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Introduction Hand and upper extremity surgeries are largely performed in free-standing ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). Rates of unexpected hospitalizations or visits to the urgent care or emergency departments in the month following hand and upper extremity surgery have been widely varied in the literature. We prospectively followed patients after hand and upper extremity outpatient surgery to determine the rate of unplanned health care utilization with the hypothesis that hospital admissions, emergency room visits, and urgent care center visits would be higher than the rates currently reported by retrospective studies. Methods All patients undergoing outpatient hand and upper extremity surgery by five hand surgeons were prospectively followed to monitor for hospital readmissions, emergency room visits, and urgent care presentations. The patients' postoperative course was evaluated for direct transfers from the surgical center to the hospital. In addition, any urgent care or emergency room visits and hospital admissions for the first month after surgery were tabulated. Points of review of the patients' postoperative course included the following: (1) phone contact on the first postoperative day, (2) routine ASC postoperative phone calls two to three days postoperatively, (3) first postoperative office at approximately one to two weeks, and (4) phone contact or office evaluation one-month postoperatively based on surgeon preference for follow-up. Results A total of 583 patients were identified for participation, of whom 22 patients were excluded; thus, 561 patients were included for evaluation, with 47.2% women (n=265) and 52.8% men (n=296). The average age was 54 years (range: 14-102 years). Nine (1.6%) patients presented postoperatively for further evaluation at an urgent care or hospital (95% C.I. 0.8-3.1%). Five patients presented to an emergency room and four patients presented to an urgent care facility. Of those patients, two were admitted to the hospital due to shortness of breath (0.35%; 95% CI: -0.08 to 1.4%). Emergency room and urgent care visits that did not lead to admission accounted for 1.25% (95% CI: 0.6-2.6%). No patients were transferred from the ASC to the hospital or emergency room. Conclusion There was a low rate of postoperative utilization of urgent care and emergency room services with hand and upper extremity surgery performed at free-standing, ASCs. Hospital readmissions were rare, and no patients required transfer from an ambulatory care center to the hospital. Outpatient hand and upper extremity surgery is safe in an ambulatory care center, with low postoperative transfers and readmissions in the month following surgery., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Sandrowski et al.)

Pain management and opioid consumption following outpatient orthopedic surgery may be influenced by several variables, including knowledge of safe opioid use. A prospective randomized study was undertaken to understand the effect of preoperative opioid education on opioid consumption following outpatient orthopedic surgeries. A total of 237 patients undergoing outpatient orthopedic surgeries were prospectively randomized to receive preoperative opioid education or not. Postoperative data collected included the number of pills taken, daily visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, adverse events, and attitude toward the pain experience. A total of 107 patients were randomized to receive preoperative education and 130 to not receive preoperative education. On average, 27 pills were prescribed to each patient. The preoperative opioid education group consumed significantly fewer opioids (6 pills) when compared with the group not receiving education (12 pills) ( P <.05). The findings were the same with upper and lower extremity surgeries. Overall, the 2 groups of patients had similar daily VAS scores and were satisfied with their postoperative pain experience irrespective of opioid education. Of the total opioid pills prescribed during the study, only 46% were ultimately consumed. Preoperative education significantly reduced the number of prescription opioid pills and total morphine equivalents consumed by patients in the period following outpatient orthopedic surgery, with no negative effects on pain experience. This finding was consistent in both upper and lower extremity surgery. Approximately twice the number of opioids were prescribed than ultimately consumed by patients. [ Orthopedics . 2021;44(2):123-127.].

Background: Ethyl chloride spray is used frequently in the outpatient setting as a local anesthetic for injections and aspirations with varying consensus about the sterility of the spray. We hypothesize that ethyl chloride spray remains sterile and would show no bacterial growth during routine clinical use. Methods: Thirteen ethyl chloride bottles were collected for testing. Two unopened bottles were used as controls. Eleven unopened bottles were placed in orthopedic clinics and recollected after varying duration of use. The final volume and duration of use were recorded. Each bottle was sprayed in a separate test tube and allowed to evaporate. Trypticase soy broth was added to each tube and incubated for 48 hours. Control test tubes with broth alone were prepared and incubated under the same conditions. Cultures were evaluated at 24 and 48 hours. Results: The mean duration of ethyl chloride bottle use prior to culturing was 26 days. The average volume used per day was 1.9 mL. Each ethyl chloride bottle had an initial volume of 103.5 mL. Using the average daily volume usage, an extrapolated lifespan of each bottle was estimated at 7.7 weeks. None of the samples showed bacterial or fungal growth at 24 or 48 hours. Conclusion: Ethyl chloride bottles used in the clinical settings showed no bacterial or fungal contamination through their shelf life and routine use. The duration and amount of use did not affect sterility. Although the antimicrobial activity of ethyl chloride spray on skin is debated, ethyl chloride itself remains sterile through clinical use.

Background: While it is established that routine prophylactic antibiotics are not needed for all hand surgery, some cases do require it. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of adverse reactions resulting from prophylactic antibiotic administration on patients undergoing outpatient hand and upper extremity surgical procedures. We hypothesize that the rate of complications resulting from the use of antibiotic prophylaxis is smaller than that reported in the currently referenced literature. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 570 consecutive patients undergoing outpatient upper extremity surgery. Patients were excluded if they were on antibiotics prior to surgery, were discharged on antibiotics, or if they wished to be excluded. Nineteen patients were excluded, resulting in a study cohort of 551 patients. Patients were monitored perioperatively, 2 to 3 days postoperatively, during the first postoperative visit and 1 month postoperatively for adverse reactions. The type and timing of the adverse reaction was recorded. Results: Five hundred fifty-one patients were included for evaluation and 8 patients (1.5%) developed an adverse reaction to antibiotics. Five patients (0.9%) reported a rash and 3 patients (0.5%) reported diarrhea within 3 days of surgery. There were no anaphylactic reactions or complications necessitating hospital transfer or admission in the postoperative period. Conclusion: This study represents a prospective investigation designed to determine the rate of adverse reactions to single-dose antibiotics given during outpatient hand surgery. We conclude that the use of intravenous, single-dose prophylactic antibiotic is safe in the outpatient setting for cases that require it.

Background  In recent years, there has been an increased utilization of volar locking plate fixation of distal radius fractures (DRFs). However, reported long-term complication rates with this technique remain unclear. Purpose  The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the pooled incidence of complications associated with volar locking plating of DRF. Methods  A search of the Scopus database was performed from 2006 through 2016. Studies were considered eligible if they had a diagnosis of a DRF and were treated with a volar locking plate with an average of 12 months or longer follow-up. Results  The literature search yielded 633 citations, with 55 eligible for inclusion in the review (total n  = 3,911). An overall complication rate of 15% was identified, with 5% representing major complications requiring reoperation. The most common complication types identified included nerve dysfunction (5.7%), tendon injury (3.5%), and hardware-related issues (1.6%). Conclusion  Nerve complications were reportedly higher than tendon and hardware-related complications combined. However, despite varying complication rates in the literature, this systematic review reveals an overall low complication rate associated with volar locking plating of DRF.

Background: Ankle arthritis is a debilitating condition that causes severe functional impairment. While arthrodesis has been the gold standard of surgical treatment for this condition, significant improvements in total ankle arthroplasty have made it a viable alternative. The purpose of this study was to look at the midterm follow-up of the Agility total ankle., Methods: A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was conducted on 127 consecutive Agility total ankles implanted between 2002 and 2009. Charts were reviewed to collect patient demographics. In addition, coronal alignment, overall arc of motion, tibiotalar component motion, syndesmotic fusion, zones of osteolysis, and subsidence were determined. A Kaplan-Meier survival and linear regression analysis were used to predict implant failure. A multivariate regression analysis was used to assess whether radiographic measures were predictive of patient satisfaction., Results: Ninety (78.2%) of 115 patients retained their primary implant, of which 105 were available for evaluation, with an average follow-up of 9.1 years. Twenty-five had their implant removed. The average score for the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) activities of daily living subscale was 82.4, FAAM sport subscale 55.3, postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) for pain 12.7, and Short Form-12 (SF-12) Health Survey physical component 45.8 and SF-12 mental component 56.1. Average arc of motion across the implant was 22.3 and 6.3 degrees in adjacent joints. Osteolysis most commonly occurred in zones 1 and 6. No statistical differences were found in the rate or location of subsidence. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that age at the time of surgery was predictive of failure ( P = .036). Inflammatory and atraumatic arthritis demonstrated higher likelihoods of revision. No correlation was detected between radiographic parameters and outcomes scores ( P > .05; rho >0.2). A significant reduction in mean VAS pain scores by 67.6% was maintained at an average of 8 years., Discussion: Our results were improved over the nondesigner outcomes published in the current literature. Survivorship approached 80% at 9 years, with Kaplan-Meier 14-year survival calculated at 70.4%. Patients with their original implant were functioning with a high level of satisfaction based on statistically validated outcome scores, which was independent of the radiographic appearance of their implant. Age at the time of surgery and inflammatory/atraumatic arthritis were predictive of failure., Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.

Background: A paucity of data exists studying the epidemiology of fifth metatarsal fractures. While a number of studies exist focusing on specific fracture patterns and patient populations, a large comprehensive epidemiologic study on the general public does not., Objective: We reviewed 1275 fifth metatarsal fractures treated at a multicenter orthopaedic practice attempting to classify mechanism of injury and patient demographics as they pertain to specific fracture patterns., Methods: Patient demographics were recorded and fractures categorized by location and mechanism of injury. Demographics and mechanism of injury were assessed to determine their predictive value for the type of fracture. Statistical analysis was used to predict whether demographics and mechanism of injury were statistically significant for types of fractures and whether gender and age were positive predictive values for fifth metatarsal fractures., Results: Twisting injuries were a statistically significant predictor of zone 1 injuries. A significant correlation between gender and fracture location was seen with women sustaining 75% of zone 1 injuries and 84% of dancer's fractures. A positive predictive value existed for age and gender with respect to the incidence of fractures. Males accounted for more fractures among younger patients and females accounting for the majority of fractures among older patients., Conclusion: Mechanism of injury is a predictor for fracture location. Gender and age have a role in fracture incidence. In younger patient populations, males account for the majority of fifth metatarsal fractures. In older patient populations, females account for the majority of fifth metatarsal fractures., Level of Evidence: Prognostic study, Level II: Retrospective Study., (© 2015 The Author(s).)