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This study aimed to compare the torque generated by 4 different files in root canals with 4 different curvature angles.Four brands of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic files were selected: WaveOne Primary (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), WaveOne Gold Primary (Dentsply Sirona), ProTaper Universal F2 (Dentsply Sirona), and ProTaper Next X2 (Dentsply Sirona). A tempered steel block containing artificial canals with 4 different canal curvatures (15°, 25°, 35°, and 45°) was constructed. Each file was used according to the manufacturer's instructions in the dynamic model, with an added 15 axial up-and-down movements of 4 mm at the end of the canal. The generated torque was recorded, and the total and maximum torque values were measured. Two-way analysis of variance and the Duncan post hoc comparison test were performed at a significance level of 95%.A significant correlation between the curvature angle and the type of file system was observed (P .05). As the degree of canal curvature increased, the generated total and maximum torque increased. At 15° and 25°, the NiTi files with reciprocating motion generated a higher total and maximum torque than files with continuous rotation. ProTaper Universal of conventional NiTi alloy showed the steepest increase in the generated total and maximum torque with the increasing curvature angle. The ProTaper Next file had the lowest torque values at the higher canal angles of 35° and 45° (P .05).Despite the study limitations, it can be concluded that root canal curvature, design, and heat treatment of NiTi files and file kinematics affect the generated torque during instrumentation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of glide-path preparation and coronal pre-flaring on torque generation of rotary nickel-titanium files. Sixty mesiobuccal root canals of 3D printed resin teeth (Dentalike) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 15) according to the preparation method; Group 1: OneCurve only; Group 2: OneG and OneCurve; Group 3: OneFlare and OneCurve; Group 4: OneFlare, OneG, and OneCurve. During the final canal preparation procedure, the torque generated was recorded. The sum of generated torque and maximum torque were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc comparison. The summed torque was reduced by glide-path preparation and coronal pre-flaring (P 0.05), whereas the maximum torque was not reduced by the glide-path preparation (P 0.05). It will be advantageous to create a glide-path with coronal pre-flaring to reduce the stress and reactive forces to the NiTi file and root dentin.

This study evaluated the effect of periodic changes in rotation speed on torsional stress and screw-in force using the dedicated alternative rotation technique (ART) motion of the EQ-M (Metabiomed, Cheongju, Korea) endodontic motor.Two ART modes of the EQ-M motor in 2 alternative techniques (ART30 and ART50) and continuous rotation were compared using ProTaper Next X2 (Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC) files and simulated resin blocks (n = 12 per group). ART30 and ART50 were operated by continuous rotation of 350 rpm for 360° and then rotated at 30% increased speed from the base speed for 180° and at 50% increased speed for 180°, respectively. Before the test, the simulated resin blocks were pre-enlarged using ProTaper Gold S1 and S2 (Dentsply Sirona) and fixed on a metal stage connected to the force- and torque-measuring unit. During shaping the simulated canal in an automatic up-and-down manner, the parameters of maximum torque, sum of torque, maximum screw-in force, and maximum apical force were measured. The data were statistically analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc comparison test at the 95% significance level.The ART30 and ART50 groups showed a lower maximum torque, sum of torques, screw-in force, and apical drive force than the continuous rotation group. There was no significant difference between the ART30 and ART50 groups (P .05). When the screw-in force increased suddenly, the torque correspondently increased.Under the limitations of this study, the ART mode could reduce the torsional stress and apical forces of the screw-in during instrumentation in comparison with continuous rotation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the physical properties and cytocompatibility of contemporary calcium silicate-based sealers. Four calcium silicate-based sealers (BrightEndo MTA sealer, CeraSeal, EndoSeal TCS and One-Fil) were compared to an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus). Flow, setting time, radiopacity and dimensional change were evaluated according to ISO 6876 standards. Cytotoxicity on human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF) cells was compared for biological properties using MTT assay. The surface of the sealer was analysed using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate cell attachment. Flow and radiopacity of all sealers met ISO standards, while setting time and dimensional stability did not meet the ISO standards. Calcium silicate-based sealers showed favourable cytocompatibility, and hPDLF cells were well attached to the calcium silicate-based sealers. Calcium silicate-based sealers have clinically acceptable flow and radiopacity, and cytocompatibility. However, these sealers had longer setting time and higher dimensional change than those required by ISO 6876.

The present study examined the defect characteristics of clinically-used, discarded nickel titanium rotary retreatment instruments and analysed the impact of clinical use on their metallurgical properties.92 XP-endo Shaper (XPS; FKG Dentaire) and 20 XP-endo Finisher (XPFR; FKG Dentaire) instruments with structural deformation or separation were collected after retreatment from four endodontic clinics over a 20-month period. The types of defects and their relative locations were recorded. The lateral and fractured surfaces of the separated instruments were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the thermal behaviour of new, deformed and fractured instruments.77 (84%) XPS and 4 (20%) XPFR had an area with structural change while 15 (16%) XPS and 16 (80%) XPFR were fractured. All unfractured, deformed XPFR showed unwinding close to the coronal end of the flute. Fractures in XPS and XPFR were often close to the coronal end of the flutes or the expanding segments of the insruments. Most of the XPS fractures were torsional failure (67%) while XPFR failed predominantly by cyclic fatigue (81%). The austenite-finishing temperature of XPFR (40 °C) was higher than that of XPS (35 °C). Both XPS and XPFR exhibited 2-stage phase transformations.Torsional failure was more prevalent in XPS instruments and fatigue failure was more prevalent in XPFR instruments. amongst the investigated instruments, XPFR were more likely to separate without warning whereas XPS frequently exhibited plastic deformation. The latter may be used as a pre-separation forewarning sign during clinical retreatment.The failure mode of XP-endo Shaper and XP-endo Finisher used clinically for retreatment appeared to be different. Plastic deformation, the forewarning sign of instrument seaparation, occurs when XP-endo instruments are used for retreatment.

Knowledge and thorough understanding of the characteristics of endodontic nickel–titanium (NiTi) files is paramount for dentists performing root canal treatments to patients. Understanding the behavior of the NiTi files guides the clinicians in choosing the correct instruments for different clinical and anatomical situations. This review focuses on the metallurgical properties of endodontic NiTi files, with a special emphasis on recent developments and improvements in metallurgy and the effects of heat treatment and surface treatment. In this study, the impact that such developments have on the properties of endodontic NiTi files is discussed.

This study examined whether the use of T-Wire heat treatment enhanced the resistance to torsional force, cyclic fatigue, and bending stiffness of orifice preflaring nickel-titanium instruments.Ninety heat-treated OneFlare (OFT; Micro-Mega, Besançon, France) and conventional OneFlare (OFC, Micro-Mega) nickel-titanium files of size #25/.09 with identical geometries were selected (n = 15 per group for each test). Torsional resistance was evaluated through the measurement of ultimate torsional strength, distortion angle, and toughness during rotational loading. Cyclic fatigue resistance was evaluated through measurement of the number of cycles to failure for each instrument. Stiffness was evaluated by observation of the bending moment on attaining a 45° bend. Independent t tests were performed for statistical analysis. After torsional and cyclic fatigue tests, all fractured fragments were examined under a field emission scanning electron microscope to observe characteristics of the fractured surfaces.OFT showed better cyclic fatigue resistance and lower bending stiffness than OFC (P .05); however, OFT and OFC did not differ significantly in terms of torsional resistance. The fractured cross-sectional surfaces had characteristics typical of cyclic fatigue and torsional fractures.The OFT instruments made using T-Wire heat treatment had better cyclic fatigue resistance and lower bending stiffness with no decline in torsional strength.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate if machined springs in nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments can improve their mechanical properties. The bending and torsion properties were assessed using finite element (FE) model analysis. Methods A basic 3-dimensional file model without a spring was created with apical size #25, 25-mm full length, and 16-mm cutting flutes. Three other models were created with a spring machined into their shaft portion with different numbers of spring coils: standard (STspr), 10% more (INspr), and 10% less (DEspr). To compare the mechanical responses among the 4 FE models, file bending and torsion were simulated using FE analysis. Results Spring machined NiTi rotary instruments showed higher torsional resistance and less bending stiffness than the same instrument without. The spring machined models required more torque to bend or rotate the DEspr model than was required for the STspr and INspr models; however, the STSpr and INSpr models were similar. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, the FE analysis indicated that machining a spring into the shaft of NiTi rotary instruments improved torsional resistance and bending flexibility. Therefore, spring machining has the potential to increase the durability of the NiTi rotary instruments.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adaptive motion applied to conventional nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments on torsional stress generation during shaping procedure. One hundred and twenty mesio-buccal canals of molars were randomly assigned to two groups according to the kinetics, adaptive motion (AD) and continuous rotation (CR). Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 15) according to the NiTi instrument systems: HyFlex EDM, One Curve, Twisted File Adaptive, and ProTaper Next. A glide path was established with PathFile #1, for each file group being used with either of the kinetic movements. During the instrumentation with the designated motion and file system, the generated torque was measured via the control unit and acquisition module. Based on the acquired data, the maximum and total torque were calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal&ndash, Wallis and Mann&ndash, Whitney tests at a significance level of 95%. The maximum and total torque generated by all instruments were significantly reduced by the adaptive motion (p &lt, 0.05). In the CR group, HyFlex EDM generated the highest maximum and total stress. In the AD group, HyFlex EDM showed the highest maximum torsional stress, and One Curve showed the highest total torsional stress (p &lt, 0.05). The TF Adaptive instrument with adaptive movement produced the lowest maximum and total torsional stress (p &lt, 0.05). Under the conditions of this study, the use of adaptive motion would be useful to reduce the torsional stress of instrument and root dentin. The reduction of torsional stress through adaptive motion may enhance the durability of instruments and reduce the potential risk of dentinal cracks.

Background/purpose: This study evaluated the torsional resistances of nickel-titanium rotary instruments by two methods: i) dynamic resistance: repetitive torsional loading (RTL) and ii) static resistance: single torsional loading (STL) based on the International Organization for Standardization. Materials and methods: In RTL method, a pre-set rotational loading (0.5 N cm) was applied after fixing the 3-mm tip of the file, and this clockwise loading to the pre-set torque and counter-clockwise unloading to original position was repeated at 50 rpm until the file fractured. The number of repetition cycles until fracture was counted. In STL method, the torsional strength was determined by continuous clockwise rotation (2 rpm) until fracture. Results from both methods were compared after testing the torsional resistances of four instrument systems (n = 15): Hyflex CM, HyFlex EDM, V-Taper2, and V-Taper2H. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the topographic features of the fractured surfaces and longitudinal aspects (n = 5) from both methods. Results: The RTL and STL methods had similar results: V-Taper2 had the highest resistance and the Hyflex CM had the lowest (P

The aim of this study was to compare the buckling resistance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments for glide path preparation depending on the test mode (static vs dynamic).The conventional PathFile (PF; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and heat-treated ProGlider (PG, Dentsply Sirona) and WaveOne Gold Glider (WG, Dentsply Sirona) were evaluated. The instrument tips were placed in a small dimple prepared in an aluminum cube in a customized device. The file was then pushed in the axial direction at a 1.0-mm/s crosshead speed with rotation (dynamic mode) or without rotation (static mode). The dynamic mode of WG used its dedicated reciprocating rotation, whereas the others were rotated continuously at 300 rpm. The axial load and lateral buckling displacement were simultaneously measured. Data were analyzed statistically using 2-way analysis of variance (P = .05).The buckling resistance in the dynamic mode was higher than in the static mode for PG and WG (P.05), whereas PF was not influenced by test modes (P.05). In the dynamic mode, the PG required the highest buckling load followed by PF and WG (P.05). In the static mode, the WG showed the lowest load (P.05). The dynamic mode showed significantly more upper level lateral buckling displacement than in the static mode (P.05).When the glide path preparation instruments moved in the dynamic mode as in clinical situations, the buckling resistance of the heat-treated NiTi glide path instruments was higher than in the static condition. The heat-treated instruments may have better buckling resistance than the conventional NiTi instrument in clinical situations.

This study compared the effects of pitch length on the torsional resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance of glide path preparation instruments.G-File (G1 and G2; Micro-Mega, Besançon, France) and new generation G-File (NG1 and NG2, Micro-Mega) instruments were compared to evaluate the effects of the shorter pitch of the latter (25% shorter than G-File). G1 and NG1 have a #12 tip size, whereas G2 and NG2 have a #17 tip size. All the files have the same taper of 3%. For comparing the torsional resistances (n = 15), the file was fixed at 4 mm from the tip, and the clockwise rotation at a constant rotational speed of 2 rpm was adjusted until the file fractured. The maximum torsional load and distortion angle at fracture were recorded. For comparing the cyclic fatigue resistances (n = 15), the files were freely rotated in a simulated canal (radius, 3 mm; curvature, 90°) at a speed of 300 rpm in a dynamic mode. When the file fractured, the time elapsed was recorded using a chronometer. The number of cycles to failure was calculated by multiplying the total time to failure by the rotation rate. Fractured fragments were examined under the scanning electron microscope.The NG2 instruments had significantly higher fatigue resistance and torsional strength than the G2 instruments (P .05) and showed approximately the same fatigue resistance as the G1. Scanning electron microscopic examinations revealed the typical appearances of 2 failure modes.A shorter pitch design increased cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional strength of the glide path instruments.

This study compared the torsional resistance of heat-treated nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments under different temperature conditions. Four thermomechanically treated single-use NiTi rotary instruments were selected for this study: OneShape (OS), OneCurve (OC), WaveOne Gold (WOG) and HyFlex EDM (HFE). Each instrument was further subdivided by temperature into 2 subgroups. Maximum torque and the distortion angle until fracture occurred were evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis was performed to measure the phase transformation temperature. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA and t-test (p &lt, 0.05). Fractured fragments were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The two-way ANOVA showed no significant differences for different temperature conditions. At both room (RT) and body temperature (BT), OS was predominantly austenite while HFE was martensite. OC and WOG were predominantly martensite at RT and mixed phase at BT. At BT, more than half of WOG was martensite, while half of OC was austenite. SEM examination showed no topographical differences between instruments in different temperature groups. In relation to a limitation of this study, there was no difference in torsional resistance of NiTi rotary instruments between the BT and RT conditions. This implies that clinicians do not need to consider a decrease of torsional resistance of heat-treated NiTi instruments at BT.

This study aimed to compare the vibration generated by several nickel-titanium (NiTi) file systems and transmitted to teeth under 2 different motions (continuous rotation motion and reciprocating motion).Sixty J-shaped resin blocks (Endo Training Bloc-J; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were trimmed to a root-shaped form and divided into 2 groups according to the types of electric motors: WaveOne motor (WOM, Dentsply Maillefer) and X-Smart Plus motor (XSM, Dentsply Maillefer). Each group was further subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 10 each) according to the designated file systems: ProTaper Next (PTN, Dentsply Maillefer), ProTaper Universal (PTU, Dentsply Maillefer), and WaveOne (WOP, Dentsply Maillefer) systems. Vibration was measured during the pecking motion using an accelerometer attached to a predetermined consistent position. The average vibration values were subjected to 2-way analysis of variance as well as the t test and Duncan test for post hoc comparison at the 95% confidence interval.Both motor types and instrument types produced significantly different ranges of average vibrations. Regardless of the instrument types, the WOM group generated greater vibration than the XSM group (P .05). Although PTN and PTU did not show significant differences, the WOP group showed significantly greater vibration than the other groups regardless of motor types (P .05).Under the limitations of this study design, the reciprocating NiTi file system may generate greater vibration than the continuous rotation NiTi file systems. The motor type also has a significant effect to amplify the vibrations.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in torsional resistance using up-regulated speed of rotational spindle. Methods Three NiTi rotary instrument systems were selected in this study: K3XF (SybronEndo, Glendora, CA), BLX (B&L Biotech, Ansan, Korea), and OneShape (MicroMega, Besancon, France). The tip size and taper for all files were #25 and 0.06. Experimental groups ( n = 10/group) were assigned to 2-, 60-, 350-, and 600-rpm groups by the rotational speed of spindle. Forty new files were used for each test. The file tip of 5-mm length was secured between brass plates. While keeping the file straight, it was rotated clockwise at a constant rotational speed until fracture occurred. The parameters of torsional resistance, torsional load (Ncm), and distortion angle (°) were measured using an AEndoS- k (DMJ System, Busan, Korea), and the toughness until fracture was computed from these data. The 1-way analysis of variance test was used to analyze the torsional resistance at a significance level of 95%. All fractured fragments were observed under a scanning electron microscope to evaluate the topographic features of the fractured surfaces. Results No significant difference in torsional resistance was found among groups when they were compared for ultimate strength at the maximum torque, fracture angle, and toughness. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the fractured cross-sectional surfaces revealed typical features of torsional fractures, concentric abrasion marks, and fibrous dimples from the torsional center. Conclusions Under the conditions of the study, the torsional resistances of the rotary instruments were not affected by the rotational speed.

This study evaluated the effect of torsional preloading on the torsional resistance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments.WaveOne Primary (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and ProTaper Universal F2 (Dentsply Maillefer) files were used. The ultimate torsional strength until fracture was determined for each instrument. In the phase 1 experiment, the ProTaper and WaveOne files were loaded to have a maximum load from 2.0 up to 2.7 or 2.8 Ncm, respectively. In the phase 2 experiment, the number of repetitions of preloading for each file was increased from 50 to 200, whereas the preloading torque was fixed at 2.4 Ncm. Using torsionally preloaded specimens from phase 1 and 2, the torsional resistances were calculated to determine the ultimate strength, distortion angle, and toughness. The results were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc comparison. The fracture surfaces and longitudinal aspect of 5 specimens per group were examined under a scanning electron microscope.All preloaded groups showed significantly higher ultimate strength than the unpreloaded groups (P .05). There was no significant difference among all groups for distortion angle and toughness. Although WaveOne had no significant difference between the repetition groups for ultimate strength, fracture angle, and toughness, ProTaper had a higher distortion angle and toughness in the 50-repetition group compared with the other repetition groups (P .05). Scanning electron microscopic examinations of the fractured surface showed typical features of torsional fracture.Torsional preloading within the ultimate values could enhance the torsional strength of NiTi instruments. The total energy until fracture was maintained constantly, regardless of the alloy type.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of file length on the torsional resistance of nickel-titanium rotary files.Forty-five new files with a #25 tip size and variable taper for ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Sirona, York PA), ProTaper Gold (PTG, Dentsply Sirona), and HyFlex CM (HCM; Coltene-Whaledent, Allstetten, Switzerland) were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 15) according to the file length (21, 25, and 31 mm). Torsional tests were performed using a custom-made device (AEndoS; DMJ System, Busan, Korea). The maximum torsional load and distortion angle were measured until file fracture occurred. The toughness was calculated using these data. All data were statistically analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance at a confidence level of 95%. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc comparison were also conducted to assess the difference among the independent variables, shaft length, and file system.A statistically significant interaction was observed between the file system and instrument length with respect to the maximum torsional load (P.05). The 31-mm shaft length of HCM showed higher maximum torsional load than that of the 25- and 21-mm shaft length in the HCM groups (P.05). Among the instrument systems, PTG showed the significantly highest maximum torsional load followed by PTN and HCM (P.05). The 31-mm shaft length of PTG showed significantly higher toughness than that of the 21- and 25-mm shaft lengths (P.05), whereas PTN and HCM did not show any difference in relation to the shaft length.Within the limitations of this study, the instrument with a longer shaft may have higher maximum torsional load or toughness than that with a shorter shaft.

This study compared the maximum screw-in forces of various instruments during their movements. Forty simulated canals in resin blocks were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): ProTaper Universal F2, ProTaper Gold F2, WaveOne Primary, and WaveOne Gold Primary. To standardize a lumen size, all artificial canals were prepared with ProTaper Universal F1. The rotation speed was set at 350 rpm with an automated 4 mm pecking motion at a speed of 1 mm/s. The pecking depth was increased by 1 mm for each pecking motion until the file reached the working length. During instrumentation, screw-in forces were automatically recorded by customized software. Maximum screw-in forces were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey&rsquo, s post hoc comparison with the significance level at 0.05. WaveOne Gold files generated the lowest maximum screw-in forces, followed by ProTaper Gold, WaveOne, and ProTaper Universal (p &lt, 0.05). Under the condition of this study, heat-treated nickel&ndash, titanium (NiTi) files with smaller cross-sectional area, fewer contact points, and reciprocating movements resulted in a lower screw-in effect.

This study compared the torque generation during canal shaping with a nickel-titanium endodontic instrument according to the extent of glide-path establishment. Seventy-five simulated S-shaped canal blocks were divided into five groups (n = 15) according to the number of repetitive insertions to the working length using a One G glide-path instrument: groups with 5, 10, 15, and 20 insertions as well as group Z without glide-path establishment. When the tip of the One G file reached the working length, the file was moved back and forth repetitively at the working length for the designated number of times for each group. The instrumentation procedure with HyFlex EDM had 15 pecking strokes. During instrumentation, the generated torque was transmitted to a customized data acquisition module and collected using customized software. Data were computed to determine the maximum torque and total stress. The maximum screw-in forces were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey&rsquo, s post hoc comparison test with a significance level of 95%. While the maximum stress did not have significant differences among the five groups (p &gt, 0.05), groups with more than 10 repetitive insertions generated lower total stress during instrumentation than did the group with 5 insertions and group Z (p &lt, 0.05). Under the limitations of this study, repetitive insertions of glide-path establishment files at the working length reduced stress generation during the shaping using nickel-titanium instruments.

Introduction The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the torque generated by continuous and adaptive movements of 2 nickel-titanium rotary file systems. Methods Forty-five simulated resin blocks with an S-shaped canal were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 15) according to the file system and kinematics: the K3XF rotary system (Kerr Endodontics, Orange, CA) with continuous rotary movement, the K3XF with adaptive movement, and the Twisted File (Kerr Endodontics) adaptive file with adaptive movement. After creating a glide path, the canal was instrumented to the same size (.04/#20 for K3XF or SM1 for the Twisted File with adaptive movement) before torque measurement. During the final instrumentation procedure with the .06/25 sized file (K3XF or SM2), the generated torque and the preparation time were recorded. The total torque experienced and the maximum torque value were calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc comparison test at a significance level of 95%. Results The K3XF file system used with adaptive motion group showed significantly lower total and maximum torque values compared with the K3XF with continuous rotary movement group. The Twisted File adaptive file with adaptive motion showed significantly lower torque generation and shorter preparation time than the K3XF groups with adaptive or continuous rotation (P Conclusions Under the conditions of this study, adaptive movement for nickel-titanium files may reduce torque generation without increasing preparation time. Nickel-titanium files with a smaller cross-sectional area using adaptive movement may be helpful to reduce the potential risk of root dentin damage.

This study aimed to compare the efficiency of root canal filling procedures and the retrievability of the filling material with various sealers. Forty-three patients assigned to endodontic treatment with (i) continuous wave of condensation technique (CTW) with AH-plus (ii) single-cone technique (SCT) with EndoSeal MTA. The spent time, voids entrapping and postoperative symptoms were evaluated. To evaluate the retrievability, mandibular premolar (n = 60) were divided into four groups: AH-plus/CTW, EndoSeal MTA/SCT, MTA Fillapex/SCT and EndoSequence BC Sealer/SCT. The time required removing the filled materials and remnant score were examined. EndoSeal MTA/SCT showed significantly shorter time of filling procedure. The number of void did not show significant differences between two techniques. No patients showed clinical signs during the follow-up periods. There were no significant differences between group AH-plus and EndoSeal MTA for remnant score. A certain calcium silicate-based sealer with SCT may give similar clinical efficiencies as much as continuous-wave technique using AH-plus sealer.

Objectives This study aimed to compare two nickel-titanium systems (rotary vs. reciprocating) for their acceptance by undergraduate students who experienced nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments for the first time. Materials and Methods Eighty-one sophomore dental students were first taught on manual root canal preparation with stainless-steel files. After that, they were instructed on the use of ProTaper Universal system (PTU, Dentsply Maillefer), then the WaveOne (WO, Dentsply Maillefer). They practiced with each system on 2 extracted molars, before using those files to shape the buccal or mesial canals of additional first molars. A questionnaire was completed after using each file system, seeking students' perception about 'Ease of use', 'Flexibility', 'Cutting-efficiency', 'Screwing-effect', 'Feeling-safety', and 'Instrumentation-time' of the NiTi files, relative to stainless-steel instrumentation, on a 5-point Likert-type scale. They were also requested to indicate their preference between the two systems. Data was compared between groups using t-test, and with Chi-square test for correlation of each perception value with the preferred choice (p = 0.05). Results Among the 81 students, 55 indicated their preferred file system as WO and 22 as PTU. All scores were greater than 4 (better) for both systems, compared with stainless-steel files, except for 'Screwing-effect' for PTU. The scores for WO in the categories of 'Flexibility', 'Screwing-effect', and 'Feeling-safety' were significantly higher scores than those of PTU. A significant association between the 'Screwing-effect' and students' preference for WO was observed. Conclusions Novice operators preferred nickel-titanium instruments to stainless-steel, and majority of them opted for reciprocating file instead of continuous rotating system.

본 연구는 3가지 다른 pH 용액에 노출된 후 착색 음료에 침전된 복합 레진의 색 변화를 평가하였다. 실험을 위해 A3색을 가진 복합레진 Z350 XT(3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA)으로 직경 8 ㎜, 두께 2 ㎜의 시편을 제작하였다. 각 10개의 시편으로 서로 다른 3가지 pH용액(pH 3, pH 6, pH 9)에 14일 동안 노출 후 시편들을 다시 3그룹의 착색음료(증류수, 커피, 포도주스)에 3일 동안 침전시켰다. 착색음료 침전 전과 후의 L * , a * , b * 값을 spectrophotometer로 측정하고 측정값으로 색 변화와 투명도의 변화를 계산하였다. 계산된 결과값을 ANOVA와 Tukey’s test로 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 실험 결과, 색 변화(ΔE) 값은 착색음료 종류에 따른 통계학적 유의한 차이는 있었으나(p ＜ 0.05), 이전의 노출된 pH 용액에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었다(p ＞ 0.05). 착색 음료 침전 후 반투명도 지수(TP) 값은 증류수를 제외하고 감소되는 경향이었고, 반투명도 지수 변화(ΔTP)는 포도주스에서 가장 높았다. 결론적으로 복합 레진의 색 안정성은 기존의 다양한 pH 용액에 노출된 상태가 아니라 착색 음료에 의존하는 것으로 사료된다.

Background/purpose: Glide-path preparation is an important step during initial endodontic procedure to reduce shaping-instrument fracture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris produced by glide-path preparation instruments with different geometric designs. Materials and methods: Forty teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). The working length was standardized at 17 mm from the apical foramen by a flattening reference point. The glide-path was created using repetitive up-and-down movement three times with one of following four selected instruments: One G, ProGlider, a size 15 ScoutRace, and a size 15 stainless-steel K-file. To collect the apically extruded debris, the customized apparatus was used, and the collected debris was stored in an incubator. The weight of the debris was measured using an analytical balance with an accuracy of 0.00001 g. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple comparison test at a significance level of 95%. Results: The ProGlider group produced significantly less debris extrusion relative to the other groups (P < 0.05). The One G and ScoutRace groups showed no significant difference, but debris production was lower than that observed for the stainless-steel group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Creating the glide-path using nickel-titanium rotary files produced lower amounts of debris extrusion than using manual stainless-steel files. The progressive taper design of ProGlider, the center-off cross-section of One G, and the alternative-pitch design of ScoutRace may have increased the efficiencies of debris removal with minimal extrusion during glide-path preparation. Glide-path preparation using NiTi rotary files have better clinical efficiency than the manual stainless-steel file. Copyright (C) 2016, Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. This is an open access article under

The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, and bending stiffness of single-file glide path preparation nickel-titanium instruments.ProGlider (#16/progressive taper; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), One G (#14/.03; Micro-Mega, Besancon, France), and EdgeGlidePath (#16/progressive taper; Edge Endo, Albuquerque, NM) were tested. For the bending stiffness test, the instrument was bent to a 45° angle along the main axis while 3 mm of the tip was secured. Cyclic fatigue resistance was measured during pecking movement, whereas the file was rotated within a reproducible simulated canal with a 3-mm radius and a 90° angle of curvature. The ultimate torsional strength and toughness were evaluated using a custom device. While tightly holding the end of the file at 3 mm, a rotational load of 2 rpm speed was applied until fracture. The results were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc comparison. A microscopic inspection was performed on the surface of a separate instrument using a scanning electron microscope.EdgeGlidePath showed superior cyclic fatigue resistance compared with the other systems. One G showed higher maximum torsional strength than the others. One G showed the largest distortion angle and the highest toughness followed by EdgeGlidePath and ProGlider (P .05). One G also showed larger bending stiffness than the others, whereas EdgeGlidePath showed a larger residual angle than the others (P .05).Conventional wire showed higher toughness and torsional resistance than M-Wire and heat-treated nickel-titanium instruments. However, heat-treated wire showed higher cyclic resistance than conventional wire and M-Wire.

This study compared the microscopic features of the fractured endodontic nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments by two different torsional loadings: repetitive torsional loading (RTL) and single torsional loading (STL) based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ProTaper Next, HyFlex EDM, and V-Taper 2 were compared in this study. In the STL method, the torsional load was applied after fixing the 3 mm tip of the file, by continuous clockwise rotation (2 rpm) until fracture. In the RTL method, a preset rotational loading (0.5 N·cm) was applied and the clockwise loading to the preset torque and counterclockwise unloading to original position were repeated at 50 rpm until the file fractured. Fractured fragments by two methods were compared under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the topographic features of the fractured surfaces and longitudinal aspects. SEM examinations showed significantly different features according to the loading methods. Specimens from the RTL method showed ruptured aspects on cross sections, with multiple areas of initiated cracks while the STL method showed the typical features of torsional failure, such as circular abrasion marks and fatigue dimples. This study suggested a new repetitive torsional loading method which is much more clinically relevant and may result in a different fracture feature from STL method.

AIM To determine the distortional angle and torsional load at the pseudoelastic limit of Reciproc Blue instruments and to verify the safety of using pre-set dedicated motors designed for use with the original Reciproc instruments. METHODOLOGY Two torsional conditions of Reciproc R25 and Reciproc Blue R25 were tested using a custom device. The first condition fixed the file tips at 3 mm and repetitively rotated them, with gradually increasing angles, from 10° to 270°, and the resulting torque was recorded (n = 15). The second test involved a single continuous rotation until fracture (n = 15). The pseudoelastic limits of the instruments were determined from their torque-rotation curves. For statistical analysis, two-way analysis of variance and t-tests were used, at a 95% significance level. Tested specimens were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). RESULTS The angle at the pseudoelastic limit was significantly greater for Reciproc Blue than Reciproc, regardless of test mode (P

Summary This study evaluated the bacterial leakage resistance and root canal lining efficacy of various root canal filling materials and methods by using confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM). Sixty extracted human premolars with mature apex and single root canal were randomly divided into 2 control groups and 4 experimental groups. Group CW was filled with continuous wave technique using gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Group GC was coated with AH-Plus sealer and then obturated with soften GuttaCore. Group GF was obturated using GuttaFlow and gutta-percha. Group EM was filled with EndoSeal MTA and gutta-percha using ultrasonic vibration. The AH-Plus, GuttaFlow, and EndoSeal were labeled with Hoechst 33342 to facilitate fluorescence. The obturated root tip was incubated with Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-stained E. faecalis for 14 days. CLSM was performed to evaluate the sealer distribution and bacterial leakage for the apical 1-, 2-, 3-mm specimens. Statistically significant differences were determined by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test and Pearson's correlation analysis. Group EM showed the better sealer distribution score than the other groups (p 0.05). Under the conditions of this study, different root canal filling materials and methods showed different efficacy for canal distribution and bacterial leakage resistance. SCANNING 37:422–428, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Introduction This study was done to develop a glide path preparation nickel-titanium rotary instrument by size optimization procedures and evaluate the properties of the prototype. Methods G-1 and G-2 files were tested for cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, and screw-in force. The cyclic fatigue resistance was compared by measuring the number of cycles to failure by using a 90° curved metal canal (n = 10). The torsional resistance was evaluated at 3 levels (2, 4, and 6 mm from the file tip) by measuring the ultimate torsional load (n = 10 each level). The screw-in forces (n = 5) were measured during sequential pecking in a simulated resin block to the end of foramen by using the customized shaping device (AEndoS). Meanwhile, finite element models of G-1 and G-2 files were made by reverse engineering, and their bending stiffness and torsional properties were calculated. By analyzing the results from mechanical tests and finite element analysis, a universal G (uG) file was designed to have intermediary mechanical properties, and then the prototype was fabricated by the manufacturer. Cyclic fatigue and torsional resistance tests and screw-in force with the uG were compared with G-1 and G-2 files. Results The prototype of uG file showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than the G-2 file and intermediary torsional strength and screw-in forces between the G-1 and G-2 files. Conclusions The prototype production from a size optimization procedure produced appropriate mechanical properties for the purpose of development.

Summary This study was aimed to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional resistance of rotary instruments with and without surface treatment. G6 A2 (Group A2) with and G6 A2 without surface treatment after machining (Group AN) were compared in this study. ProTaper F2 (Group F2) which has similar dimension and shape was also used for comparison. To evaluate the torsional resistance, ultimate torsional strength and distortion angle until fracture were recorded, and the toughness was calculated. The cyclic fatigue resistance was compared by evaluating the number of cycles to failure in a simulated canal. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (p = 0.05). After torsional and cyclic fatigue tests, all fracture fragments were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Group A2 showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than the groups AN and F2 (p