%), ToLCNDV (13.5%), MYMIV (11.5%), AYVCNV (3.9%), and Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) (1.9%). By comparing the virus presence between whiteflies and plants, five begomoviruses (AYVCNV, MYMIV, PepYLCIV, ToLCNDV, and TYLCKaV) were detected in both samples, but their sequence similarity was highly variable depending on the begomovirus themselves; TYLCKaV was highest (99.4%-100%) than any other viruses. Our study suggests B. tabaci acquire begomoviruses at different rates from plants. This study provides important information on the potential variation in the begomovirus transmission mechanism.

Bemisia tabaci is a species complex consisting of various genetically different cryptic species worldwide. To understand the genetic characteristics and geographic distribution of cryptic species of B. tabaci in Asia, we conducted an extensive collection of B. tabaci samples in ten Asian countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam) from 2013 to 2020 and determined 56 different partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA. In addition, information on 129 COI sequences of B. tabaci identified from 16 Asian countries was downloaded from the GenBank database. Among the total 185 COI sequences of B. tabaci, the sequence variation reached to 19.68%. In addition, there were 31 cryptic species updated from 16 countries in Asia, that is, Asia I, Asia I India, Asia II (1-13), Asia III, Asia IV, Asia V, China 1-6, MEAM (1, 2, K), MED, Australia/Indonesia, Japan (1 and 2). Further, MED cryptic species consisted of 2 clades, Q1 and Q2. This study provides updated information to understand the genetic variation and geographic diversity of B. tabaci in Asia.

Plant viruses are responsible for the most devastating and commercially significant plant diseases, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus begomovirus is the largest one in the family Geminiviridae, with a single-stranded DNA genome, either monopartite or bipartite. Begomoviruses are transmitted by insect vectors, such as Bemisia tabaci. Begomoviruses are the major causative agents of diseases in agriculture globally. Because of their diversity and mode of evolution, they are thought to be geographic specific. The emerging begomoviruses are of serious concern due to their increasing host range and geographical expansion. Several begomoviruses of Asiatic origin have been reported in Europe, causing massive economic losses; insect-borne transmission of viruses is a critical factor in virus outbreaks in new geographical regions. This review highlights crucial information regarding Asia’s four emerging and highly destructive begomoviruses. We also provided information regarding several less common but still potentially important pathogens of different crops. This information will aid possible direction of future studies in adopting preventive measures to combat these emerging viruses.

본 연구는 1996년부터 2011년까지 투입산출표를 이용하여 해당 기간 동안 한국의 ICT 산업과 자동차 산업의 산업연쇄효과 및 경쟁우위를 비교하였다. 국제표준산업분류(ISIC Rev.4)에 따라 ICT 산업을 분류하여 범위를 명확히 하였으며, 제품의 특성, 혁신주기에 따라 ICT 산업 내 제조업과 서비스업, 그리고 자동차 산업 내 제조업과 서비스업 부문으로 분류하였다. 연구 결과는, (1) ICT 산업은 수요 (Backward Linkage Effect)와 공급(Forward Linkage Effect) 측면에서 자동차 산업의 평균과 비슷한 수준의 파급효과를 가지고 있다. (2) ICT 제조업은 수요와 공급 측면에서 ICT 서비스업의 평균보다 높은 수준의 파급효과를 가지고 있다. (3) 자동차 제조업은 수요와 공급 측면에서 모두 높은 수준의 파급효과를 갖지만, 자동차 서비스업은 공급 측면에서만 높은 수준의 파급효과를 갖는다. (4) ICT 제조업은 수요와 공급 측면에서 모두 높은 수준의 파급효과를 갖지만, 자동차 제조업은 공급 측면에서 높은 수준의 파급효과를 갖는다. (5) ICT 서비스업은 수요 측면에서 높은 수준의 파급효과를 가지고 있었으나 그 효과가 줄어들고 있고, 자동차 서비스업은 공급 측면에서 높은 수준의 파급효과를 갖는다고 보여준다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통하여, 이 전의 연구들에서 논의가 되었던 ICT 산업에 대한 분류 기준을 명확히 제시하였으며 ICT 산업과 자동차 산업에 대한 파급효과 및 중요성을 확인하고, 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다.

CdS buffer layer of varying thickness ranging from 23 to 58 nm deposited at different substrate temperature were prepared as n-type junction partner for thermally grown Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 and two-step chalcogenized Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 photovoltaic absorber films and the effect of deposition temperature and time on the CdS growth behavior and solar cell performance were evaluated. High deposition temperature resulted in a thicker CdS layer and more importantly lower density and shallower depth of open voids, which attributed to the improved open-circuit voltage and fill factor due to reduced interface recombination. The solar cell efficiency of thermally grown absorber saturated at about 30 nm thickness of CdS, while that of chalcogenized absorber gradually increased with CdS thickness up to 60 nm without significant loss of short-circuit current density.

In this study, we developed a species-specific PCR assay for rapid and accurate detection of three Xanthomonas species, X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola (XAP), X. hyacinthi (XH) and X. campestris pv. zantedeschiae (XCZ), based on their draft genome sequences. XAP, XH and XCZ genomes consist of single chromosomes that contain 5,221, 4,395 and 7,986 protein coding genes, respectively. Species-specific primers were designed from variable regions of the draft genome sequence data and assessed by a PCR-based detection method. These primers were also tested for specificity against 17 allied Xanthomonas species as well as against the host DNA and the microbial community of the host surface. Three primer sets were found to be very specific and no amplification product was obtained with the host DNA and the microbial community of the host surface. In addition, a detection limit of 1 pg/μl per PCR reaction was detected when these primer sets were used to amplify corresponding bacterial DNAs. Therefore, these primer sets and the developed species-specific PCR assay represent a valuable, sensitive, and rapid diagnostic tool that can be used to detect three specific pathogens at early stages of infection and may help control diseases.

We determined the complete genome sequences of two isolates of cnidium vein yellowing virus (CnVYV-1 and -2) that co-infected all field samples collected from Cnidium officinale in Korea. Unlike CnVYV-2, however, CnVYV-1 was sap-transmissible to Nicotiana benthamiana. CnVYV-1 and -2 have bipartite genomes of 7,263 and 3,110 nucleotides and 7,278 and 3,112 nucleotides, respectively, excluding the poly(A) tails. Phylogenetic analysis of the CnVYV-1 and -2 sequences indicated close relationships to strawberry latent ringspot virus, an unassigned member of the family Secoviridae. CnVYV-1 and CnVYV-2 are closely related viruses that may represent a tentative new species of the family Secoviridae.

In this paper, we deal with a characterization of the posetswith the property that every poset isometry of F nq fixing the origin is alinear map. We say such a poset to be admitting the linearity of isome-tries. We show that a poset P admits the linearity of isometries over F nq if and only if P is a disjoint sum of chains of cardinality 2 or 1 whenq= 2, or P is an anti-chain otherwise. 1. IntroductionLet F q be a finite field with q elements, and F nq the vector space of n-tuplesover F q . In 1995, Brualdi et al. [1] introduced a non-Hamming metric on F n which is associated to an arbitrary poset on [n] = {1,2,...,n}. It is calleda poset metric. The poset metric spaces have been extensively studied in[1, 3, 4, 5, 8]. We briefly introduce basic notions for poset metric on F nq .Let P = ([n],≤) be a poset on [n] of coordinate positions of vectors on F nq .A subset I of P is called an order ideal (or a down-set) if x ∈ I and y ≤ ximply y ∈ I. For an arbitrary subset A of P, we denote by hAi the smallestorder ideal of P containing A. The P-weight of a vector u = (u

Entropy is a measure of disorder or uncertainty. This terminology is qualitatively used in the understanding of its correlation to pollution in the environmental area. In this research, three different entropies were defined and characterized in order to quantify the qualitative entropy previously used in the environmental science. We are dealing with newly defined distinct entropies E1, E2, and E3 originated from Shannon entropy in the information theory, reflecting concentration of three major green house gases CO2, N2O and CH4 represented as the probability variables. First, E1 is to evaluate the total amount of entropy from concentration difference of each green house gas with respect to three periods, due to industrial revolution, post-industrial revolution, and information revolution, respectively. Next, E2 is to evaluate the entropy reflecting the increasing of the logarithm base along with the accumulated time unit. Lastly, E3 is to evaluate the entropy with a fixed logarithm base by 2 depending on the time. Analytical results are as follows. E1 shows the degree of prediction reliability with respect to variation of green house gases. As E1 increased, the concentration variation becomes stabilized, so that it follows from linear correlation. E2 is a valid indicator for the mutual comparison of those green house gases. Although E3 locally varies within specific periods, it eventually follows a logarithmic curve like a similar pattern observed in thermodynamic entropy.

Carnation is considered to be one of the top three cutting flowers in the world, which is a main crop with 21 billion annual volume of manufacture. The four carnation items such as cuttings, seed, plant and unrooted cuttings are imported and exported. Viruses can be easily transmitted during vegetative propagation of carnation. Carnation necrotic fleck virus (CNFV) and Carnation ringspot virus (CRSV) are designated as Korea plant quarantine viruses and inspected. This study was aimed to develop specific primer sets for easy and rapid detection of CNFV and CRSV. Two RT-PCR primer sets were efficiently amplified 288 and 447 bp fragments for CNFV and 503 549 bp fragments for CRSV. Furthermore, developed nested primer sets make possible to high sensitive detection and verification. CNFV nested PCR primer sets all produced band of 147 bp and CRSV nested PCR primer sets did bands of 395 and 347 bp. In addition, plasmid inserted 6 sequences in amplicon were used as a positive control to improve inspection confidence. The successful application of PCR module newly developed in this study will be highly useful for detect of CNFV and CRSV for quarantine inspections.

We initiate the study of interval-valued fuzzy quasi-ideal of a semigroup. In Section 2, we list some basic definitions in the later sections. In Section 3, we investigate interval-valued fuzzy subsemigroups and in Section 4, we define intervalvalued fuzzy quasi-ideals and establish some of their basic properties. In Section 5, we obtain characterizations of regular and intraregular semigroups using the machinery developed in the preceding sections.

In this paper, we nd the inclusion relation among four cate- gories of posets, i.e., ideal-homogeneous, tower-homogeneous, quasi-com- plement-preserved, and complement-preserved posets.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is frequently used in Asian countries as a traditional medicine. The major components of ginseng are ginsenosides. Among these, ginsenoside compound K has been reported to prevent the formation of malignancy and metastasis of cancer by blocking the formation of tumor and suppressing the invasion of cancer cells. In this study, ginsenoside Rb1 was converted into compound K, via secreted β-glucosidase enzyme from the Leuconostoc lactis DC201 isolated, which was extracted from Kimchi. The strain DC201 was suspended and cultured in MRS broth at 37℃. Subsequently, the residue from the cultured broth supernatant was precipitated with EtOH and then dissolved in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) to obtain an enzyme liquid. Meanwhile, the crude enzyme solution was mixed with ginsenoside Rb 1 at a ratio of 1:4 (v/v).The reaction was carried out at 30℃ and 190 rpm for 72 hours, and then analyzed by TLC and HPLC. The result showed that ginsenoside Rb 1 was transformed into compound K after 72 hours post reaction.

Lim et al. [5] introduce the notion of ordinary smooth topologies by considering the gradation of openness[resp. closedness] of ordinary subsets of X. In this paper, we study a collection of all ordinary smooth topologies on X, say OST(X), in the sense of a lattice. And we prove that OST(X) is a complete lattice.

In 2001, the notion of a fuzzy poset defined on a set X via a triplet (L, G, I) of functions with domain X × X and range [0, 1] satisfying a special condition L+G+I = 1 is introduced by J. Negger and Hee Sik Kim, where L is the ‘less than’ function, G is the ‘greater than’ function, and I is the ‘incomparable to’ function. Using this approach, we are able to define a special class of fuzzy posets, and define the ‘skeleton’ of a fuzzy poset in view of major relation. In this sense, we define the linear discrepancy of a fuzzy poset of size n as the minimum value of all maximum of I(x, y)|f(x)?f(y)| for f ∈ F and x, y ∈ X with I(x, y) > ½, where F is the set of all injective order-preserving maps from the fuzzy poset to the set of positive integers. We first show that the definition is well-defined. Then, it is shown that the optimality appears at the same injective order-preserving maps in both cases of a fuzzy poset and its skeleton if the linear discrepancy of a skeleton of a fuzzy poset is 1.

High-grade gliomas are closely related to the mesenchymal phenotype which might be explained by unorthodox differentiation of glioma cancer stem cells (gCSCs). We reasoned that other non-neural stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), might play a role in expressing mesenchymal phenotype of high-grade gliomas. Thus we hypothesized that cells resembling MSCs exist in glioma specimens.We created a mouse (m) orthotopic glioma model using human gCSCs. Single-cell suspensions were isolated from glioma specimens and cultured according to the methods for mMSCs or gliomaspheres. These cells were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for surface markers associated with mMSCs or gCSCs. Glioma stroma (GS)-MSCs were exposed to mesenchymal differentiation conditions. To decide the location of GS-MSCs, sections of orthotopic glioma models were analyzed by immunofluorescent labeling.GS-MSCs were isolated which were morphologically similar to mMSCs. FACS analysis showed that the GS-MSCs had similar surface markers to mMSCs (stem cell antigen-1 [Sca-1](+), CD9(+), CD45(-), CD11b(-), CD31(-), and nerve/glial antigen 2 [NG2](-)). GS-MSCs were capable of mesenchymal differentiation. Immunofluorescent labeling indicated that GS-MSCs are located around blood vessels, are distinct from endothelial cells, and have features that partially overlap with vascular pericytes.Our results indicate that cells similar to mMSCs exist in glioma specimens. The GS-MSCs might be located around vessels, which suggests that GS-MSCs may provide the mesenchymal elements of the vascular niche. GS-MSCs may represent non-neural stem cells that act as an important source of mesenchymal elements, particularly during the growth of gliomas.

Inclusion and exclusion is used in many papers to count certain objects exactly or asymptotically. Also it is used to derive the Bonferroni inequalities in probabilistic area (6). Inclusion and exclusion on flnitely many types of properties is flrst used in R. Meyer (7) in probability form and flrst used in the paper of McKay, Palmer, Read and Robinson (8) as a form of counting version of inclusion and exclusion on two types of properties. In this paper, we provide a proof for inclusion and exclusion on flnitely many types of properties in counting version. As an example, the asymptotic number of general cubic graphs via inclusion and exclusion formula is given for this generalization.

is the meaningful smallest product of three chains of each size 2n+1 since is a 1-element poset. The linear discrepancy of the product of three chains is found as . But the case of the product of three chains is not known yet. In this paper, we determine ld as a case to determine the linear discrepancy of the product of three chains of each size 2n + 1.

The viral genome of soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus (SYMMV) from infected soybean (Glycine max) in Korea was cloned and sequenced. The complete monopartite single-stranded RNA genome of SYMMV consists of 4009 base pairs with six putative open reading frames and includes 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of 39 and 229 nucleotides, respectively. The nucleotide and coat protein sequences of SYMMV share the highest sequence identity with those of cowpea mottle virus. Based on its genomic organization, its predicted amino acid sequence, and its phylogenetic relatedness to known carmoviruses, we report that SYMMV is a new member of the genus Carmovirus in the family Tombusviridae.

In this paper, we construct one-factorizations of given complete graphs of even order. These constructions partition the edges of the complete graph into one-factors and triples. Our new constructions of one-factors and triples can be applied to a recursive construction of Steiner triple systems for all possible orders 15.

The coatings composed of colloidal silica, methyltrimethoxy silane (MTMS), water, and acid catalysts have been prepared with variation of colloidal silica contents from 0 to 20 %. All the coatings were prepared and coated on the aluminum plate under the same condition except the contents of colloidal silica, and the compensating contents of MTMS and water with fixed molar ratio of MTMS and water to be 3. The physical properties were compared in terms of hardness, adhesion strength, corrosion, wear resistance, and thermo gravimetry analysis, etc. The pencil hardness was drastically increased with the addition of 5% colloidal silica particles and was further increased slightly by increase of additional silica. The corrosion resistance of the coating film against alkali solution was improved by increasing colloidal silica content, however, the acid resistance was less affected by the content of colloidal silica.

Which spheres are shellable?[2]. We present one of them which is the k-tree with n-labeled vertices. We found that the number of ways to shell the k-dimensional trees on n-labeled vertices is

In year 2003, a soybean(Glycine max) sample showing severe dwarfing symptom was collected from a farmers` field in Cheongsong in Korea. The results from the diagnosis of the sample by RT-PCR revealed that it was infected by Soybean dwarf virus(SbDV), SbDV-L81. This study could be the first report of the occurrence of the virus in Korea. To further characterize the virus, the partial nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of SbDV-L81 was determined by RT-PCR using species-specific primers. The sequences were analyzed and subsequently compared to previously characterized strains of SbDV based on the pattern of symptom expression and vector specificities. The intergenic region between ORF 2 and 3 and the coding regions of ORF 2, 3 and 4 were relatively similar to those of dwarfing strains(SbDV-DS and DP) rather than those of yellowing strains(SbDV-YS and YP). Likewise, the result from the analysis of 5`-half of the coding region of ORF5 indicated that SbDV-L81 was closely related to strains(SbDV-YP and DP) transmitted by Acyrthosiphon pisum. These data from the natural symptom and the comparisons of five regions of nucleotide sequences of SbDV suggested that SbDV-L81 might be closely related SbDV-DP.

An aperiodic perfect map(APM) is an array with the property that every array of certain size, called a window, arises exactly once as a contiguous subarray in the array. In this arti- cle, we deal with the generalization of APM in higher dimensional arrays. First, we reframe all known deflnitions onto the general- ized n-dimensional arrays. Next, some elementary known results on arrays are generalized to propositions on n-dimensional arrays. Finally, with some devised integer representations, two construc- tions of inflnite family of n-dimensional APMs are generalized from known 2-dimensional constructions in (7).

In the year of 2002 annual nationwide survey of virus diseases occurring in the pepper fields and greenhouses in Korea, the distribution and the incidence of viral diseases was investigated. The pepper samples from both greenhouses (155 samples) and open fields (227 samples) were collected and further analyzed to detect eleven different viruses by RT-PCR. The results indicate that no sample collected from both greenhouse and open field seems to be infected by TMV, RMV, PVY, AMV, and TSWV. On the other hand, CMV, BBWV2, PepMoV, PMMoV, TMGMV and ToMV are readily identified from greenhouse and open field samples by RT-PCR. The infection rates of the collected samples between greenhouse and open field are largely different. Comparing with 10% of virus-infected pepper samples grown in greenhouse, approximately one third of pepper samples collected from open field are infected. The mixed-infection rates in the virus-infected greenhouse and open field samples are 16% and 61%, respectively. The dominant virus occuring in greenhouse is PMMoV, indicating that virus-infected seed stocks and infected plant debris in the growing area may be important sources of inocula. On the other hand, both CMV and BBWV2 are dominant viruses in open field. This may indicate that the migration of viruliferous insect vectors into pepper fields may be the most important source of inoculum. Also, the survey shows that BBWV2 is newly immerging virus to be controlled in Korea. The discrepancies on the distribution and the occurrence of viral diseases between field and greenhouse may provide a fact that the accumulation and distribution of inoculum by successive cultivation and the migration of viruliferous vectors into growing areas are likely to be important factors to determine the incidence of viral diseases. Therefore, the further studies on epidemiology and the consideration of new breeding program of pepper are essential to minimize virus diseases.

A new vector using Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV) was constructed for gene function study or heterologous protein expression in soybeans. The in vitro transcript with a 5' cap analog m7GpppG from an SYCMV full-length infectious vector driven by a T7 promoter infected soybeans (pSYCMVT7-full). The symptoms observed in the soybeans infected with either the sap from SYCMV-infected leaves or pSYCMVT7-full were indistinguishable, suggesting that the vector exhibits equivalent biological activity as the virus itself. To utilize the vector further, a DNA-based vector driven by the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was constructed. The complete sequence of the SYCMV genome was inserted into a binary vector flanked by a CaMV 35S promoter at the 5' terminus of the SYCMV genome and a cis-cleaving ribozyme sequence followed by a nopaline synthase terminator at the 3' terminus of the SYCMV genome (pSYCMV-full). The SYCMV-derived vector was tested for use as a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for the functional analysis of soybean genes. VIGS constructs containing either a fragment of the Phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene (pSYCMV-PDS1) or a fragment of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RbcS) gene (pSYCMV-RbcS2) were constructed. Plants infiltrated with each vector using the Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation method exhibited distinct symptoms, such as photo-bleaching in plants infiltrated with pSYCMV-PDS1 and yellow or pale green coloring in plants infiltrated with pSYCMV-RbcS2. In addition, down-regulation of the transcripts of the two target genes was confirmed via northern blot analysis. Particle bombardment and direct plasmid DNA rubbing were also confirmed as alternative inoculation methods. To determine if the SYCMV vector can be used for the expression of heterologous proteins in soybean plants, the vector encoding amino acids 135-160 of VP1 of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O1 Campos (O1C) was constructed (pSYCMV-FMDV). Plants infiltrated with pSYCMV-FMDV were only detected via western blotting using the O1C antibody. Based on these results, we propose that the SYCMV-derived vector can be used for gene function study or expression of useful heterologous proteins in soybeans.

Background In addition to human and animal diseases, bacteria of the genus Burkholderia can cause plant diseases. The representative species of rice-pathogenic Burkholderia are Burkholderia glumae, B. gladioli, and B. plantarii, which primarily cause grain rot, sheath rot, and seedling blight, respectively, resulting in severe reductions in rice production. Though Burkholderia rice pathogens cause problems in rice-growing countries, comprehensive studies of these rice-pathogenic species aiming to control Burkholderia-mediated diseases are only in the early stages. Results We first sequenced the complete genome of B. plantarii ATCC 43733T. Second, we conducted comparative analysis of the newly sequenced B. plantarii ATCC 43733T genome with eleven complete or draft genomes of B. glumae and B. gladioli strains. Furthermore, we compared the genome of three rice Burkholderia pathogens with those of other Burkholderia species such as those found in environmental habitats and those known as animal/human pathogens. These B. glumae, B. gladioli, and B. plantarii strains have unique genes involved in toxoflavin or tropolone toxin production and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated bacterial immune system. Although the genome of B. plantarii ATCC 43733T has many common features with those of B. glumae and B. gladioli, this B. plantarii strain has several unique features, including quorum sensing and CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems. Conclusions The complete genome sequence of B. plantarii ATCC 43733T and publicly available genomes of B. glumae BGR1 and B. gladioli BSR3 enabled comprehensive comparative genome analyses among three rice-pathogenic Burkholderia species responsible for tissue rotting and seedling blight. Our results suggest that B. glumae has evolved rapidly, or has undergone rapid genome rearrangements or deletions, in response to the hosts. It also, clarifies the unique features of rice pathogenic Burkholderia species relative to other animal and human Burkholderia species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1558-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

An 81-year-old woman came to our hospital with pain in the left flank and left leg with paresthesia. On neurologic examination, she had a left leg weakness of Grade 4. She had undergone spinal operations three times before the admission. The first operation was 15 years ago, on the anterior lumbar interbody fusion of L2–L3, L4–L5 with iliac bone, and laminectomy of L2–L3. The second operation was the vertebroplasty of T12, 10 years ago. The last operation was 7 years ago, which was a vertebroplasty of L1. She had lived without pain for 7 years, until she had a fall 2 weeks before the admission. Her lumbar spine bone mineral content and T-score were 74 mg/cc and 3.0, respectively, using computed tomography bone densitometry. She had not been taking the medication for osteoporosis. The last radiographic imaging was done on July 19, 2008, before an admission (Fig. 1). The anterior-posterior and lateral views (blank arrow) of the lumbar spine show the cement leakage before the trauma (Fig. 1, A and B). The sagittal (arrowhead) and axial images of the T2weighted magnetic resonance (MR) (arrow) demonstrate the leakage in the epidural space (Fig. 1, C and D). The amount of cement leakage was minimal at that time, and she had lived for 7 years without any symptoms. On October