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Dewasa ini, sampah telah menjadi masalah yang merajalela yang dapat mengganggu lingkungan. Diharapkan dengan adanya perancangan alat atau mesin penghancur sampah organik ini dapat meringankan permasalahan sampah organik. Perancangan ini bertujuan untuk membuat mesin penghancur sampah organik yang menggunakan mesin bensin sebagai sumber tenaganya. rancangan. Hasil Perancangan Nilai kapasitas efektif rata-rata penghancur sampah organik ini adalah 49,12kg/jam hasil dari tiga kali peremukan sampah organik dengan berat bahan 2kg. Dari hasil agregasi tersebut, rata-rata waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencacah 2 kg sampah adalah 2,1 menit. Membandingkan hasil pemotongan dengan massa awal bahan (2 kg) memberikan titik luluh 88,8%. Nilai hasil yang rendah disebabkan kurang dari jumlah maksimum bahan robek yang dikeluarkan dari hopper dan saluran pembuangan harus diubah.

Research on the gut microbiome may help with increasing our understanding of primate health with species’ ecology, evolution, and behavior. In particular, microbiome-related information has the potential to clarify ecology issues, providing knowledge in support of wild primates conservation and their associated habitats. Indri (Indri indri) is the largest extant living lemur of Madagascar. This species is classified as “critically endangered” by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, representing one of the world’s 25 most endangered primates. Indris diet is mainly folivorous, but these primates frequently and voluntarily engage in geophagy. Indris have never been successfully bred under human care, suggesting that some behavioral and/or ecological factors are still not considered from the ex situ conservation protocols. Here, we explored gut microbiome composition of 18 indris belonging to 5 different family groups. The most represented phyla were Proteobacteria 40.1 ± 9.5%, Bacteroidetes 28.7 ± 2.8%, Synergistetes 16.7 ± 4.5%, and Firmicutes 11.1 ± 1.9%. Further, our results revealed that bacterial alpha and beta diversity were influenced by indri family group and sex. In addition, we investigated the chemical composition of geophagic soil to explore the possible ecological value of soil as a nutrient supply. The quite acidic pH and high levels of secondary oxide-hydroxides of the soils could play a role in the folivorous diet’s gut detoxification activity. In addition, the high contents of iron and manganese found the soils could act as micronutrients in the indris’ diet. Nevertheless, the concentration of a few elements (i.e., calcium, sulfur, boron, nickel, sodium, and chromium) was higher in non-geophagic than in geophagic soils. In conclusion, the data presented herein provide a baseline for outlining some possible drivers responsible for the gut microbiome diversity in indris, thus laying the foundations for developing further strategies involved in indris’ conservation.

Two wood-derived cellulose nanofibril (CNF) porous scaffolds were prepared by TEMPO-oxidation and carboxymethylation. The effects of these scaffolds on the production of inflammatory cytokines by human macrophage-like cells (U937) was profiled in vitro after 1 and 3 days and in subcutaneous tissues of rats after 4 and 30 days, using PCR and Multiplex arrays. Tissue culture plates (TCP) and gelatin scaffolds served as controls in vitro and in vivo respectively. After 3 days in vitro, there was no significant difference between the effects of CNF scaffolds and TCP on the production of chemokines/growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. At day 4 in vivo there was significantly higher gene expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra in the CNF scaffolds than the gelatin scaffold. Production of IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1α CXCL-1 and M-CSF was significantly less than in the gelatin, demonstrating an early mild inflammatory response. At day 30, both CNF scaffolds significantly stimulated the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Unlike gelatin, neither CNF scaffold had degraded 180 days post-implantation. The slow degradation of CNF scaffolds resulted in a foreign body reaction, with high production of IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-ϒ, MCP-1, MIP-1α, M-CSF, VEGF cytokines and expression of MMP-9 gene. The surface chemistry of the CNF scaffolds elicited a modest effect on cytokine production and did not shift the inflammatory profile in vitro or in vivo. The decisive role in development of the foreign body reaction was the slow degradation of the CNF scaffolds.

Primates in general exhibit a wide dietary diversity, enabling them to occupy various ecological niches. It is well know that the diet greatly influences microbial diversity of gut microbiota and generally, a fibre rich diet promotes the growth of microbial groups producing short fatty acids, thus playing an important beneficial role in the host health. The Bifidobacteriaceae are grampositive, pleomorphically branched, non-motile, non-spore-forming that constitute a significant proportion of the microbiota in the gut. They can be grouped on the basis of one of six different ecological niches that they occupy: the human intestine, oral cavity, food, the animal gastrointestinal tract, the insect intestine, and sewage. Although nearly all primates are to some extent omnivorous, most primates can be primarily categorized as fruit-, insect- or leaf-eaters. However, in all primate diversity, there is only one species of modern primate that feeds on particularly nutrient-poor plant material is the gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada). Native to the highlands of Ethiopia, they subsist largely as grazers, the only modern primate species to do so. Aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of Bifidobacteriaceae in six adult males of Theropithecus gelada housed in Parco Natura Viva Garda Zoological Park (Bussolengo, Verona, Italy). Different selective media were tested for their suitability in the isolation of the Bifidobacteriaceae strains. All sixteen isolates were clones as resulted from BOX-PCR fingerprinting, a technique allowing the molecular typing. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed low sequence similarity of isolates to known Bifidobacteriaceae and the highest similarity (96.1 %) was found to Alloscardovia criceti. Therefore the isolates are phylogenetically not closely related to known species and are possible novel species in the genus Alloscardovia of the Bifidobacteriaceae family. For the first time member of Bifidobacteriaceae family have been found in Theropithecus gelada and further studies are needed to better analyse the importance of their presence in these very peculiar group of monkeys.

The Theropitecus gelada (fig.1), sometimes called the bleeding-heart monkey for their unmistakable red and hairless spot at the center of the chest, useful to indicate the social and reproductive status of the individual, are rocks monkeys living on the stony plateaus of Central Ethiopia, between 1,800 and 4,400 meters high. [1][2] These primates are perfectly suited to running and moving on the ground and find their natural habitat in rocky slopes, especially near rivers and streams. They are diurnal monkeys, and the most important trait of this animals is that they are the only known species of primates to be exclusively herbivores. After a trip of about a thousand kilometers, 6 monkeys of this species are housed in Italy, in the Natura Viva Park of Verona.

Data on proteinuria are lacking in giraffes, therefore the aim of our research was to study urine proteome with sensitive analytical methods to obtain important information regarding not only the kidney function but also the general health status. Twenty-nine samples were collected during 2013 and 2014, through non-invasive methods (from the ground by a syringe) from 4 specimens of Giraffa camelopardalis. Urinary total proteins (UTP), creatinine and the urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C) were measured by automated methods (Olympus AU400) routinely used in small animal practice. Urinary proteins were separated by sodium-dodecyl-sulphate polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gels were stained with silver nitrate. Mean UTP±SD was 12.1±0.6 mg/dL ranging from 2.4 to 30 mg/dL, while mean UP/C values were 0.06±0.01. SDS-PAGE yielded an overall view of the protein profile allowing the separation of 7±2 protein bands. Electropherograms showed few protein bands as compared to dog and cat and big felids. The most represented band had an apparent molecular weight (MW) of 67-69 kDa and could be identified as putative albumin. Between 65 and 14 kDa only few low abundance bands were present, while more intense bands had a MW lower than 14 kDa. Our data could be considered as representative of animals with no clinical signs of disease resulted in a useful diagnostic tool that could help clinicians in quantitative and qualitative evaluation of proteinuria also in giraffes.

Data on proteinuria in giraffes are lacking, therefore the aim of our research was to study urine proteome with sensitive analytical methods to obtain important information regarding not only the kidney function but also the general health status. Fifty urine samples were collected during 2013 and 2014, through non-invasive methods from 21 specimens of Giraffa camelopardalis. Urinary total proteins (UTP), creatinine and urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C) were measured by automated methods routinely used in small animal practice. Urinary proteins were separated by sodium-dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gels were stained with silver nitrate. Mean UTP±SD was 16.1±8.8 mg/dL (range 2.4-30 mg/dL), while mean UP/C was 0.08±0.03 (range 0.04-0.2); these values can be considered representative of healthy animals. SDS-PAGE yielded an overall view of the urine protein profile allowing the separation of 6±2 protein bands. Electropherograms showed few protein bands as compared to dogs, cats (Ferlizza et al., 2012) and big felids (Di Cerbo et al., 2013). The most represented band had an apparent molecular weight (MW) of 67-69 kDa and could be identified as putative albumin. Between 65 and 14 kDa only few low abundance protein bands were present, while more intense bands had a MW lower than 14 kDa. This is the first study reporting UTP and UPC ranges in giraffes. 1-D-SDS-PAGE yielded an overall view of the protein profile and resulted in a useful diagnostic tool that could help clinicians in qualitative evaluation of proteinuria. References Di Cerbo P., Ferrari G., Isani G., Ferlizza E., Friedrich K.G., 2013. Urine proteome in big cats (Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus). In: proceedings of the International Conference on Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals, Vienna, A. Ferlizza E., Armuzzi E., Buono A., Carpenè E., Andreani G., Dondi F., Isani G., 2012. Urine proteome from healthy dogs, cats, horses and cows. In: proceedings of the European Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology Conference, Ljubljana, SLO.