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Analytical methods based on digital images coupled to chemometric tools are promising alternatives for developing analytical methodologies in determining quality parameters in foods. The total phenolics, monomeric anthocyanins, and tannin content were quantified based on digital images and pseudo-univariate calibration performed from Independent Components Analysis (ICA). Differences between ICA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS), highlighting the chosen ICA for this proposal, were explained. In all pseudo-univariate calibration curves, correlation coefficients higher than 0.9 were achieved. The results suggest that digital images coupled with ICA can give applicable pseudo-univariate calibration models to determine bioactive compounds. Even more, the device to obtain an image is cheaper than most analytical instruments. Digital images may have a promising future in developing analytical methodologies for complex samples such as foods from a pseudo-univariate calibration perspective (where a small data set is needed in the calibration step).

This study investigated the effect of the solvent composition on the extraction of phenolic compounds from teff grains and compared the efficiency between the techniques homogeniser‐assisted extraction (HAE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE). The solvents used were water, ethanol and methanol, and the response analysed was the total phenolic content (TPC). The quantitative profile of polyphenols extracted was also determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐TQD). According to the optimisation, the maximum response was estimated at solvent ratios of 51:40:9 and 49:26:25 (water/ethanol/methanol, v/v/v) for HAE and UAE, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the extraction technique did not significantly influence the TPC extracted, but the TFC (total flavonoid content) and the antioxidant capacity were significantly higher when UAE was used. The phenolic acids p‐coumaric and protocatechuic and the flavonoids quercetin, rutin and myricetin were the main polyphenols extracted. Both techniques studied were efficient in extracting polyphenols from whole teff grains.

The olive oil consumption has spread worldwide, increasing the necessity of quality assessment, and so forth, the search for new, alternative, and rapid data interpretation has started, boosting the interest and the use of data fusion that seek for an integration of results from different techniques or methodologies for the same data set. To better understand the storage effects on the Brazilian monovarietal extra virgin olive oil, data fusion was applied in the classical and alternative analysis, highlighting the similarities and differences between the techniques, assisting in the result interpretation. This perspective and strategy bring development to food chemistry analysis.

Background and Aims The current methods for measuring the anthocyanin concentration (AC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of grape juice have limitations. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the application of digital imaging as a simple, fast and low‐cost method for determining AC and AA in juice. Methods and Results The AC and AA of 75 grape juice samples were measured using reference methods and then correlated against digital images of 200 dpi resolution obtained with a scanner, using partial least squares regression. The samples were separated with the Kennard–Stone algorithm into calibration sets (50 samples) and external validation sets (25 samples). The models used for the quantification of AC and AA presented a root mean square error of calibration of 8.8 mg/L and 9.8 μmol and a root mean square error of prediction of 7.5 mg/L and 8.0 μmol, respectively. The correlation coefficients for the adjustment were 0.8479 and 0.9258 for the models in the determination of AC and AA, respectively. Conclusions Digital imaging and multivariate calibration can be used to measure efficiently selected parameters of grape juice composition. Significance of the Study Analytical methods based on digital imaging offer promising alternatives to conventional methods, since they are fast, simple, non‐destructive and employ little or no chemical reagents, thereby reducing analysis costs and facilitating in situ analysis.

This work shows an alternative methodology based on a portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled to independent components analysis (ICA) in a pseudo-univariate calibration way to determine total anthocyanins (TA) concentration and antioxidant activity (AA) in whole grape juice. To this, the scores proportions more related to TA and AA were plotted against TA and AA obtained by its respective references methodology to build pseudo-univariate calibration models with correlation coefficients of 0.9699 and 0.9814, respectively. From the results, it is possible the suggestion that NIR spectra coupled to ICA enable to overcome interferences using first-order data and work properly when there is enough selectivity for the analyte profile in the sample data.

The use of chemometric tools is progressing to scientific areas where analytical chemistry is present, such as food science. In analytical food evaluation, oils represent an important field, allowing the exploration of the antioxidant effects of herbs and seeds. However, traditional methodologies have some drawbacks which must be overcome, such as being time-consuming, requiring sample preparation, the use of solvents/reagents, and the generation of toxic waste. The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effect provided by plant-based substances (directly, or as extracts), including pumpkin seeds, poppy seeds, dehydrated goji berry, and Proven&ccedil, al herbs, against the oxidation of antioxidant-free soybean oil. Synthetic antioxidants tert-butylhydroquinone and butylated hydroxytoluene were also considered. The evaluation was made through thermal degradation of soybean oil at different temperatures, and near-infrared spectroscopy was employed in an n-way mode, coupled with Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) to extract nontrivial information. The results for PARAFAC indicated that factor 1 shows oxidation product information, while factor 2 presents results regarding the antioxidant effect. The plant-based extract was more effective in improving the frying stability of soybean oil. It was also possible to observe that while the oxidation product concentration increased, the antioxidant concentration decreased as the temperature increased. The proposed method is shown to be a simple and fast way to obtain information on the protective effects of antioxidant additives in edible oils, and has an encouraging potential for use in other applications.

Digital images associated with chemometric tools, in a non-destructive approach, have been applied for the evaluation of the Brazilian monovarietal extra virgin olive oil. Independent component analysis (ICA) was employed in the image data evaluation of olive oils produced from distinctive olive varieties, and it was successful in highlighting the natural grouping among the samples based on the color histograms (red, green and blue (RGB) channels). The study’s proposal indicates the ability of accurate separation of the twenty-four samples considering their color. To conclude and support the hypothesis, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in the visible spectra of the Brazilian monovarietal extra virgin olive oil, to observe the similarities between the samples, and the results are in agreement with those obtained by image analysis coupled with ICA. This method demonstrates the possibility for the characterization of olive oils respecting the principles of Green Chemistry.

“Queijo de Nisa” is a traditional Portuguese cheese, granted with PDO label, produced with raw ewe’s milk in which the aqueous extract of cardoon flower Cynara cardunculus L. is the only coagulant allowed. As in similar cheeses with no use of starter cultures or pasteurisation, the quality and food safety are depending on prevention, high hygienic standards and a proper manufacturing process. This study investigated the use of computer vision as novel method for the evaluation of gas holes in Queijo de Nisa in three different ripening dates (0, 15 and 35 days). A total of 48 samples were produced using cardoon flower from three different origins (C1, C2 and C3) and a commercial vegetable coagulant (C4). The results presented a high correlation between image-dependent attributes and physical–chemical properties during ripening time, especially within the first 15 days of ripening time, where major structural changes were observed inside the Queijo de Nisa cheese. Principal component analysis presented a strong correlation (p

Gluten-free biscuits were developed with the addition of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) and turmeric powder. An experimental design 2(2) were employed in the formulation optimization that promotes better sensory acceptance through acceptance test with a hedonic scale of 9 points. For characterization purposes, the centesimal composition from chia seeds and the turmeric powder were determined. The biscuits were produced from an optimized formulation with and without chia seeds and turmeric powder with microbiological results safe for consumption by evaluation Salmonella sp., positive coagulase Staphylococcus, and Coliforms to 45 °C. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used in the investigation of sensory results (color, flavor, texture, smell, appearance, overall impression). It was also considered the habits of consuming food with/without gluten, purchase intentions, including age and gender. The results show that there is no distinction between the biscuits with the addition of chia seeds and turmeric powder. A statistical test using the confidence ellipse confirms that there no significant difference, at a 95% confidence level, among the sensory results for the biscuits with and without chia seeds and turmeric powder.

A partir da discussão sobre o grau de efetividade da participação social na formulação de políticas públicas, este artigo apresenta um caso de sucesso em que parte das demandas de movimentos sociais entra na agenda governamental e se torna uma política. Para fazer a análise do Plano Juventude Viva – uma política com foco nos homicídios de jovens negros e no racismo institucional –, o estudo adota uma estratégia analítica que combina teorias de movimentos sociais e participação com teorias sobre políticas públicas. O histórico de construção dessa agenda temática pelos ativistas de movimentos e dos apoios recebidos revela como o problema dos homicídios de jovens negros se tornou uma pauta prioritária em fóruns participativos. Em seguida, o artigo mostra o momento em que se abre uma janela política, gerando uma oportunidade para ativistas, na burocracia estatal, de explorar a inserção dessa temática na agenda governamental. A análise da configuração institucional da arena decisória no governo e dos atores ali presentes, por fim, explica a política final adotada e seu conteúdo. A contribuição da análise institucional para a explicação da efetividade é um achado que sugere uma possibilidade analítica para a agenda de pesquisa sobre participação e políticas públicas. THE BLACK SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN THE FORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENTAL AGENDA: a case study of the Plano Juventude VivaBased on studies analyzing social participation effectiveness into public policy formulation, this article presents a case of success in which part of the demands from social movements were adopted as a government policy. In order to analyze the “Young Persons Living Plan” – a policy focusing on the high levels of homicide among young black people in Brazil and on institutional racism – this study adopts an analytical strategy which combines theories of social movement and participation with public policy theories. The historical construction of this issue by social movement activists and also the support received by other political actors reveals how the issue of homicide among black youths became a priority agenda in participatory forums. Subsequently, the article shows the moment where a political window is opened which produced an opportunity for activists inside the state bureaucracy to explore the entering of the issue into the government agenda. Finally, the analysis of the institutional configuration of the decision-making arena within the government apparatus and of the political actors involved in the process explains the final public policy adopted and its substantive content. The contribution of the adopted institutionalist perspective to explain effectiveness is considered to be a useful finding for the research agenda on participation and public policies.Keywords: Social movements. Social participation effectiveness. Decision-making arenas. Young Persons Living Plan Brazil. Multiple streams model. LE MOUVEMENT SOCIAL NOIR DANS LA FORMATION DE L’AGENDA GOUVERNEMENTAL: une étude de cas du Plano Juventude VivaA partir de la discussion sur le degré d’efficacité de la participation sociale dans la formulation de la politique publique, cet article présente un exemple de réussite où une partie des revendications des mouvements sociaux sont entrées dans le programme du gouvernement et devenues une politique. Pour ce faire, l’analyse du Plan Jeunesse Viva – une politique axée sur les homicides chez les jeunes noirs et le racisme institutionnel – notre recherche adopte une stratégie d’analyse qui combine les théories des mouvements sociaux et de la participation avec les théories des politiques publiques. L’histoire de la construction de ce programme thématique par les militants des mouvements et le soutien reçu révèle comment le problème des homicides des jeunes noirs est devenu une priorité au programme des forums participatifs. Ensuite, l’article montre à quel moment le politique s’ouvre à la revendication, créant ainsi une opportunité pour les militants appartenant à la bureaucratie d’Etat de mettre cette question à l’ordre du jour du gouvernement. L’analyse de l’organisation institutionnelle de la structure de prise de décision au sein du gouvernement ainsi que des acteurs présents, explique la politique finale adoptée et son contenu. L’objet de l’analyse institutionnelle que nous avons aadoptée pour expliquer l’efficacité est de trouver ce que suggère une capacité d’analyse à la recherche d’ordre du jour sur la participation et la politique publique.Mots-clés: Mouvements sociaux. Efficacité de la participation sociale. Arénas de décision. Plan Jeunesse Viva Brésil. Modèle de flux multiples.

Samples of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) were degreased by cold pressing and the residue obtained named degreased chia seeds (DCS) had the antioxidants extract obtained. A 22 experimental design was employed in order to evaluate the factors ethanol concentration and extraction time. The optimized conditions were extraction time 15 min with ethanol 70% where the activity (RSA), evaluated by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) method was 94.76%. For this extract, the total phenolics content was 359.64 mg EGA/100 g. A pseudo-univariate calibration model is proposed as an alternative methodology to determine the %RSA by using the relative concentration from multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) from near-infrared (NIR) spectra of the antioxidant extract from DCS. The results suggest the possibility of %RSA determination directly from NIR spectra from extracts from DCS by using the multivariate resolution method MCR-ALS.

Subcritical fluid extraction using propane and cosolvent was performed to recover palm oil from mesocarp of different palm fruit species, and compared to Bligh and Dyer method. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of pressure, temperature, and proportion of ethanol, as cosolvent, on the extraction yield. A Box–Behnken design was applied to develop the model and to predict the optimum condition. The highest experimental yield, on a dry basis (db), obtained by subcritical extraction was 47.43% for caiaue, 73.97% for African palm and 66.26% for interspecific hybrid, in the condition of 80 bar, 60 °C and 6% ethanol. These yields were close to those recovered by the Bligh and Dyer method. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the subcritical extraction allowed to extract the oil present on the surface of the particles and inside them. The kinetic behavior was represented satisfactorily by the Sovova mathematical model.

The extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has a certain oxidation resistance when compared to other vegetable oils without refining process, due to their large composition of monounsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and bio-compounds. The main of this research was to evaluate and monitor the behavior of autoxidative processes through the storage time in two packaging systems of different EVOO monovarietals produced in Minas Gerais, Brazil by using ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) with multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR–ALS). We analyzed six EVOOs produced from different monovarietals (Arbequina, Empeltre, Coratina, Grappolo, Koroneiki, and Maria da Fe), over the course of 1 year, performed the analysis in times 0, 30, 90, 180, and 365 days, and storage in glass bottles and tinplate cans. The UV–Vis spectroscopy coupled with MCR–ALS was a feasible tool to monitor autoxidation processes in EVOO through storage time and in the monitoring of the EVOO quality in different package systems. The glass bottles were a package system that provides more protection for the autoxidation processes with the time for the EVOO from monovarietals Empeltre, Arbequina, and Coratina. In addition, it was possible to make a differentiation between the monovarietal olive oils produced in Brazil by observing the amount of phenolic compounds present in the chemical composition of each oil. Allowing gather information about the formation of oxidative products may correlate with the shelf life of the EVOO.

As relações entre agricultores familiares e poder público tornaram-se mais próximas a partir de políticas públicas que estimularam a criação de espaços de participação social, como o PRONAF, em 1996 e o Programa Territórios da Cidadania, em 2008. Nota-se que essas políticas são criadas como resultante das lutas e reivindicações por garantia de direitos (como acesso à terra, à cidadania e ao desenvolvimento econômico etc.) e por avanços na construção e implementação de instrumentos de políticas públicas voltadas ao fortalecimento dos atores locais, particularmente os agricultores familiares. A partir da discussão sobre os efeitos de diferentes arranjos institucionais na formulação, implementação e resultado das políticas, este artigo foca no aspecto da participação como um dos fatores identificados como central para a produção de inovação, legitimidade, baixo conflito social e efetividade dos programas e ações estatais. Os dados são oriundos de pesquisas feitas no Território Mato Grande/RN e no Território Portal da Amazônia/MT. Os principais resultados deste estudo de caso confirmam em parte as observações verificadas nos estudos sobre arranjos institucionais. Com especial destaque para a identificação dos gargalos para uma participação efetiva observou-se que: há ausência de participação de atores não organizados e/ou de comunidades tradicionais e de minorias apesar destes serem afetados pelas políticas em questão; ausência de representantes dos governos municipais como interlocutores e potenciais apoiadores de soluções institucionais locais; uma recorrente falta de condições operacionais mínimas para garantir a diversidade e regularidade da participação. Ainda assim, do ponto de vista dos participantes, há um aprendizado institucional que promove o exercício democrático e de cidadania.

Diffusion of Policies, Practices and Social Technologies in Brazil * (Faria, Carlos Aurelio Pimenta de; Coelho, Denilson Bandeira, and Jard da Silva, Sidney (eds). Difusao de Politicas Publicas. Sao Bernardo do Campo: Publisher UFABC, 2016)It is a welcoming introduction to the Brazilian academic community the arrival of the book 'Public Policy Diffusion', edited by Professors Faria, Coelho and Jard da Silva. As it is stated in the opening pages of the book, the use of diffusion models is very incipient in Brazil in comparison to the level of knowledge accumulation in the international literature, especially in the USA. In this sense, it is an admirable effort to gather together ten chapters not only discussing the dissemination and adoption of public policies but also presenting a diverse collection in terms of perspectives and models possible to be used as an analytical reference.But, in my view, this book could also be read as attempted explanations for the adoption of policies, practices and ideas in the Brazilian case. With the exception of the first chapter (by COELHO), which discusses analytical tools of this literature, nine out of the ten chapters include Brazil in their analysis, either as a single case or in comparison to other Latin American countries and worldwide. Although it is not the purpose of the editors, I could not avoid making connections among chapters thinking about possible general findings for the Brazilian case, which I will discuss further on.For the unfamiliar reader, the phenomenon of policy diffusion could be summarized in the following puzzle: why and how some policies get to be considered as 'good practices' and adopted by other governments?Let us first say that diffusion or transference of policies is not something neww in policy systems. What is new is an academic interest to study the phenomenon and to extract regular patterns for explanation. One thing, then, is to show policies, practices or social technologies being spread or disseminated among governments, but something quite different is to attempt to explain why and how this happens in the attempt of constructing theories of policy diffusion, transfer or, more generally, learning.Some models of explanations, concepts and types of mechanisms that could produce diffusion are presented and discussed. Although there is no unity in the use and applications of the analytical tools and concepts among authors, it is possible to extract some basic features of policy diffusion models.We learn that countries or subnational governments may 01. innovate, that is, adopt a new policy, program or practice; 02. emulate (adapting the original policy to local contexts and objectives) or 03. copy the original policy (associated with coercion). Innovation does not equate to invention as it is understood as "a program that is new to the government adopting it" (BERRY and BERRY, 2007). These are pioneering experiences that may lead to the spreading or adoption by other governments. Emulation does not equate to copying. It means that local conditions and actors will play a role by adapting the original policy to their own needs and beliefs. The case of copying the original policy without adaptation, argue some of the authors, would be more common in countries that do not have enough bureaucratic/state capacity and it is normally associated with the adoption of certain practices as a condition for loans from international agencies. Hence the label 'coercion' for this type of mechanism in which governments do not have, really, much of a choice.Countries may also be analyzed as 'importers' or 'exporters' of policy innovation as some of the authors argue.Based on the readings of the Brazilian case presented throughout the book, one learns that Brazil (also valid for other Latin American countries) has 'imported' and/or diffused domestically the ideas of economic liberalization, regulatory agencies after privatization (chapter by JORDANA), new models of reforming Public Pension (by JARDIM and JARD DA SILVA) and also models of administrative/management reforms (by ABRUCIO, SANO and SEGATTO; and also by PALOTTI, PEREIRA and CAMOES). …

In order to provide an effective and environmentally correct alternative for oil extraction, subcritical n-propane was used under different temperature and pressure conditions to obtain Brazil nut oil. The composition of the oil was determined and compared to the oils obtained by conventional methods. The result of the extraction yield obtained using subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) at 60 oC, 6 MPa and granulometry < 1.40 mm (63.13%) presented minor differences to the yield obtained by Soxhlet extraction (SE) (68.44%) and Bligh and Dyer extraction (BD) (59.54%). The composition in fatty acids was similar regardless of the method of extraction used. Oxidized triacylglycerols (TAGs) were found in the oils extracted by SE and BD while they were not detected in the oils extracted by SFE. The quantity of bioactive compounds was higher in the oils obtained by SFE. Thus, the SFE using n-propane preserves the nutritional characteristics and lipophilic components of the oil, besides improving the availability of bioactive compounds from an effective “green extraction” without the use of toxic solvents.

This research described sensory characteristics of gluten‐free bread (GFB) enriched with teff and yacon flour (YF) using flash profile (FP) and common dimension analysis (ComDim). The addition of TF and YF (up to 35%) maintained the sensory attributes. GFB enriched with YF was described by white color, aroma, and taste of white flour, softness and sour aroma. GFB enriched with YF and TF was described by brown color, rougher and aerated texture, wholemeal flour aroma and bitter taste. ComDim explained 96.9% of the total variance with the first three common dimensions (CD). CD1 and CD3 were able to correctly discriminate the products. FP allowed a quick description of the set of products and ComDim proving to be a good alternative to statistical analysis of the data. This study highlights the potential use of TF and YF for the production of gluten‐free products with adequate sensory quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Considering that the development of gluten‐free products with adequate technological, nutritional, and sensorial properties represents the main challenge for food technology, this study evaluated the descriptive sensory characteristics of gluten‐free bread enriched with teff (TF) and yacon flour (YF) using flash profile (FP) technique. FP is a descriptive sensory method that has the main advantage of the elimination of the training phase of the assessors, which makes it faster and more advantageous. Usually, the results from this method are analyzed by generalized procrustes analysis. In this research, the results of the sensory description were analyzed using common dimension analysis (ComDim). The addition of TF and YF to the product is viable as it improves its nutritional composition. Furthermore, ComDim assigns different weights (saliences) to the evaluator in each dimension, allowing a differentiated analysis of its importance, proving to be a good alternative to the statistical analysis for FP.

Sacha inchi is an oilseed crop that shows high oil content and it is an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Temperature and pressure can influence in lipid composition on the subcritical extraction with n -propane. The highest extraction yield obtained was 30% under the conditions of 60 °C and 12 MPa. The extracted oil presented 442 mg of fatty acid g −1 in terms of alpha linolenic acid. Analysis by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry showed a typical TAG (Triacylglycerols) profile for Sacha inchi oil with major ions of m / z (mass-to-charge ratio) 895 (ALA-ALA-ALA), 897 (ALA-ALA-LA), 899 (ALA-LA-LA) and 901 (LA-LA-LA or OL-LA-ALA) in a form of adduct of [TAG + Na] + , in which ALA is alfa linoleic acid, LA is linoleic acid and OL is oleic acid. The phytosterols content (86.39–101.92 mg 100 g −1 of total lipids) varied according to the conditions applied for the n -propane extraction. In general, the subcritical fluid extraction with n -propane was found to preserve the important Sacha inchi oil bioactive constituents, that is, fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phytosterols. Regression analysis also showed that higher temperatures and pressures result in higher yields of phytosterols.

Araucaria angustifolia is a conifer belonging to the Araucariaceae family, whose seeds, which are known as “pinhao”, are consumed as food. We evaluated the proximal composition of these seeds endosperms ( in natura ). The values of moisture, ash, crude protein, total lipids, total fibers, and other carbohydrates were 43.70%, 1.50%, 3.42%, 1.67%, 1.29%, and 48.42%, respectively. The total lipids were extracted using subcritical n -propane and the yields and chemical composition of oils were compared to Soxhlet method. The extraction yields showed no statistical difference ( p

Cashew nuts in natura were crushed and subjected to lipid extraction using pressurized propane. There was variation in the temperature (30–60°C) and percentage of the cosolvent ethanol (0–6 %) using a 2² factorial design with central point in three replicates. The lipid composition was determined and compared to the composition of the ethereal extract obtained by Soxhlet method (SE). The amount of oil extracted ranged from 19.2 to 33.1 %. The extraction performed under the conditions of 8 MPa, 60°C using 6 % ethanol corresponded to 83.7 % of the total lipids. The higher the temperature and percentage of ethanol in the propane, the higher the extraction yield. Thirteen fatty acids were quantified, among them, oleic and linolenic acid were predominant. Tocopherols and sitosterol were higher in the oils obtained using pressurized propane and ethanol. The mathematical model of Sovova was adjusted to the kinetic curves of extraction and represented them satisfactorily.

This aim of this study was to characterize five varieties of avocado for their proximal composition, physical properties, fatty acids composition, antioxidant capacity, carotenoids and minerals. Quintal variety presented the best result for total lipids, physical properties, carotenoids and minerals. All the varieties presented a predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids (60%). The major monounsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid. Among the varieties analyzed, Breda variety had greater activity results for FRAP (145%) and DPPH (1.1200 µmol TE/g) assays, Quintal had higher values for ABTS analysis, Ouro Verde presented better results for ORAC assay (23%), and Margarida had the best result for L-ORAC analysis (200 µmol ET/g).

RESUMO: Nos países outrora chamados de terceiro mundo, hoje apelidados “países emergentes” e/ou “países periféricos e semiperiféricos”, surgem experiências inovadoras, de caráter contra-hegemónico, cujos projetos de educação superior se situam em uma perspectiva de equidade e justiça sociais incluindo os grupos sociais historicamente marginalizados e afastados do direito à educação superior. O texto que se apresenta pretende desvelar e reflectir sobre a estrutura institucional que sustenta um novo modelo de educação superior no Brasil, particularmente na Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC). Os processos de democratização dos países, acompanhados de políticas direcionadas para o investimento em novas instituições de educação superior (IES), permitiram uma diversidade considerável no que diz respeito aos novos públicos estudantis. As universidades, tradicionalmente reservadas às elites, abriram-se a novos estudantes, de diferentes dimensões de gênero, etnia, classe social e gerações. Essa abertura criou desafios e expectativas quanto à democratização da educação superior, à inclusão da diversidade cultural e epistemológica, à promoção da interculturalidade e à descolonização das relações de poder e de conhecimento. Algumas políticas de experimentação institucional merecem referência particular. No Brasil, a acção dos governos pós-neoliberais de Lula e Dilma também se centrou na criação de universidades populares, apresentando perfis diferenciados e respondendo a objetivos específicos de ação política. A primeira delas foi a UFABC, cuja matriz institucional constitui objeto do nosso estudo. Centrar-nos-emos em uma pesquisa documental de caráter qualitativo utilizando a análise de discurso na perspectiva de N. Fairclough com o objetivo de inferir as linhas estruturantes do novo modelo de educação superior com foco específico nos fundamentos conceituais, no modelo pedagógico e nos princípios reguladores da prática pedagógica. Sendo um novo modelo de educação superior que promove a interdisciplinaridade e a inclusão da diversidade social, cultural e epistemológica tendo em vista a promoção da justiça cognitiva, pretendemos saber quais os fundamentos epistemológicos que sustentam a matriz institucional da UFABC e que regulam toda a actividade académica da instituição e suas relações com a sociedade. Uma das conclusões do estudo aponta para algumas contradições entre os discursos e as práticas.

The investigation of the distribution of antioxidant compounds between emulsions phases, employing natural sources of these compounds directly in the emulsions, is rarely addressed. The use of ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS), combined with accelerated oxidation tests and oxygen radical absorbance capacity method (ORAC), using the fluorescein (FL) decay curve (ORACFL) assay, enable an improved evaluation of the distribution of the antioxidant compounds and their lipid protection abilities. The lipid protection tendency observed was in agreement with the polar paradox theory. The ORACFL results reported here are higher than other reported in the literature, even when performing a sample extraction directly into one of the emulsion phases, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of this direct addition regarding the antioxidant activity. The analysis of the mass spectra of the emulsions enabled to verify the existence and distribution of some phenolic compounds in both phases. The direct extraction in the aqueous and oil phases of the emulsion increased, in a general way, the amount of identified compounds in each phase.

A complete factorial design (2(3)) was used to determine the influence of chia mucilage concentration (CM), locust bean gum (LBG) and base maturation time (BMT) on 14 formulations of goat milk frozen dessert. Chia mucilage was obtained by chia grain hydration (1:40) under stirring for 2 h, at 80 °C and pH of 9.0. The samples were centrifuged, as well as lyophilised to compare yields. The extraction yield of lyophilised CM was lower than 10%. The addition of LBG and CM at higher levels, influenced by BMT, increased the moisture content and the apparent viscosity of the base mixture. These formulations presented higher values for texture and lower of overrun due to the difficulty of incorporating and stabilising bubbles during whipping and freezing processes. The melting rate was also dependent on the variables analysed, and a delay in melting was observed, even in the formulations with lower fat content. CM increased the luminosity parameter proportionally to its content and provided a significant reduction of fat (up to 3.10 g 100 g(−1)) and energy value. The application of CM reduced the texture value, which was an interesting technological characteristic for frozen dessert.

The quality of vegetable oils is related to the presence of bioactive compounds, in which its contents may vary according to the extraction process. This study aimed to evaluate a clean technology for sesame oil extraction by enzymatic aqueous extraction, comparing to conventional extraction methods, such as pressing and solvent, in relation to the composition of bioactive lipophilic compounds. Two enzymes were used: Pectinex Ultra SPL and Alcalase 2.4L, and three factors were evaluated: concentration of enzymes (mL 100 mL−1), sample/water ratio (g mL−1) and extraction time (hours) through a 23 factorial design with center point in triplicate. The results showed variations in extraction yield and composition. The sesame oil extracted using enzymes showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the DPPH and L-ORAC (against peroxyl radical) assays, 128,54 and 349,98 μmol Trolox g−1 of oil, respectively, as well a higher content of total phytosterols (249 mg 100 g−1 of oil), total polyunsaturated and omega-6 fatty acids. No significant difference in γ-tocopherol content was observed, by Tukey test (p

This article discusses the reasons and teaching objectives of an array of new undergraduate courses on public administration and public policy management which have emerged recently in Brazil. While in 2001 there were only two undergraduate courses teaching formal public administration in the country, by 2015, they had risen to 40, and also included more diverse but related courses, such as public policy management, public management, public policy, and other similar ones. If one adds to this figure, distance education, and technological undergraduate courses, the total courses in these areas in Brazil amount to approximately 130 and an estimate of 25,600 students’ enrolments. All these courses are understood as belonging to the same field of knowledge, a statement made public by a national movement of professors, course coordinators, and students that stated the specificities and identity of this field of knowledge. This group became known as “The Public Field” movement, declaring the need for training students and future practitioners or academics within courses that are concerned with the public interest and democratic, and ethical governments. The discussion in the article focuses on two main aspects. First, the institutional and political reasons that opened a “window of opportunity” for these courses to emerge in Brazil. Second, the pedagogical objectives of these courses are discussed, and two experiences of innovative teaching in two Brazilian universities are presented as an example of the training objectives these courses are trying to achieve.

The objective of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of Pimedolus maculatus fillets of fish fed with different diets. The fish were submitted to an adaptation period (over 30 days) and fed only a control diet (diet I). After this period, the fish were divided into two groups: one group received a diet enriched with flaxseed oil (diet II), and the other received a diet enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (diet III). Subsequent collections were undertaken after 25 and 50 days. Compared to the control samples, fish fed diet II showed an increase in concentrations of total fatty acid omega-3 (n-3) in the fillets, with an improvement ratio of n-6/n-3. The incorporation of CLA into fish fed diet III was successful. Supplementing the diet of Pimedolus maculatus with CLA and flaxseed oil led to improvements in nutritional quality and fatty acid profile of the fish fillets.

This study evaluated the fatty acid quantification, proximate and amino acid compositions, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, vitamin E, and mineral contents of new amaranth (BRS Alegria) and quinoa (BRS Piabiru) cultivars which were produced in order to adapt these pseudocereals to the climatic conditions of central-western Brazil. They showed superior levels of protein and total lipids in comparison to their native counterparts. The lipid profile of the amaranth BRS Alegria was revealed to be better than those of other native cultivars. Quinoa BRS Piabiru presented a higher antioxidant capacity and phenolic content than the studied amaranth cultivar, but lower contents of tocopherols. All of the obtained results confirm that these new grains possess an overall amount of nutritional compounds that is better than those reported for many native counterparts of the studied samples. The employed analytical methods in this work contributed to a better understanding of the quinoa BRS Piabiru and amaranth BRS Alegria chemical compositions. Therefore, the diversity and quantity of all of the studied compounds in the samples denote the considerable importance of these grains for food science research area.

A 23 factorial design with center point in triplicate was used to evaluate the application of different enzymes in extraction of sunflower oil, comparing its quality with the oil obtained by conventional methods (solvent and pressing) in relation to antioxidant capacity, phytosterol and tocopherol contents, and fatty acid composition. Three enzymes were used; Pectinex Ultra SPL, Celluclast 1.5 L and Alcalase 2.4 L; and three factors were evaluated: enzyme concentration, sample/water ratio and extraction time. Enzymatic aqueous extraction produced oil with better quality in relation to some of the evaluated parameters: highest antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (371 µmol Trolox g-1 of oil), total phytosterols (183 mg 100 g-1 of oil) and omega-3 fatty acid content, as well the lowest content of saturated fatty acids. The application of enzymes in sunflower oil extraction represents an environmentally friendly methodology, free of toxic solvent residues and providing a final product of high quality.

Fiscal autonomy is understood as a type of funding arrangement that awards subnational governments more discretion over the allocation of funds and, therefore, the choice of public policies. From this concept a series of expected (positive and negative) effects on local governance is predicted by theories. However, the adopted assumption that once local governments have autonomous sources of revenue, they will necessarily have autonomy on the spending-side is false and leads to misleading conclusions. The article presents an empirical application of subnational revenue arrangements in the case of Brazil operationalized in two different ways: one following current methodology and another taking into account rules that limit decision-making autonomy to spend. Results are strikingly different and, it is argued, are not a simple matter of classification but indeed of theoretical validity.

This experiment was carried out with 58-week old laying quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) assigned to four treatment groups with eight quails per replication in six repetitions in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of diets with different levels of flaxseed (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0%). The amounts of cholesterol and total lipids and the fatty acid composition of quail egg yolk were determined in four 21-day cycles. No difference was found in cholesterol levels between the four treatments and the four cycles. The increased ingestion of linolenic acid (LNA) in diet reduced the formation of arachidonic acid (AA) significantly. The 3.0 and 5.0% treatment groups presented a reduction in total saturated fatty acids (TSFA) with the increase in percent flaxseed in feed comparatively to the control value. The n-3 fatty acid level was high in all treatments when compared to that of the control group. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 21.30 (control) to 4.52 (5.0%), which is a better value from the nutritional viewpoint.

The present work aimed at studying the effect of different drying methods applied to tilapia byproducts (heads, viscera and carcasses) fed with flaxseed, verifying the contents of omega-3 fatty acids. Two diets were given to the tilapia: a control and a flaxseed formulation, over the course of 60 days. After this period, they were slaughtered and their byproducts (heads, viscera and carcasses) were collected. These fish parts were analyzed in natura, lyophilized and oven dried. Byproducts from tilapia fed with flaxseed presented docosapentaenoic, eicopentaenoic and docosahexanoic fatty acids as a result of the enzymatic metabolism of the fish. The byproducts from the oven drying process had lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the multivariate analysis, the byproducts from fish fed with flaxseed had a greater composition of fatty acids. The addition of flaxseed in fish diets, as well as the utilization of their byproducts, may become a good business strategy. Additionally, the byproducts may be dried to facilitate transport and storage.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the total phenolic content (TPC) result in white rice, using a new methodology that employed Fast Blue BB (FBBB) reagent, which reacts more specifically with phenolic compounds, along with direct QUENCHER procedure. This is the first time in which such conciliation between FBBB reagent and QUENCHER was done. The obtained model allowed to evaluate how the factors influenced the method linearity (R2), improving the choice of the optimal system condition. Furthermore, the similarity between experimental results and values generated by the model indicated the method validity within the studied region. Thus, the optimal condition determined in the present work was 30 min reaction time, 0.17 mL FBBB reagent and use of 5% NaOH as the catalyst for the reaction. This optimized condition suggested that the combination of the method, which used FBBB reagent and the direct QUENCHER procedure, was rapid and effective, yielding high TPC values (1488.73 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g).

A complete 22 experimental planning (two factors at two levels) with central point in quintuplicate was used to investigate the influence of the factors: chia and azuki flours on fatty acids composition of gluten-free chocolate cake. Both factors were significant, but chia flour presented greater influence on the results. Increased values of both factors contributed to improve contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (380.96 g kg-1 of product), mainly n-3 series (70.25 g kg-1 of product), and provided more adequate nutritional indices. The principal component analysis and desirability function indicated the sample with higher level of both factors as the optimal region. This sample showed an increase in contents of alpha-linolenic acid (188.03%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18.16%) when compared to control formulation. The addition of chia flour can improve nutritional characteristics of food stuffs such as bakery products, especially their lipid composition.

The chemical composition, the fatty acids profile, and conjugated linoleic acids content in Longissimus muscle (LM) of steers have been determined. For such, 18 steers (6, Nellore, NEL) and their Simmental (6, NSI), and Santa Gertrudes (6, NSG) crossbreds finished in pasture system with Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu for about 3 months with approximate weight at slaughter of 480 kg at average age approximate of 25 months. The lipid content increased in the following order influenced by genetic groups: Nellore, F1 Nellore×Simmental and F1 Nellore×Santa Gertrudes crossbreds. The lipid content increased while moisture, ash and protein contents decreased. The content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was affected by genetic groups. The conjugated linoleic acids contents (CLA) in fat were similar in the genetic groups, but the quantity of CLA concentrations in muscle lipids of steers with larger total lipid was higher. The predominant CLA was CLA cis-9, trans-11.

This article discusses the importance of considering legislative procedures when analyzing voting behavior by legislators and thus for understanding political choices in decision-making contexts organized by majority rule. In order to test the impact of procedural rules on voting choices, the author analyzes the two Standing Orders of the Brazilian Constitutional Congress (1987-88) as a case study, showing the effects of legislative and voting procedures on the characteristics (scope and substantive aspects) of the new Constitution. It thus becomes possible to compare, within the same political environment, the impact of the 1st and 2nd Standing Orders on the choices made by Brazilian national legislators. The analysis shows that prior information on individual preferences is not sufficient to predict the outcome. Dans cet article, on examine l'importance de faire intervenir des règles de l'organisation législative dans l'analyse du comportement des parlementaires et, par conséquent, dans la compréhension des choix politiques dans des contextes décisionnels soumis à la règle de la majorité. Pour étudier l'impact des règles sur les décisions collectives, on analyse les deux Règlements Internes de l'Assemblée Nationale Constituante (1987-1988) comme une étude de cas, montrant les effets des règles d'organisation des processus législatifs et de vote dans les caractéristiques - étendue et contenu - du nouveau texte constitutionnel. Ainsi on a pu comparer, dans un même cadre politique, l'impact provoqué par les premier et second règlements sur les choix des parlementaires. On vérifie que la connaissance a priori des préférences individuelles des parlementaires ne suffit pas à une prévision du résultat final.

An amperometric enzyme electrode for the detection of hypoxanthine in fish meat is described. The hypoxanthine sensor was prepared from xanthine oxidase immobilized by covalent binding with glutaraldehyde and bovine serum albumin on a nafion-coated platinum disc electrode. The responses for hypoxanthine were obtained in 0.1 mol L� 1 phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), at potential of 600mV vs Ag/AgCl. This biosensor provides a linear response for hypoxanthine in the concentration range of 2.00x10� 6 - 1.85x10� 4 mol L� 1 (r=0.9989). The response time is less than 30 s for the useful response range and the lifetime of this electrode was excellent for at least ten days without loss of the response. The sensor can be applied to the determination of hypoxanthine in fish meat and it is effective for eliminating interferants from coexisting substances in the samples. Application of the biosensor technique in the field of quality control is promising due to their inherent specificity, simplicity and quick response.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre a composição físico-química e, especialmente sobre a composição de ácidos graxos nos lipídios totais de cabeças de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus), submetidas a diferentes tempos (0, 10, 20, 30 dias) de fornecimento de ração suplementada com óleo de linhaça (fonte do ácido a-linolênico, 18:3n-3 LNA), em substituição ao óleo de girassol. Não houveram diferenças (P>0,05) entre os teores de umidade, cinza, proteína e lipídios totais para os diferentes tratamentos (tempos de fornecimento). Os teores de lipídios totais das cabeças variaram de 8,41 a 10,13% e foi encontrado um total de 27 ácidos graxos nestes lipídios para todos os tratamentos. Os ácidos graxos majoritários foram 18:2n-6 (29,66 a 32,11%), 18:1n-9 (29,68 a 31,71%) e 16:0 (15,53 a 16,63%). Houve um aumento nos teores percentuais do ácido 18:3n-3, da somatória de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e uma diminuição da razão n-6/n-3, com diferenças (P0,05) entre os tratamentos para a razão entre ácidos graxos polinsaturados e saturados (AGPI/AGS).

The effects of diet and of strain on lipid, cholesterol and fatty acid compositions of egg yolk were studied. Two hen strains (Red Lohman—RL and White Lohman—WL) and four experimental diets with different fatty acid composition were used. No significant (P 0.05) by the experimental diets. The major effects of the diets were observed in fatty acids C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9, C18:2n6, C20:4n6, C20:5n3 and C22:6n3. The addition of oils to the diets fed to hens allowed the production of eggs with higher n3/n6 and PUFA/SFA fatty acid ratios than the eggs from control hens. It was concluded that the amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk could be altered by dietary manipulation.

This study evaluated the effect of adding flaxseed flour to the diet of Nile tilapia on the fatty acid composition of fillets using chemometrics. A traditional and an experimental diet containing flaxseed flour were used to feed the fish for 60 days. An increase of 18:3 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 and a decrease of 18:2 n-6 were observed in the tilapia fillets fed the experimental diet. There was a reduction in the n-6:n-3 ratio. A period of 45 days of incorporation caused a significant change in tilapia chemical composition. Principal Component Analysis showed that the time periods of 45 and 60 days positively contributed to the total content of n-3, LNA, and DHA, highlighting the effect of omega-3 incorporation in the treatment containing flaxseed flour.