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Background: Although the zygomatic arch is an important structure determining facial prominence and width, no consensus exists regarding the classification of isolated zygomatic arch fractures, and the literature on this topic is scarce. To date, five papers have subdivided zygomatic arch fractures; however, only one of those proposed classifications includes the injury vector, although the injury vector is one of the most important factors to consider in fracture cases. Furthermore, the only classification that does include the injury vector is too complicated to be suitable for daily practice. In addition, the existing classifications are clinically limited because they do not consider greenstick fractures, nondisplaced fractures, or coronoid impingement. In the present study, we present a rearrangement of the previously published classifications and propose a modified classification of isolated zygomatic arch fractures that maximizes the advantages and overcomes the disadvantages of previous classification systems.Methods: The classification criteria for isolated zygomatic arch fractures described in five previous studies were analyzed, rearranged, and supplemented to generate a modified classification. The medical records, radiographs, and facial bone computed tomography findings of 134 patients with isolated zygomatic arch fractures who visited our hospital between January 2010 and December 2019 were also retrospectively analyzed.Results: We analyzed major classification criteria (displacement, the force vector of the injury, V-shaped fracture, and coronoid impingement) for isolated zygomatic arch fracture from the five previous studies and developed a modified classification by subdividing zygomatic arch fractures. We applied the modified classification to cases of isolated zygomatic arch fracture at our hospital. The surgery rate and injury severity differed significantly from fracture types I to VI.Conclusion: Using our modified classification, we could determine that both the injury force and the injury vector meaningfully influenced the surgery rate and the severity of the injuries.

Jun Hyeong Song,1 Woo Yong Lee,2 Kyoung Rai Cho,3 Sang Hyun Nam,4 Ki Deok Park,5,&ast; Yongbum Park1,&ast; 1Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje UniversityCollege of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; 3Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 4Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 5Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yongbum ParkDepartment of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Sanggye 7 Dong 761-7, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-707, KoreaEmail swc328@naver.comKi Deok ParkDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Daero 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Korea, 33 Tel +82-2-950-1145Fax +82-2-935-3076Email bduck@gilhospital.comIntroduction: This study is to compare advantages, safety and mid-term effects of fluoroscopy (FL)-guided transforaminal (TF) to caudal (CA) epidural steroid injection (ESI) for chronic pain after spinal surgery (CPSS) by assessing pain relief and improvement of functionality.Methods: Patients with radicular pain in CPSS who received FL-guided CA (n = 21) or TF (n = 28) ESI were included in this retrospective study. Complication frequencies, adverse events, treatment effects, and functional improvements for each procedure were compared at 1, 3, and 6 months following the last injection.Results: Both the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and verbal numeric pain scale scores (VNS) demonstrated improvement in both groups at all 1, 3, and 6 months following the last injection, without meaningful difference between groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, no meaningful difference was present between groups in terms of treatment success rate at every time point. The amount of time used for the injection procedure was shorter in CA group than in TF group (410.32 ± 25.73 seconds vs 640.65 ± 18.03 seconds, p < 0.05). Within 2 weeks of the injection treatment, the patient satisfactory scores were evaluated, with excellent being rated 85.7% (n = 18) among CA-ESI patients and 55.7% (n = 16) among TF-ESI patients (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that variables such as method of injection (CA or TF approach), sex, use of analgesics, pain duration, number of injections, and age were not significant variables for successful treatment results. There were no adverse complications after the procedure in both groups.Conclusion: The outcomes of FL-guided CA-ESI and TF-ESI for CPSS are similar in terms of pain reduction and functional improvements. CA-ESI is associated with lesser procedure time. In addition, compared with the TF-ESI, the patient experiences less discomfort during the injection, and the satisfaction with the injection treatment is confirmed to be better. Accordingly, both methods are effective; however, in the CA approach, patient satisfaction is higher and the procedure time is shorter.Keywords: epidural block, fluoroscopy, transforaminal, caudal, FL, CA, TF

Background Minimally-invasive methods to treat scars address a common pathway of altering collagen structure, leading to collagen remodeling. Objective In this study, we employed in situ redox chemistry to create focal pH gradients in skin, altering dermal collagen, in a process we refer to as electrochemical therapy (ECT). The effects of ECT to induce biochemical and structural changes in ex vivo porcine skin were examined. Methods During ECT, two platinum electrodes were inserted into fresh porcine skin, and following saline injection, an electrical potential was applied. pH mapping, high frequency ultrasonography, and two photon excitation microscopy and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy were used to evaluate treatment effects. Findings were correlated with histology. Results Following ECT, pH mapping depicted acid and base production at anode and cathode sites respectively, with increasing voltage and application time. Gas formation during ECT was observed with ultrasonography. Anode sites showed significant loss of SHG signal, while cathode sites showed disorganized collagen structure with fewer fibrils emitting an attainable signal. Histologically, collagen denaturation at both sites was confirmed. Conclusion We demonstrated the production of in situ acid and base in skin occurring via ECT. The effects chemically and precisely alter collagen structure through denaturation, giving insight on the potential of ECT as a simple, low-cost, and minimally-invasive means to remodel skin and treat scars.

Zea mays L. (Poaceae), also known as purple corn, is an annual herbaceous plant that is grown as food for human consumption in a variety of forms, including cooking oils and sweeteners in processed food and beverage products. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a novel purple corn extract, FB801, might have an anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effect on AD-like skin lesions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in BALB/c mice. Topical sensitization (1%) and challenge (0.3%) by DNCB were performed on the dorsal skin and right ear of BALB/c mice to induce AD. Following FB801 and dexamethasone administered orally, the severity of skin lesions was examined macroscopically and histologically. Serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and various cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oral administration of FB801 significantly reduced typical symptoms of AD (erythema/bleeding, swelling, molting/erosion and scaling/drying), scratching frequencies, and the recruitment of inflammatory and mast cells. In addition, FB801 suppressed serum levels of IgE and T helper (Th)2 type cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 in DNCB-treated BALB/c mice. Furthermore, FB801 reduced the degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor-��B proteins (NF-��B) in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-��-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. These results suggest that FB801 inhibited the development of the AD-like skin symptoms by regulating Th1 and Th2 responses in the skin lesions in mice and suppressing TNF-�� induced NF-��B activation in HaCaT cells, suggesting that FB801 has potential application as an effective alternative therapy for the prevention and management of AD.

PURPOSE: Recent studies have compared the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the procedure using ultrasound and fluoroscopy. However, there are no published studies comparing the therapeutic efficacy and safety of fluoroscopy (FL)-guided cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection (CIESI) with that of ultrasound (US)-guided selective nerve root block (SNRB). This study aimed to compare the mid-term effects and advantages of US-guided SNRB with FL-guided CIESI for radicular pain in the lower cervical spine through assessment of pain relief and functional improvement. METHODS: Patients with radicular pain in the lower cervical spine who received US-guided SNRB (n = 51) or FL-guided CIESI (n = 61) were included in this retrospective study. All procedures were performed using FL or US. The complication frequencies during the procedures, adverse events, treatment effects, and functional improvement were compared at intervals of 1, 3, and 6 months after the last injection. RESULTS: Both the neck disability index and verbal numeric scale showed improvements at 1, 3, and 6 months after the last injection in both groups, with no significant differences between groups (p

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is used clinically for various muscle disorders and acts by preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into the synapse space. Here, we compared the efficacy of prabotulinumtoxinA (PRA) and onabotulinumtoxinA (ONA) for the reduction in hypertrophy in myostatin-deficient (Mstn-/- ) mice. Two different BoNT-A products (2.5, 10 and 25 U/kg) were injected to paralyse the hindlimb for 2 months, after which sciatic nerve conduction study, 3D micro-CT, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and dystrophin staining were conducted. Administration of BoNT-A products induced denervation-mediated atrophy and alleviated muscle hypertrophy generated in Mstn-/- mice. The present study revealed that each BoNT-A regulates skeletal muscle size, myofibre number and myofibre diameter in Mstn-/- mice. The potential applicability of BoNT-A for the treatment of rare muscle hypertrophic diseases was demonstrated. Compared with ONA, PRA had a comparable ability to act in the local area.

In the present study, we constructed a new research model to understand the feedback effects of brand extension by applying expectation disconfirmation theory to a real-world case of brand extensio...

This study explored the factors affecting repeat theatrical viewing of movies. Integrating content, social influence, and access/competition variables, the analysis reveals that the drivers of theatrical repeat viewing are different from those for box office performance. For example, the effects of genre, transmedia content, and audience review were significant only for the latter and factors such as movie length, critics’ review, and level of news coverage actually played a negative role in the repeat consumption.

Background Blowout fracture is one of the most common facial fractures, and patients usually present with accompanying ocular complications. Many studies have looked into the frequency of persistent ocular symptoms, but there is no study on assault patients and related ocular symptoms. We evaluated the incidence of residual ocular symptoms in blow-out fractures between assaulted and non-assaulted patients, and sought to identify any connection among the degree of enophthalmos, defect size, and assault-related injury. Methods A retrospective review was performed for any patient who sustained a unilateral blowout fracture between January 2010 to December 2014. The collected data included information such as age, gender, etiology, and clinical ocular symptoms as examined by an ophthalmologist. This data was analyzed between patients who were injured through physical altercation and patients who were injured through other means. Results The review identified a total of 182 patients. Out of these, 74 patients (40.7%) have been struck by a fist, whereas 108 patients (59.3%) have sustained non-assault related injuries. The average age was 36.1 years, and there was a male predominance in both groups (70 patients [94.6%] in the assaulted group and 87 patients [80.6%] in the non-assault group). Diplopia and enophthalmos were more frequent in patients with assault history than in non-assaulted patients (p

As the mobile is recognised as a significant distribution platform for theatrical films, differences between mobile and theatrical platforms are of great interest to researchers and practitioners. ...

Background The authors sought to compare the use of the nonabsorbable polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVA, Merocel) and absorbable synthetic polyurethane foam (SPF, Nasopore Forte plus) as intranasal splints after closed reduction of fractured nasal bones during the hospitalization period. Methods The medical records of 111 patients who underwent closed reduction for nasal bone fracture at Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, from 2012 to 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. PVA (group A) or SPF (group B) was packed as an internal splint after closed reduction. The efficacy of the materials was compared and statistically analyzed. Results PVA was used in 82 patients, and SPF was used in 29 patients. The patients in group B complained significantly more of nasal pain on the first day after operation than the patients in group A. Headaches on the operation day were significantly more painful in group B than in group A. Bleeding on the fourth postoperative day was significantly reduced in group B as compared to group A. The patients in group B exhibited significantly more intensive nasal obstruction on the operation day and the following day than the patients in group A. However, on the third and fourth postoperative days, the nasal obstruction in group B was less than that in group A. The pain and bleeding related to the packing material was significantly reduced in group B as compared to group A. Conclusions The use of SPF as an absorbable packing material is a reasonable substitute for the traditional nonabsorbable material.

Meningiomas are a diverse set of tumors arising from the meninges, which are the membranous layers surrounding the central nervous system. Most meningiomas grow inward toward the brain as discrete, well-defined, dural-based masses and are spherical or lobulated. The borders between the tumor and the brain are usually smooth and clear because they preserve the histologic structures, such as the tumor capsule, cerebrospinal fluid, arachnoid mater, and pia mater [1]. Considering such a growth pattern, we report a rare case of transitional meningioma misdiagnosed as a soft tissue tumor. A 60-year-old female patient presented with a hard and fixed mass that grew spontaneously on her forehead within one year (Fig. 1). There was no history of trauma or exposure to carcinogens, and she was otherwise fit and well. Computed tomography (CT) showed frontal cortical thickening and swelling suggestive of a type of soft tissue tumor. To determine the character of the tumor-like mass, excision was performed (Fig. 2). The pathologist confirmed the mass as a transitional meningioma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which was taken after primary excision revealed an intracranial mass that was 3.0 cm in size, ovoid and well enhanced (Fig. 3). Wide-excision osteoplastic craniotomy via a bicoronal approach was performed under navigation guidance by neurosurgeon. Fig. 1 Preoperative photograph showing a lesion on the right forehead. Fig. 2 Gross appearance of the specimen. Fig. 3 Brain magnetic resonance imaging (T1) showing a soft tissue mass 3.0 cm in size, ovoid and well enhanced under the skull. The mass shows a dural tail sign. Transitional meningiomas are also called as mixed meningiomas, and these tumors have transitional between those of meningothelial and fibrous meningioma and they are common tumors with meningothelial, fibrous, psammomatous, and angioblastic meningiomas. 90% of meningiomas are consisting of those five types of meningiomas. The brain mass was also established as a meningothelial-type meningioma, 2.5×2.3 cm in size. Histologically, the tumor was lobulated by intersecting collagenous fibers. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for vimentin and epithelial membrane antigen and negative for pancytokeratin. There was no recurrence of meningioma during the 6-year follow-up period. Meningiomas are estimated to constitute between 13% and 26% of primary intracranial tumors, with an annual incidence rate of approximately 6 per 100,000 population. They are the most frequently diagnosed primary brain tumor, accounting for 33.8% of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors reported in the United States between 2002 and 2006 [2]. The exact causes of most of these tumors are not known. They result from abnormal patterns of growth that are most likely due to defects in the genetic material. The exact type of genetic defect or mutation has not been conclusively identified in meningiomas. Despite the lack of definitive evidence that clearly isolates possible causes, it has been suggested that meningiomas are associated with traumatic head injury, prolonged inflammation of the meninges following injury, viral infections, radiation, certain genes, Neurofibromatosis type 2, and hormones, particularly sex hormones, including estrogen, progesterone and androgens. Excessive use of cellular phones has also been implicated as a possible cause, but the evidence to conclusively link cell phone use to meningioma development is lacking [2]. The majority of meningiomas are benign, and they are seldom invasive. Wang et al. [1] studied 7,084 cases of meningiomas and examined the female: male ratio, patient age, subtypes, and locations. The female: male ratio of all types of meningioma is 2.34, while that of transitional meningioma is 2.11. The mean age of among all cases of meningioma is 51.45 years, and that of transitional meningioma is 50.54 years; the age of the patient in this case was 60 years. In their study, there were 323 cases of transitional meningioma among 7,084 cases, accounting for 4.56% of all meningiomas. There were 3 cases of extracranial meningioma among 7,084 cases, accounting for 0.04% of the total. Extracranial extension of meningiomas is very rare, and only a few cases have been reported [1]. Panchmatia et al. [3] reported an asymptomatic forehead lump that was initially diagnosed as an osteoid osteoma. CT was suggestive of an exostosis and an enostosis associated with frontal skull thickening. The mass was excised, and its histological features were consistent with intraosseous meningioma [4]. Nadarajan et al. [4] reported a similar case of unusual meningioma. An 82-year-old man was had a large deformity over the frontal area of his scalp. CT and MRI revealed an intracranial mass that extended across the frontal lobes. The mass permeated the skull and extended through the scalp. The histologic finding of the mass suggested a benign meningioma with low mitotic activity [3]. In cases of a protruding mass on the head, clinicians tend to diagnose the tumor as osteoma or lipoma because of their high prevalence. In this case, the manifestation of the mass was more similar to another soft tissue tumor rather than extracranial meningioma. Following excision, pathology and other radiologic studies such as MRI and ultrasonography indicated that the tumor was a meningioma instead of a soft tissue tumor. The high-power view reveals many whorling epithelioid cells and admixed spindle cells (Fig. 4A). Immunohistochemical staining for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) disclosed diffuse positivity, which was strongly supportive of meningothelial differentiation. The tumor cells were composed of oval cells with occasional intranuclear inclusion bodies (Fig. 4B). To diagnose meningioma, initial investigations should include contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. In addition, angiography is a valuable tool that allows the surgeon to elucidate the relationship of the tumor with nearby vascular structures and to determine the vascularity of the tumor [3]. Fig. 4 (A) The high-power view reveals many whorling epithelioid cells (red arrow) and admixed spindle cells. The tumor cells are composed of oval cells with occasional intranuclear inclusion bodies (blue arrow) (H&E, ×400). (B) Immunohistochemical ... The meningioma in the present case was misdiagnosed as a soft tissue tumor because of its gross manifestation, and MRI study and punch biopsy were excluded. Unfortunately, nonenhanced brain CT cannot present characteristic feature of meningioma and gives little information to diagnose. The mechanism of extracranial extension was not yet established, but there are two possible theories. One is the proliferation of perineural cells or ectopic arachnoid tissue along the cranial nerve, and the other is misplaced embryonic rests of arachnoid cells and multipotent mesenchymal cells [5]. In conclusion, even if a mass on the forehead has an obvious clinical manifestation, thorough imaging studies are required and suspicions about rare tumors should be addressed before surgery.

The present study explored the reception and consumption processes of a Korean audience’s viewing of local and international television dramas. Findings indicated that the influential factors on the level of viewing in regards to Korean, American, and Japanese TV dramas among Korean viewers differed. In particular, a significant difference was found in terms of perceived drama characteristics. Applying niche theory, the present study also examined the audience’s motivation for watching these television dramas. Results demonstrated that Korean TV dramas possessed the broadest niche breadth and were the most competitive. In a comparison of the perceived characteristics of TV dramas, American drama earned competitive superiority for most characteristics. The implications from the results were discussed in terms of cultural discount and proximity.

The aim of this study was to conduct a randomized, prospective single-blinded clinical study on the mid-term benefits and accuracy rate of the ultrasound (US)-guided versus palpation-guided intra-articular (IA) injections for the treatment of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) disorder. Subjects with DRUJ disorder (n = 60) were randomly assigned to undergo US-guided or palpation-guided IA injection. Primary outcomes were measured with Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (DASH) and secondary outcomes included Verbal Numeric Pain Scale (VNS), Modified Mayo Wrist Score (MMWS), range of motion (ROM), and accuracy rate between two groups; 1.25 mL of mixed material (0.5 ml Omnipaque + 1 % lidocaine 0.25 ml + triamcinolone 20 mg 0.5 ml) was injected into the intra-articular space of the DRUJ. Treatment effects were assessed by using VNS, DASH, MMWS, and passive ROM of the DRUJ (supination, pronation from neutral) before the injections and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the injections. After the US-guided and palpation-guided IA injection into DRUJ, a radiographic image was taken to determine whether the injected material had reached the IA space or infiltrated into the soft tissue. US-guided IA injections showed significantly higher accuracy (100 %) than palpation-guided IA injections (75.8 %) in DRUJ. VNS, DASH, MMWS, and ROM were improved at 1, 3, and 6 months in both groups. There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes between the group receiving US-guided injections and the group receiving palpation-guided injections. US-guided IA injection showed significantly higher accuracy than palpation-guided IA injection in the DRUJ, and corticosteroid IA injections were effective in improving of the pain of patients with DRUJ disorder during 6 months of follow-up.

This paper presents the results of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of a wind farm with two sets of 2 MW class wind turbines. CFD analysis was calculated by using the commercial multi-purpose CFD solver ANSYS CFX. Blade design and modeling were based on blade element momentum theory. retain-->The rotational phase of two wind turbine rotors was synchronized, and the distance between the two wind turbines was changed from three to seven times of the rotor diameter. The tilting angle of the 2 MW class wind turbine was set to 5°. A complete wind farm mesh is generated including the rotor, nacelle and tower. The results showed that there was a power output difference due to the wake effect between two wind turbines. The power output of the downstream wind turbine was changed with respect to the separation distance between wind turbines. The optimal compromise between wind farm construction cost, annual energy production and wind turbine lifetime as a function of separation distance is crucial. These CFD results can be applied to wind farm layout design, site evaluation and power output prediction.

To compare the accuracy rates between ultrasound (US)-guided in-plain (IP), out-of-plain (OOP) and blind knee intra-articular (IA) injection via the mid-medial portal. US-guided IA injection in the IP, OOP, and blind methods was performed on 126 knees with radiographically confirmed knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or 3) without effusion. About 6 ml of a mixed material containing 1 % lidocaine (1 mL) and triamcinolone 20 mg (1 mL) and nonionic contrast (4 mL) was injected into the IA space of the knee through the mid-medial portals. After an US-guided and blind IA injection into the knee joint, a radiographic image was taken to determine whether the injected material had reached the IA space or infiltrated into the soft tissue. US-guided IA injections in the IP (97 %; P < 0.05) and OOP method (95 %; P < 0.05) showed significantly higher accuracy rate than injections in the blind injection (78 %). Both US-guided IA injection methods may be used to access the knee joint with high degree of accuracy.

Background Isolated pure blowout fractures are clinically important because they are the main cause of serious complications such as diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement. Many reports have described the incidence of blowout fractures associated with diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement; however, no studies have statistically analyzed this relationship. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the correlation between the location of isolated pure blowout fractures and orbital symptoms such as diplopia and limitation of extraocular movement. Methods We enrolled a total of 354 patients who had been diagnosed with isolated pure blowout fractures, based on computed tomography, from June 2008 to November 2011. Medical records were reviewed, and the prevalence of extraocular movement limitations and diplopia were determined. Results There were 14 patients with extraocular movement limitation and 58 patients complained of diplopia. Extraocular movement limitation was associated with the following findings, in decreasing order of frequency: floor fracture (7.1%), extended fracture (3.6%), and medial wall (1.7%). However, there was no significant difference among the types of fractures (P=0.60). Diplopia was more commonly associated with floor fractures (21.4%) and extended type fractures (23.6%) than medial wall fractures (10.4%). The difference was statistically significant (Bonferroni-corrected chi-squared test P Conclusions Data indicate that extended type fractures and orbital floor fractures tend to cause diplopia more commonly than medial wall fractures. However, extraocular movement limitation was not found to be dependent on the location of the orbital wall fracture.

This paper presents aerodynamic power outputs of wind turbine of 6 MW wind farm composedof 3 sets of 2 MW wind turbine according to the separation distance by using CFD. Layout design including offshore wind farm and onshore wind farm is key factor for the initial investment cost, annual energy production and maintenance cost. For each wind turbine rotor, not actuator disc model with momentum source but full 3-dimensional model is used for CFD and it has a great technical meaning. Theresults of this study can be applied to the offshore wind farm layout design effectively. Key words: Offshore wind farm, Layout, Computational fluid dynamics, Separation distance, Aerodynamics power output †교신저자(부산대학교 기계공학부, E-mail:kckim@pusan.ac.kr, Tel: 051-510-2324)1 부산대학교 기계공학부 대학원 / (주)디엔디이2 (주)디엔디이 1. 서 론 화석연료 사용 등으로 인한 CO 2 증가는 지구 온난화를 야기하며 기후변화등 인류 생활에 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 이를 극복하기 위한 신․재생에너지에 대한 연구는 선택이 아닌 필수이다[1]. 여러 신․재생에너지원중 풍력에너지는 석탄화력 및 원자력 발전과 대등한 에너지 비용으로 향후 지속적인 성장이 예상된다. 풍력발전은 바람의 운동에너지를 기계적 회전에너지로 변환하고 이를 다시 전기에너지로 변환하는 일종의 에너지 추출기 또는 변환기이다[2]. 향후 기술적 추세는 수 MW급 대형풍력터빈으로 구성된 대규모 해상풍력발전단지가 주류를 이룰 것으로 예상되며 이는 양호한 해상 풍황 조건, 제한된 육상풍력발전단지 부지 및 민원등 여러 요소가 복합된 결과이다[3]. 해상풍력발전단지의 레이아웃 설계는 초기 투자비, 년간 발전량 및 유지 보수비에 영향을 미치는

High performance fiber-reinforced cement composites (HPFRCCs) show multiple cracks and a limited damage tolerance capability due to the debonding of the fibers of the cement matrix. For practical applications, it is necessary to investigate the fractural behavior of HPFRCCs to understand the mechanism of the microbehavior of a cement matrix containing reinforcing fibers. We have investigated the acoustic emission (AE) signals in HPFRCCs under monotonic and cyclic uniaxial compressive loads. Four types of specimen were tested. The experimental parameters studied were: the type of fiber (polyethylene or polyvinyl alcohol), the hybrid type (with steel cord), and the loading pattern. The data shows that the progress of the damage in HPFRCCs in the compressive mode is characteristic of the type of hybrid fiber and its volume fraction. From the AE data, the second and third compressive load cycles resulted in a successive decrease in the amplitude compared to the first compressive load cycle. In addition, an AE Kaiser effect was observed in HPFRCCs specimens up to 80% of their ultimate strength. These observations suggest that the AE Kaiser effect has potential for use as a new tool to monitor the loading history of HPFRCCs.

Most of developed countries, the consumption of fossil fuels has been serious problems that cause serious environment pollution like acid rain, global warming. Also, we have faced that limitation fossil fuels will be exhausted. Currently, small hydropower attracts attention because of its small, clean, renewable, and abundant energy resources to develop. By using a small hydropower generator of which main concept is based on using the different water pressure levels in pipe lines, energy which was initially wasted by use of a reducing valve at the end of the pipeline, is collected by turbine in the hydropower generator. A propeller shaped hydroturbine has been used in order to use this renewable pressure energy. In this study, in order to acquire basic design data of tubular type hydraulic turbine, output power, head, efficiency characteristics due to the flow coefficient are examined in detail. Tubular-turbine among small hydraulic power generation can be used at low-head. The purpose of this study is to research turbine's efficiency due to runner vane angle using CFD analysis.

As the alternative energy, renewable energy should have been developing by many techniques, in order to substitute the fossil fuel which will be disappeared in the near future. One of the small hydropower generator, main concept of tubular turbine is based on using the different water pressure levels in pipe lines, energy which was initially wasted by using a reducing valve at the end of the pipeline, is collected by turbine in the hydro power generator. A propeller shaped hydro turbine has been used in order to use this renewable pressure energy in order to acquire basic design data of tubular type hydraulic turbine, output power, head, efficiency characteristics due to the guide vane opening angle are examined in detail. First, it ensures the reliance of CFD by that of compared with experiment data. After all, the results of performance characteristics of the CFD and experiment show to confirm the data that power, head and efficiency of less than 4%, 2% and 5% respectively. Moreover influences of pressure, tangential and axial velocity distributions on turbine performance are investigated.

The world is facing a serious energy problem which destroying the environment. In addition, fossil fuel such as oil and coal that caused global warming and the environmental problems due to acid rain had been gradually exhausted. To solve this problem that has crisis of energy, it is necessary time and effort for research and development of renewable energy in the future. As alternative energy, small hydropower generation which has output of less or equal to 100kW is attracting considerable attention. This is because of its small, simple, renewable, and large amount of energy resources. By using a small hydropower generator of which main concept is based on using the different water pressure levels in pipe lines, energy which was initially wasted by use reducing of a valve at the end of the pipeline, is collected by turbine in the small hydropower generator. In this study, we investigated the influence of the number of runner vanes on the characteristics of tubular-type hydroturbine.

Plasmid DNA vaccines encoding the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface and hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope antigens, respectively, were constructed, and attempt were made to find the possibility of a divalent vaccine against HBV and HCV. The expression of each plasmid in Cos-1 cells was confirmed using immunocytochemistry. To measure the induced immune response by these plasmids in vivo, female BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with 100 microg of either both or just one of the plasmids. Anti-HBV and HCV-specific antibodies and related cytokines were evaluated to investigate the generation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. As a result, specific anti-HBV and anti-HCV serum antibodies from mice immunized with these plasmids were observed using immunoblot. The levels of IL-2 and RANTES showing a Th1 immune response were significantly increased, but there was no change in the level of IL-4 (Th2 immune response) in any of the immunized groups. Compared with each plasmid DNA vaccine, the combined vaccine elicited similar immune responses in both humoral and cell-mediated immunities. These results suggest that the combined DNA vaccine can induce not only comparable immunity experimentally without antigenic interference, but also humoral and Th1 dominant cellular immune responses. Therefore, they could serve as candidates for a simultaneous bivalent vaccine against HBV and HCV infections.

Subperiosteal orbital hematoma occurs rarely after blunt trauma. However, this is of importance, as this condition may cause ocular symptoms. The major characteristics of subperiosteal orbital hematomas are painful proptosis, downward displacement of the globe, absence of lid ecchymosis, chemosis without subconjunctival hemorrhage, and motility impairment. Visual impairment is known as a rarely presenting symptom. A 22-year-old male patient presented with right periorbital ecchymosis, swelling, and diplopia with upper lateral gaze limitation. Besides, the patient complained of lower visual field disturbance. Radiologic evaluation revealed traumatic subperiosteal orbital hematoma. The hematoma was evacuated through a lacerated wound on the right lateral eyebrow with additional incision. After the hematoma evacuation, the orbital symptoms are restored. Postoperative computed tomographic scans showed normally restored orbital space without any evidence of remnant hematoma or rebleeding. In case of subperiosteal hematoma, early detection and complete surgical evacuation is crucial for preventing possible complications and sequelae.