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1. Amide groups in 3.7 billion years old liquid inclusions

Author

Magnus August Ravn Harding, Austin Jarl Boyd, Sandra Siljeström, Abhay Shivayogimath, Madina Shamsuyeva, Pooyan Aliuos, Minik T. Rosing, and Tue Hassenkam

Subjects
Isua Supracrustal Belt, Early life, Fluid inclusion, AFM-IR, Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Carbon with depleted d13C (down to − 25.6‰ VPDB) found in > 3.7 billion year old metamorphic sediments from the Isua Supracrustal Belt, Southwestern Greenland, has been proposed to represent the oldest remains of life on Earth. Graphitic inclusions within garnet porphyroblasts from this locality have been shown to associate with elements consistent with biogenic remains. In this report, we focus on certain liquid inclusions found in the Isua garnets, characterizing their chemical composition using atomic force microscopy, AFM-based infrared spectroscopy, optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Our results show that the liquid inclusions contain functional groups consisting of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in a configuration similar to amide functional groups. We suspect that the amide groups formed from N, O and C-containing volatile components that were released from the original kerogenous material enclosed in the garnets, as this was graphitized during thermal maturation. This is consistent with the observed inclusion assemblage of solid graphitic and viscous fluid inclusions alike. Our observations are compatible with the inclusions forming from biogenic precursor material, and when considered alongside previous reports on the carbonaceous material in the Isua metamorphic sediments, these and our study collectively indicate that the carbonaceous material in the Isua metasediments represents the oldest traces of life on Earth.

Published
2024
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2. Investigating the stability of aromatic carboxylic acids in hydrated magnesium sulfate under UV irradiation to assist detection of organics on Mars

Author

Andrew Alberini, Teresa Fornaro, Cristina García-Florentino, Malgorzata Biczysko, Iratxe Poblacion, Julene Aramendia, Juan Manuel Madariaga, Giovanni Poggiali, Álvaro Vicente-Retortillo, Kathleen C. Benison, Sandra Siljeström, Sole Biancalani, Christian Lorenz, Edward A. Cloutis, Dan M. Applin, Felipe Gómez, Andrew Steele, Roger C. Wiens, Kevin P. Hand, and John R. Brucato

Subjects
Aromatic organic compounds, FTIR spectroscopy, UV irradiation, Signs of biological activity, Mars 2020 Perseverance mission, Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract The Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) instrument onboard the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover detected so far some of the most intense fluorescence signals in association with sulfates analyzing abraded patches of rocks at Jezero crater, Mars. To assess the plausibility of an organic origin of these signals, it is key to understand if organics can survive exposure to ambient Martian UV after exposure by the Perseverance abrasion tool and prior to analysis by SHERLOC. In this work, we investigated the stability of organo-sulfate assemblages under Martian-like UV irradiation and we observed that the spectroscopic features of phthalic and mellitic acid embedded into hydrated magnesium sulfate do not change for UV exposures corresponding to at least 48 Martian sols and, thus, should still be detectable in fluorescence when the SHERLOC analysis takes place, thanks to the photoprotective properties of magnesium sulfate. In addition, different photoproduct bands diagnostic of the parent carboxylic acid molecules could be observed. The photoprotective behavior of hydrated magnesium sulfate corroborates the hypothesis that sulfates might have played a key role in the preservation of organics on Mars, and that the fluorescence signals detected by SHERLOC in association with sulfates could potentially arise from organic compounds.

Published
2024
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3. Present-day thermal and water activity environment of the Mars Sample Return collection

Author

Maria-Paz Zorzano, Germán Martínez, Jouni Polkko, Leslie K. Tamppari, Claire Newman, Hannu Savijärvi, Yulia Goreva, Daniel Viúdez-Moreiras, Tanguy Bertrand, Michael Smith, Elisabeth M. Hausrath, Sandra Siljeström, Kathleen Benison, Tanja Bosak, Andrew D. Czaja, Vinciane Debaille, Christopher D. K. Herd, Lisa Mayhew, Mark A. Sephton, David Shuster, Justin I. Simon, Benjamin Weiss, Nicolas Randazzo, Lucia Mandon, Adrian Brown, Michael H. Hecht, and Jesús Martínez-Frías

Subjects
Mars sample return, Water activity, Temperature, Habitability, Jezero, Environment, Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract The Mars Sample Return mission intends to retrieve a sealed collection of rocks, regolith, and atmosphere sampled from Jezero Crater, Mars, by the NASA Perseverance rover mission. For all life-related research, it is necessary to evaluate water availability in the samples and on Mars. Within the first Martian year, Perseverance has acquired an estimated total mass of 355 g of rocks and regolith, and 38 μmoles of Martian atmospheric gas. Using in-situ observations acquired by the Perseverance rover, we show that the present-day environmental conditions at Jezero allow for the hydration of sulfates, chlorides, and perchlorates and the occasional formation of frost as well as a diurnal atmospheric-surface water exchange of 0.5–10 g water per m2 (assuming a well-mixed atmosphere). At night, when the temperature drops below 190 K, the surface water activity can exceed 0.5, the lowest limit for cell reproduction. During the day, when the temperature is above the cell replication limit of 245 K, water activity is less than 0.02. The environmental conditions at the surface of Jezero Crater, where these samples were acquired, are incompatible with the cell replication limits currently known on Earth.

Published
2024
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4. Detection of porphyrins in vertebrate fossils from the Messel and implications for organic preservation in the fossil record.

Author

Sandra Siljeström, Anna Neubeck, and Andrew Steele

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Organic molecules preserved in fossils provide a wealth of new information about ancient life. The discovery of almost unaltered complex organic molecules in well-preserved fossils raise the question of how common such occurrences are in the fossil record, how to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous sources for the organic matter and what promotes such preservation. The aim of this study was the in-situ analysis of a well-preserved vertebrate fossil from 48 Ma Eocene sediments in the Messel pit, Germany for preservation of complex biomolecules. The fossil was characterized using a variety of techniques including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. A suite of organic molecules was detected, including porphyrins, which given the context of the detected signal are most probably diagenetically altered heme originating from the fossil though a microbial contribution cannot be completely ruled out. Diagenetic changes to the porphyrin structure were observed that included the exchange of the central iron by nickel. Further analyses on the geochemistry of the fossil and surrounding sediments showed presence of pyrite and aluminosilicates, most likely clay. In addition, a carbonate and calcium phosphate dominated crust has formed around the fossil. This suggests that several different processes are involved in the preservation of the fossil and the organic molecules associated with it. Similar processes seem to have also been involved in preservation of heme in fossils from other localities.

Published
2022
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5. Timing and origin of natural gas accumulation in the Siljan impact structure, Sweden

Author

Henrik Drake, Nick M. W. Roberts, Christine Heim, Martin J. Whitehouse, Sandra Siljeström, Ellen Kooijman, Curt Broman, Magnus Ivarsson, and Mats E. Åström

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Fractured rocks of impact craters have been suggested to be suitable hosts for deep microbial communities on Earth, and potentially other terrestrial planets, yet direct evidence remains elusive. Here, the authors show that the Siljan impact structure is host to long-term deep methane-cycling microbial activity.

Published
2019
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6. Anaerobic consortia of fungi and sulfate reducing bacteria in deep granite fractures

Author

Henrik Drake, Magnus Ivarsson, Stefan Bengtson, Christine Heim, Sandra Siljeström, Martin J. Whitehouse, Curt Broman, Veneta Belivanova, and Mats E. Åström

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Deep subsurface microorganisms play an important role in nutrient cycling, yet little is known about deep continental fungal communities. Here, the authors show organically preserved and partly mineralized fungi at 740 m depth, and find evidence of an anaerobic fungi and sulfate reducing bacteria consortium.

Published
2017
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7. Intricate tunnels in garnets from soils and river sediments in Thailand - Possible endolithic microborings.

Author

Magnus Ivarsson, Henrik Skogby, Bongkot Phichaikamjornwut, Stefan Bengtson, Sandra Siljeström, Prayote Ounchanum, Apichet Boonsoong, Mingkhwan Kruachanta, Federica Marone, Veneta Belivanova, and Sara Holmström

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Garnets from disparate geographical environments and origins such as oxidized soils and river sediments in Thailand host intricate systems of microsized tunnels that significantly decrease the quality and value of the garnets as gems. The origin of such tunneling has previously been attributed to abiotic processes. Here we present physical and chemical remains of endolithic microorganisms within the tunnels and discuss a probable biological origin of the tunnels. Extensive investigations with synchrotron-radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) reveal morphological indications of biogenicity that further support a euendolithic interpretation. We suggest that the production of the tunnels was initiated by a combination of abiotic and biological processes, and that at later stages biological processes came to dominate. In environments such as river sediments and oxidized soils garnets are among the few remaining sources of bio-available Fe2+, thus it is likely that microbially mediated boring of the garnets has trophic reasons. Whatever the reason for garnet boring, the tunnel system represents a new endolithic habitat in a hard silicate mineral otherwise known to be resistant to abrasion and chemical attack.

Published
2018
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8. Heart fossilization is possible and informs the evolution of cardiac outflow tract in vertebrates

Author

Lara Maldanis, Murilo Carvalho, Mariana Ramos Almeida, Francisco Idalécio Freitas, José Artur Ferreira Gomes de Andrade, Rafael Silva Nunes, Carlos Eduardo Rochitte, Ronei Jesus Poppi, Raul Oliveira Freitas, Fábio Rodrigues, Sandra Siljeström, Frederico Alves Lima, Douglas Galante, Ismar S Carvalho, Carlos Alberto Perez, Marcelo Rodrigues de Carvalho, Jefferson Bettini, Vincent Fernandez, and José Xavier-Neto

Subjects
Cretaceous, cardiac, development, evolution, fossils, fishes, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Elucidating cardiac evolution has been frustrated by lack of fossils. One celebrated enigma in cardiac evolution involves the transition from a cardiac outflow tract dominated by a multi-valved conus arteriosus in basal actinopterygians, to an outflow tract commanded by the non-valved, elastic, bulbus arteriosus in higher actinopterygians. We demonstrate that cardiac preservation is possible in the extinct fish Rhacolepis buccalis from the Brazilian Cretaceous. Using X-ray synchrotron microtomography, we show that Rhacolepis fossils display hearts with a conus arteriosus containing at least five valve rows. This represents a transitional morphology between the primitive, multivalvar, conal condition and the derived, monovalvar, bulbar state of the outflow tract in modern actinopterygians. Our data rescue a long-lost cardiac phenotype (119-113 Ma) and suggest that outflow tract simplification in actinopterygians is compatible with a gradual, rather than a drastic saltation event. Overall, our results demonstrate the feasibility of studying cardiac evolution in fossils.

Published
2016
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9. Diverse Organic-Mineral Associations in Jezero Crater, Mars

Author

Sunanda Sharma, Ryan D. Roppel, Ashley E. Murphy, Luther W. Beegle, Rohit Bhartia, Andrew Steele, Joseph Razzell Hollis, Sandra Siljeström, Francis M. McCubbin, Sanford A. Asher, William J. Abbey, Abigail C. Allwood, Eve L. Berger, Benjamin L. Bleefeld, Aaron S. Burton, Sergei V. Bykov, Emily L. Cardarelli, Pamela G. Conrad, Andrea Corpolongo, Andrew D. Czaja, Lauren P. DeFlores, Kenneth Edgett, Kenneth A. Farley, Teresa Fornaro, Allison C. Fox, Marc D. Fries, David Harker, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, Joshua Huggett, Samara Imbeah, Ryan S. Jakubek, Linda C. Kah, Carina Lee, Yang Liu, Angela Magee, Michelle Minitti, Kelsey R. Moore, Alyssa Pascuzzo, Carolina Rodriguez Sanchez-Vahamonde, Eva L. Scheller, Svetlana Shkolyar, Kathryn M. Stack, Kim Steadman, Michael Tuite, Kyle Uckert, Alyssa Werynski, Roger C. Wiens, Amy J. Williams, Katherine Winchell, Megan R. Kennedy, and Anastasia Yanchilina

Subjects
Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration, Geosciences (General)
Abstract

The presence and distribution of preserved organic matter on the surface of Mars can provide key information about the Martian carbon cycle and the potential of the planet to host life throughout its history. Several types of organic molecules have been previously detected in Martian meteorites1 and at Gale crater, Mars. Evaluating the diversity and detectability of organic matter elsewhere on Mars is important for understanding the extent and diversity of Martian surface processes and the potential availability of carbon sources1,5,6. Here we report the detection of Raman and fluorescence spectra consistent with several species of aromatic organic molecules in the Máaz and Séítah formations within the Crater Floor sequences of Jezero crater, Mars. We report specific fluorescence-mineral associations consistent with many classes of organic molecules occurring in different spatial patterns within these compositionally distinct formations, potentially indicating different fates of carbon across environments. Our findings suggest there may be a diversity of aromatic molecules prevalent on the Martian surface, and these materials persist despite exposure to surface conditions. These potential organic molecules are largely found within minerals linked to aqueous processes, indicating that these processes may have had a key role in organic synthesis, transport or preservation.

Published
2023
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10. Aqueous alteration processes in Jezero crater, Mars—implications for organic geochemistry

Author

Eva L. Scheller, Joseph Razzell Hollis, Emily L. Cardarelli, Andrew Steele, Luther W. Beegle, Rohit Bhartia, Pamela Conrad, Kyle Uckert, Sunanda Sharma, Bethany L. Ehlmann, William J. Abbey, Sanford A. Asher, Kathleen C. Benison, Eve L. Berger, Olivier Beyssac, Benjamin L. Bleefeld, Tanja Bosak, Adrian J. Brown, Aaron S. Burton, Sergei V. Bykov, Ed Cloutis, Alberto G. Fairén, Lauren DeFlores, Kenneth A. Farley, Deidra M. Fey, Teresa Fornaro, Allison C. Fox, Marc Fries, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, William F. Hug, Joshua E. Huggett, Samara Imbeah, Ryan S. Jakubek, Linda C. Kah, Peter Kelemen, Megan R. Kennedy, Tanya Kizovski, Carina Lee, Yang Liu, Lucia Mandon, Francis M. McCubbin, Kelsey R. Moore, Brian E. Nixon, Jorge I. Núñez, Carolina Rodriguez Sanchez-Vahamonde, Ryan D. Roppel, Mitchell Schulte, Mark A. Sephton, Shiv K. Sharma, Sandra Siljeström, Svetlana Shkolyar, David L. Shuster, Justin I. Simon, Rebecca J. Smith, Kathryn M. Stack, Kim Steadman, Benjamin P. Weiss, Alyssa Werynski, Amy J. Williams, Roger C. Wiens, Kenneth H. Williford, Kathrine Winchell, Brittan Wogsland, Anastasia Yanchilina, Rachel Yingling, and Maria-Paz Zorzano

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Abstract

The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, Mars, in February 2021. We used the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) instrument to perform deep-ultraviolet Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy of three rocks within the crater. We identify evidence for two distinct ancient aqueous environments at different times. Reactions with liquid water formed carbonates in an olivine-rich igneous rock. A sulfate-perchlorate mixture is present in the rocks, which probably formed by later modifications of the rocks by brine. Fluorescence signatures consistent with aromatic organic compounds occur throughout these rocks and are preserved in minerals related to both aqueous environments.

Published
2022

11. SHERLOC Raman Mineral Class Detections of the Mars 2020 Crater Floor Campaign

Author

Andrea Corpolongo, Ryan S. Jakubek, Aaron S. Burton, Adrian J. Brown, Anastasia Yanchilina, Andrew D. Czaja, Andrew Steele, Brittan V. Wogsland, Carina Lee, David Flannery, Desirée Baker, Edward A. Cloutis, Emily Cardarelli, Eva L. Scheller, Eve L. Berger, Francis M. McCubbin, Joseph Razzell Hollis, Keyron Hickman‐Lewis, Kim Steadman, Kyle Uckert, Lauren DeFlores, Linda Kah, Luther W. Beegle, Marc Fries, Michelle Minitti, Nikole C. Haney, Pamela Conrad, Richard V. Morris, Rohit Bhartia, Ryan Roppel, Sandra Siljeström, Sanford A. Asher, Sergei V. Bykov, Sunanda Sharma, Svetlana Shkolyar, Teresa Fornaro, and William Abbey

Subjects
Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
Published
2023

12. ExoMars Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDI-MS) Analysis of Phototrophic Communities from a Silica-Depositing Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park, USA

Author

Xiang Li, William B. Brinckerhoff, Friso H. W. van Amerom, Sandra Siljeström, and Sherry L. Cady

Subjects
Hot spring, Spectrum analyzer, Extraterrestrial Environment, Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, Chlorophyll A, Lasers, Parks, Recreational, Ms analysis, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Silicon Dioxide, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Hot Springs, Mass Spectrometry, Astrobiology, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, Molecule
Abstract

The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) is a key scientific instrument on the ExoMars Rover mission. MOMA is designed to detect and characterize organic compounds, over a wide range of volatility and molecular weight, in samples obtained from up to 2 m below the martian surface. Thorough analog sample studies are required to best prepare to interpret MOMA data collected on Mars. We present here the MOMA characterization of Mars analog samples, microbial streamer communities composed primarily of oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs, collected from an alkaline silica-depositing hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Samples of partly mineralized microbial streamers and their total lipid extract (TLE) were measured on a MOMA Engineering Test Unit (ETU) instrument by using its laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) mode. MOMA LDI-MS detected a variety of lipids and pigments such as chlorophyll

Published
2021

14. The SHERLOC Calibration Target on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover: Design, Operations, Outreach, and Future Human Exploration Functions

Author

Marc D. Fries, Carina Lee, Rohit Bhartia, Joseph Razzell Hollis, Luther W. Beegle, Kyle Uckert, Trevor G. Graff, William Abbey, Zachary Bailey, Eve L. Berger, Aaron S. Burton, Michael J. Callaway, Emily L. Cardarelli, Kristine N. Davis, Lauren DeFlores, Kenneth S. Edgett, Allison C. Fox, Daniel H. Garrison, Nikole C. Haney, Roger S. Harrington, Ryan S. Jakubek, Megan R. Kennedy, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, Francis M. McCubbin, Ed Miller, Brian Monacelli, Randy Pollock, Richard Rhodes, Sandra Siljeström, Sunanda Sharma, Caroline L. Smith, Andrew Steele, Margarite Sylvia, Vinh D. Tran, Ryan H. Weiner, Anastasia G. Yanchilina, and R. Aileen Yingst

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract

The Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) is a robotic arm-mounted instrument onboard NASA’s Perseverance rover. SHERLOC combines imaging via two cameras with both Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate geological materials at the rover’s Jezero crater field site. SHERLOC requires in situ calibration to monitor the health and performance of the instrument. These calibration data are critically important to ensure the veracity of data interpretation, especially considering the extreme martian environmental conditions where the instrument operates. The SHERLOC Calibration Target (SCT) is located at the front of the rover and is exposed to the same atmospheric conditions as the instrument. The SCT includes 10 individual targets designed to meet all instrument calibration requirements. An additional calibration target is mounted inside the instrument’s dust cover. The targets include polymers, rock, synthetic material, and optical pattern targets. Their primary function is calibration of parameters within the SHERLOC instrument so that the data can be interpreted correctly. The SCT was also designed to take advantage of opportunities for supplemental science investigations and includes targets intended for public engagement. The exposure of materials to martian atmospheric conditions allows for opportunistic science on extravehicular suit (i.e., “spacesuit”) materials. These samples will be used in an extended study to produce direct measurements of the expected service lifetimes of these materials on the martian surface, thus helping NASA facilitate human exploration of the planet. Other targets include a martian meteorite and the first geocache target to reside on another planet, both of which increase the outreach and potential of the mission to foster interest in, and enthusiasm for, planetary exploration. During the first 200 sols (martian days) of operation on Mars, the SCT has been analyzed three times and has proven to be vital in the calibration of the instrument and in assisting the SHERLOC team with interpretation of in situ data.

Published
2022

15. COSPAR Sample Safety Assessment Framework (SSAF)

Author

Gerhard Kminek, James N. Benardini, Frank E. Brenker, Timothy Brooks, Aaron S. Burton, Suresh Dhaniyala, Jason P. Dworkin, Jeffrey L. Fortman, Mihaela Glamoclija, Monica M. Grady, Heather V. Graham, Junichi Haruyama, Thomas L. Kieft, Marion Koopmans, Francis M. McCubbin, Michael A. Meyer, Christian Mustin, Tullis C. Onstott, Neil Pearce, Lisa M. Pratt, Mark A. Sephton, Sandra Siljeström, Haruna Sugahara, Shino Suzuki, Yohey Suzuki, Mark van Zuilen, Michel Viso, and Virology

Subjects
Mars Sample Return, Extraterrestrial Environment, Planetary Protection, Space and Planetary Science, Mars, Bayes Theorem, Space Flight, Space Research, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Sample Safety Assessment
Abstract

The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Sample Safety Assessment Framework (SSAF) has been developed by a COSPAR appointed Working Group. The objective of the sample safety assessment would be to evaluate whether samples returned from Mars could be harmful for Earth's systems (e.g., environment, biosphere, geochemical cycles). During the Working Group's deliberations, it became clear that a comprehensive assessment to predict the effects of introducing life in new environments or ecologies is difficult and practically impossible, even for terrestrial life and certainly more so for unknown extraterrestrial life. To manage expectations, the scope of the SSAF was adjusted to evaluate only whether the presence of martian life can be excluded in samples returned from Mars. If the presence of martian life cannot be excluded, a Hold & Critical Review must be established to evaluate the risk management measures and decide on the next steps. The SSAF starts from a positive hypothesis (there is martian life in the samples), which is complementary to the null-hypothesis (there is no martian life in the samples) typically used for science. Testing the positive hypothesis includes four elements: (1) Bayesian statistics, (2) subsampling strategy, (3) test sequence, and (4) decision criteria. The test sequence capability covers self-replicating and non-self-replicating biology and biologically active molecules. Most of the investigations associated with the SSAF would need to be carried out within biological containment. The SSAF is described in sufficient detail to support planning activities for a Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) and for preparing science announcements, while at the same time acknowledging that further work is required before a detailed Sample Safety Assessment Protocol (SSAP) can be developed. The three major open issues to be addressed to optimize and implement the SSAF are (1) setting a value for the level of assurance to effectively exclude the presence of martian life in the samples, (2) carrying out an analogue test program, and (3) acquiring relevant contamination knowledge from all Mars Sample Return (MSR) flight and ground elements. Although the SSAF was developed specifically for assessing samples from Mars in the context of the currently planned NASA-ESA MSR Campaign, this framework and the basic safety approach are applicable to any other Mars sample return mission concept, with minor adjustments in the execution part related to the specific nature of the samples to be returned. The SSAF is also considered a sound basis for other COSPAR Planetary Protection Category V, restricted Earth return missions beyond Mars. It is anticipated that the SSAF will be subject to future review by the various MSR stakeholders.

Published
2022

16. The Notional Plan for Sample Collections by the Perseverance Rover for Mars Sample Return

Author

Christopher Herd, Tanja Bosak, Kathryn Stack, Vivian Sun, Sanjeev Gupta, David Shuster, Svetlana Shkolyar, Benjamin Weiss, Meenakshi Wadhwa, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, Sandra Siljeström, Lisa Mayhew, Elisabeth Hausrath, Adrian Brown, Kenneth Williford, and Kenneth Farley

Abstract

The NASA Mars 2020 Perseverance rover mission will collect a suite of scientifically compelling samples for return to Earth. On the basis of orbital data, the Mars 2020 science team identified two notional sample caches to study (1) the geology of Jezero crater, collected during the prime mission and (2) the ancient crust outside of Jezero crater, collected during a possible extended mission. Jezero crater geology consists of well-preserved, Early Hesperian to Late Noachian deltaic and lacustrine deposits sourced from a river system that drained Noachian terrain. The crater floor comprises at least two distinct units of sedimentary or volcanic origin whose relationship to the deltaic deposits is presently unclear. Remotely-sensed data reveal signatures of carbonate+olivine and clay minerals within crater floor and crater margin units. Samples from within Jezero that comprise the prime mission notional sample collection thus include: crater floor units; fine- and coarse-grained delta facies, the former with potential to preserve organic matter and/or biosignatures, the latter to possibly constrain the type and timing of sediment deposition; chemical sediments with the potential to preserve biosignatures; a sample of crater rim bedrock; and at least one sample of regolith. The region of southern Nili Planum, directly outside the western rim of Jezero crater, is geologically distinct from Jezero crater and contains diverse Early or even Pre-Noachian lithologies, that may contain records of early planetary differentiation, magnetism, paleoclimate and habitability. The notional sample collection from this region will include: layered and other basement rocks; megabreccias, which may represent blocks of (pre-)Noachian crust; basement-hosted hydrothermal fracture fill; olivine+carbonate rocks that are regionally significant and may be related to units within Jezero crater; and mafic cap unit rocks. The samples described are notional and may change with ongoing surface investigations. However, the samples we anticipate collecting align well with community priorities for Mars exploration, addressing geologic diversity, potential ancient biologic activity on Mars, planetary evolution, volatiles, and human health hazards. Many other Mars 2020 team members were involved in this planning.

Published
2022

17. The power of paired proximity science observations: Co-located data from SHERLOC and PIXL on Mars

Author

Joseph Razzell Hollis, Kelsey R. Moore, Sunanda Sharma, Luther Beegle, John P. Grotzinger, Abigail Allwood, William Abbey, Rohit Bhartia, Adrian J. Brown, Benton Clark, Edward Cloutis, Andrea Corpolongo, Jesper Henneke, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, Joel A. Hurowitz, Michael W.M. Jones, Yang Liu, Jesús Martinez-Frías, Ashley Murphy, David A.K. Pedersen, Svetlana Shkolyar, Sandra Siljeström, Andrew Steele, Mike Tice, Alan Treiman, Kyle Uckert, Scott VanBommel, and Anastasia Yanchilina

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a synthesis of PIXL elemental data and SHERLOC Raman spectra collected on two targets investigated by the Perseverance rover during the first year of its exploration of Jezero Crater, Mars. The Bellegarde target (in the Máaz formation) and Dourbes target (in the Séítah formation) exhibit distinctive mineralogies that are an ideal case study for in situ analysis by SHERLOC and PIXL. Each instrument alone produces valuable data about the chemistry and spatial distribution of mineral phases at the sub-millimeter scale. However, combining data from both instruments provides a more robust interpretation that overcomes the limitations of either instrument, for example: 1) Detection of correlated calcium and sulfur in Bellegarde by PIXL is corroborated by the co-located detection of calcium sulfate by SHERLOC. 2) Detection of sodium and chlorine in Dourbes is consistent with either chloride or oxychlorine salts, but SHERLOC does not detect perchlorate or chlorate. 3) A Raman peak at 1120 cm−1 in Dourbes could be sulfate or pyroxene, but elemental abundances from PIXL at that location are a better match to pyroxene. This study emphasizes the importance of analyzing co-located data from both instruments together, to obtain a more complete picture of sub-millimeter-scale mineralogy measured in situ in Jezero crater, Mars, by the Perseverance rover.

Published
2022

18. D/H in the refractory organics of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured by Rosetta /COSIMA

Author

John Paquette, Jouni Rynö, Oliver Stenzel, A. Bardyn, Cécile Engrand, Martin Hilchenbach, Henning Fischer, Sandra Siljeström, Nicolas Fray, C. M. O'd. Alexander, Jochen Kissel, H. Cottin, Sihane Merouane, R. Isnard, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Comet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Refractory (planetary science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Astrobiology
Abstract

The D/H ratio is a clue to the origin and evolution of hydrogen-bearing chemical species in Solar system materials. D/H has been observed in the coma of many comets, but most such measurements have been for gaseous water. We present the first in situ measurements of the D/H ratios in the organic refractory component of cometary dust particles collected at very low impact speeds in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) by the COSIMA instrument onboard Rosetta. The values measured by COSIMA are spatial averages over an approximately 35 × 50 µm2 area. The average D/H ratio for the 25 measured particles is (1.57 ± 0.54) × 10−3, about an order of magnitude higher than the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), but more than an order of magnitude lower than the values measured in gas-phase organics in solar-like protostellar regions and hot cores. This relatively high averaged value suggests that refractory carbonaceous matter in comet 67P is less processed than the most primitive insoluble organic matter (IOM) in meteorites, which has a D/H ratio in the range of about 1 to 7 × 10−4. The cometary particles measured in situ also have a higher H/C ratio than the IOM. We deduce that the measured D/H in cometary refractory organics is an inheritance from the presolar molecular cloud from which the Solar system formed. The high D/H ratios observed in the cometary particles challenges models in which high D/H ratios result solely from processes that operated in the protosolar disc.

Published
2021

20. INSIGHTS INTO JEZERO CRATER GEOLOGY FROM ROCK-REGOLITH INTERFACES

Author

Kenneth H. Williford, Sandra Siljeström, Emily Cardarelli, P. Y. Meslin, Lucia Mandon, J. M. Madariaga, Agnès Cousin, Jeffrey R. Johnson, Robert Sullivan, and Elisabeth M. Hausrath

Subjects
Impact crater, Geochemistry, Regolith, Geology
Published
2021

21. Composition of cometary particles collected during two periods of the Rosetta mission: multivariate evaluation of mass spectral data

Author

Martin Hilchenbach, Jochen Kissel, A. Bardyn, Sandra Siljeström, Kurt Varmuza, John Paquette, Oliver Stenzel, Nicolas Fray, Johan Silen, Hervé Cottin, Sihane Merouane, Christelle Briois, Donia Baklouti, Peter Filzmoser, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire de Physiogénomique / NeuroTranscriptomes et Paléogénétique (LPG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, Carnegie Institution for Science, Finnish Meteorological Institute Observation Services, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, Washington DC 20015, USA, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)

Subjects
Multivariate statistics, Dust particles, Comet, KNN classification, Special Issue ‐ Research Articles, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Astrobiology, random forest classification, 020401 chemical engineering, time-offlight secondary ion mass spectrometry, Mass analyzer, 0204 chemical engineering, Spectral data, Applied Mathematics, 010401 analytical chemistry, Special Issue ‐ Research Article, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 0104 chemical sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], variable importance, Environmental science, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko
Abstract

The instrument COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer) onboard of the European Space Agency mission Rosetta collected and analyzed dust particles in the neighborhood of comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko. The chemical composition of the particle surfaces was characterized by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. A set of 2213 spectra has been selected, and relative abundances for CH‐containing positive ions as well as positive elemental ions define a set of multivariate data with nine variables. Evaluation by complementary chemometric techniques shows different compositions of sample groups collected during two periods of the mission. The first period was August to November 2014 (far from the Sun); the second period was January 2015 to February 2016 (nearer to the Sun). The applied data evaluation methods consider the compositional nature of the mass spectral data and comprise robust principal component analysis as well as classification with discriminant partial least squares regression, k‐nearest neighbor search, and random forest decision trees. The results indicate a high importance of the relative abundances of the secondary ions C+ and Fe+ for the group separation and demonstrate an enhanced content of carbon‐containing substances in samples collected in the period with smaller distances to the Sun., Extraterrestrial dust particles from the neighborhood of comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko have been collected by the instrument COSIMA onboard of the European Space Agency mission Rosetta. The composition of the particles was characterized by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry giving evidence of minerals and macromolecular organic substances. A specific multivariate evaluation of the mass spectral data by chemometric methods indicates an enhanced content of carbon‐containing substances in samples collected in a period with smaller distances to the Sun.

Published
2020

24. UV irradiation of biomarkers adsorbed on minerals under Martian-like conditions: Hints for life detection on Mars

Author

Robert M. Hazen, Andrew Steele, Inge Loes ten Kate, Arjen Boosman, John Robert Brucato, Sandra Siljeström, Giovanni Poggiali, Teresa Fornaro, Petrology, ITA, USA, NLD, and CHE

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform, Inorganic chemistry, Infrared spectroscopy, Martian soil, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Mars soil analogues, Apatite, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, Laboratory simulations, Chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Hematite, Natrolite, Space and Planetary Science, visual_art, Raman spectroscopy, visual_art.visual_art_medium, engineering, ToF-SIMS, Biomarkers
Abstract

Laboratory simulations of Martian conditions are essential to develop quantitative models for the survival of organic biomarkers for future Mars exploration missions. In this work, we report the results of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation processing of biomarkers adsorbed on minerals under Martian-like conditions. Specifically, we prepared Mars soil analogues by doping forsterite, lizardite, antigorite, labradorite, natrolite, apatite and hematite minerals with organic compounds considered as potential biomarkers of extant terrestrial life such as the nucleotides adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP). We characterized such Mars soil analogues by means of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Confocal Raman Imaging Spectroscopy (CRIS), in order to get insights into the specific molecule-mineral interactions and explore the capabilities of different techniques to reveal diagnostic features of these biomarkers. Then, we performed irradiation experiments in the mid-UV spectral region under simulated Martian conditions and under terrestrial ambient conditions for comparison, monitoring the degradation process through DRIFTS. We observed that degradation under Martian-like conditions occurs much slower than in terrestrial ambient conditions. The minerals labradorite and natrolite mainly promote photodegradation of nucleotides, hematite and forsterite exhibit an intermediate degrading effect, while apatite, lizardite and antigorite do not show any significant catalytic effect on the degradation of the target organic species.

Published
2018

25. The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Instrument: Characterization of Organic Material in Martian Sediments

Author

Andrej Grubisic, Caroline Freissinet, Jorge L. Vago, Fred Goesmann, Arnaud Buch, Xiang Li, Stephanie Getty, Ryan M. Danell, Fabien Stalport, John Robert Brucato, Mitchell D. Schulte, Ricardo Arevalo, Veronica Pinnick, William B. Brinckerhoff, Cyril Szopa, Noël Grand, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Daniel P. Glavin, Harald Steininger, François Raulin, Walter Goetz, Robert Lindner, Friso H. W. van Amerom, Sandra Siljeström, Helge Mißbach, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danell Consulting Inc., RISE Bioscience and Materials/Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), NASA Headquarters, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Mini-Mass Consulting, Inc., Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)

Subjects
Martian, Spectrum analyzer, Mass spectrometry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Special Collection of Papers: ExoMars Rover MissionGuest Editor: Jorge L. Vago, Chemistry, Planetary instrumentation, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astrobiology, Characterization (materials science), 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Life detection, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Subsurface sediments, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) instrument onboard the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars rover (to launch in July, 2020) will analyze volatile and refractory organic compounds in martian surface and subsurface sediments. In this study, we describe the design, current status of development, and analytical capabilities of the instrument. Data acquired on preliminary MOMA flight-like hardware and experimental setups are also presented, illustrating their contribution to the overall science return of the mission. Key Words: Mars—Mass spectrometry—Life detection—Planetary instrumentation. Astrobiology 17, 655–685., Table of Contents 1. Introduction: The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Investigation 2. Science Goals 3. Objectives and Requirements 4. Instrument Top-Level Description 5. Instrument Development 5.1. Team organization 5.2. Instrument integration flow 5.3. Instrument verification 5.4. Achieved milestones and deliveries 6. Instrument Subsystems 6.1. Oven and tapping station subsystems 6.1.1. Derivatization 6.1.1.1. MTBSTFA 6.1.1.2. DMF-DMA 6.1.2. Thermochemolysis 6.1.3. Wet chemistry: storage and release of chemical agents 6.2. Gas chromatograph subsystem 6.2.1. Design requirements 6.2.2. Design overview 6.2.2.1. General architecture 6.2.2.2. Injection system 6.2.2.3. Separation of volatiles 6.2.2.4. Detection of volatiles 6.2.2.5. Gas handling system 6.2.2.6. GCMS coupling campaigns 6.3. Laser subsystem 6.3.1. Design requirements 6.3.2. Laser architecture 6.3.3. Verification data 6.4. Mass spectrometer subsystem 6.4.1. Design requirements 6.4.2. Analyzer architecture 6.4.2.1. Linear Ion Trap assembly 6.4.2.2. Detection channels 6.4.2.3. Electron Ionization Source 6.4.2.4. Fast-actuating aperture valve 6.4.2.5. Micropirani pressure sensor 6.4.2.6. Wide-Range Pump 6.4.3. Temperature control 6.4.4. Driving electronics 7. Operation of MOMA on the Surface of Mars 7.1. Expected measurement scenarios 7.2. Sequenced operational modes 7.3. Synergy with other instruments 7.3.1. Data interpretation 7.4. LDMS operations on Mars and test experiments on LDMS prototype system 7.5. Test experiments on GCMS prototype system: a case study 7.5.1. Sample and setup 7.5.2. Methods 7.5.2.1. Stepwise pyrolysis 7.5.2.2. Derivatization/thermochemolysis 7.5.2.3. GCMS parameters 7.5.3. Results and discussion 7.5.3.1. Pyrolysis 7.5.3.2. Derivatization and thermochemolysis 8. Discussion 9. Summary Acknowledgments Author Disclosure Statement References Abbreviations Used

Published
2017

26. Molecular Insights into Covalently Stained Carious Dentine Using Solid-State NMR and ToF-SIMS

Author

Diana Bernin, Sandra Siljeström, Åke Nilsson, Åsa Östlund, Jörgen G. Norén, Ulrica Almhöjd, and Peter Lingström

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Normal teeth, Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion, Dentistry, Covalent binding, Dental Caries, In Vitro Techniques, Stain, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, stomatognathic system, Humans, Limited capacity, Coloring Agents, General Dentistry, Lucifer yellow, business.industry, 030206 dentistry, Isoquinolines, Staining, stomatognathic diseases, Hydrazines, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Covalent bond, business, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract

Dyes currently used to stain carious dentine have a limited capacity to discriminate normal dentine from carious dentine, which may result in overexcavation. Consequently, finding a selective dye is still a challenge. However, there is evidence that hydrazine-based dyes, via covalent bonds to functional groups, bind specifically to carious dentine. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible formation of covalent bonds between carious dentine and 15N2-hydrazine and the hydrazine-based dye, 15N2-labelled Lucifer Yellow, respectively. Powdered dentine from extracted carious and normal teeth was exposed to the dyes, and the staining reactions were analysed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), solid-state 13C-labelled nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 15N-NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that 15N2-hydrazine and 15N2-labelled Lucifer Yellow both bind to carious dentine but not to normal dentine. It can thus be concluded that hydrazine-based dyes can be used to stain carious dentine and leave normal dentine unstained.

Published
2017

27. H/C elemental ratio of the refractory organic matter in cometary particles of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author

C. Briois, Martin Hilchenbach, Nicolas Fray, Hervé Cottin, Kurt Varmuza, Donia Baklouti, Sandra Siljeström, Conel M. O'd. Alexander, A. Bardyn, John Paquette, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, Cecile Engrand, Oliver Stenzel, Robin Isnard, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, ANR: 10-LABX-0047,ESEP,Space explorations of Planetary Environments(2010), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), ANR-10-LABX-0047,ESEP,Space explorations of Planetary Environments(2010), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Carnegie Institution for Science

Subjects
Physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Astrochemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Meteorite, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Atomic ratio, Organic matter, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko / astrochemistry, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Refractory (planetary science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Context. Because comets are part of the most primitive bodies of our solar system, establishing their chemical composition and comparing them to other astrophysical bodies gives new constraints on the formation and evolution of organic matter throughout the solar system. For two years, the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA) on board the Rosetta orbiter performed in situ analyses of the dust particles ejected from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). Aims. The aim is to determine the H/C elemental ratio of the refractory organic component contained in cometary particles of 67P. Methods. We analyzed terrestrial and extraterrestrial calibration samples using the COSIMA ground-reference model. Exploiting these calibration samples, we provide calibration lines in both positive and negative ion registration modes. Thus, we are now able to measure the cometary H/C elemental ratio. Results. The mean H/C value is 1.04 ± 0.16 based on 33 different cometary particles. Consequently, the H/C atomic ratio is on average higher in cometary particles of 67P than in even the most primitive insoluble organic matter extracted from meteorites. Conclusions. These results imply that the refractory organic matter detected in dust particles of 67P is less unsaturated than the material in meteorites.

Published
2019

28. Timing and origin of natural gas accumulation in the Siljan impact structure, Sweden

Author

Sandra Siljeström, Magnus Ivarsson, Mats E. Åström, Henrik Drake, Nick M.W. Roberts, Ellen Kooijman, Curt Broman, Christine Heim, and Martin J. Whitehouse

Subjects
Solid Earth sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Earth science, Siljan impact structure, natural gas, Carbonate minerals, General Physics and Astronomy, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Microbiology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Impact crater, Impact structure, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Bedrock, General Chemistry, Geokemi, Biogeochemistry, Geochemistry, Source rock, 13. Climate action, Meteoritics, Anaerobic oxidation of methane, lcsh:Q, Sedimentary rock, Oil shale, Geology
Abstract

Fractured rocks of impact craters may be suitable hosts for deep microbial communities on Earth and potentially other terrestrial planets, yet direct evidence remains elusive. Here, we present a study of the largest crater of Europe, the Devonian Siljan structure, showing that impact structures can be important unexplored hosts for long-term deep microbial activity. Secondary carbonate minerals dated to 80 ± 5 to 22 ± 3 million years, and thus postdating the impact by more than 300 million years, have isotopic signatures revealing both microbial methanogenesis and anaerobic oxidation of methane in the bedrock. Hydrocarbons mobilized from matured shale source rocks were utilized by subsurface microorganisms, leading to accumulation of microbial methane mixed with a thermogenic and possibly a minor abiotic gas fraction beneath a sedimentary cap rock at the crater rim. These new insights into crater hosted gas accumulation and microbial activity have implications for understanding the astrobiological consequences of impacts., Fractured rocks of impact craters have been suggested to be suitable hosts for deep microbial communities on Earth, and potentially other terrestrial planets, yet direct evidence remains elusive. Here, the authors show that the Siljan impact structure is host to long-term deep methane-cycling microbial activity.

Published
2019

30. Electrical properties of cometary dust particles derived from line shapes of TOF-SIMS spectra measured by the ROSETTA/COSIMA instrument

Author

Klaus Hornung, Hervé Cottin, John Paquette, Paola Modica, Harry Lehto, Kurt Varmuza, Rita Schulz, Oliver Stenzel, Martin Hilchenbach, Christelle Briois, Nicolas Fray, Yves Langevin, Laurent Thirkell, Donia Baklouti, Sihane Merouane, Jouni Rynö, Anais Bardyn, Sandra Siljeström, Henning Fischer, Cécile Engrand, Johan Silen, Eva Maria Mellado, Jochen Kissel, Andreas Koch, Institut für Strömungsmechanik und Aerodynamik (LRT-7), Universität der Bundeswehr München [Neubiberg] = Bundeswehr University, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Laboratoire de Physiogénomique / NeuroTranscriptomes et Paléogénétique (LPG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute Observation Services, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, Washington DC 20015, USA, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), University of Salzburg, Universität der Bundeswehr München [Neubiberg], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), ESA Scientific Support Office, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Carnegie Institution for Science, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)

Subjects
Permittivity, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Electric properties, Comet, Analytical chemistry, 67p/churyumov-gerasimenko, Electrical permittivity, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Specific resistivities, Negative ions, Ion, Time of flight, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Naturvetenskap, Rosetta mission, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation), Cometary dust, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Sample charging, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Dust, Time-of-flight mass spectra, Secondary ion mass spectrometers, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph], Cometary dusts, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Mass spectrum, Electrical properties, Cometary dust Rosetta mission Electrical properties Time-of-flight mass spectra Sample charging, Natural Sciences, Mass spectrometers
Abstract

Between Aug. 2014 and Sept. 2016, while ESA's cornerstone mission Rosetta was operating in the vicinity of the nucleus and in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the COSIMA instrument collected a large number of dust particles with diameters up to a millimeter. Positive or negative ions were detected by a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS) and the composition of selected particles was deduced. Many of the negative ion mass spectra show, besides mass peaks at the correct position, an additional, extended contribution at the lower mass side caused by partial charging of the dust. This effect, usually avoided in SIMS applications, can in our case be used to obtain information on the electrical properties of the collected cometary dust particles, such as the specific resistivity (ρr>1.2⋅1010Ωm) and the real part of the relative electrical permittivity (εr0.8). Funding details: Austrian Science Fund, FWF, P26871-N20; Funding details: Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, CNES; Funding details: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR, 50 QP 1801; Funding text 1: COSIMA was built by a consortium led by the Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany in collaboration with Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace, Orléans, France, Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS/Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland, Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany, von Hoerner und Sulger GmbH, Schwetzingen, Germany, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany, Institut für Physik, Forschungszentrum Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf, Austria, Institut für Weltraumforschung, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Graz, Austria and is lead by the Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of Germany ( DLR , grant 50 QP 1801 ), France ( CNES ), Austria ( FWF , grant P26871-N20 ), Finland and the ESA Technical Directorate is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the Rosetta Science Ground Segment at ESAC, the Rosetta Mission Operations Centre at ESOC and the Rosetta Project at ESTEC for their outstanding work enabling the science return of the Rosetta Mission. Appendix A

Published
2019

31. Organic synthesis on Mars by electrochemical reduction of CO2

Author

Juan Diego Rodriguez Blanco, Erik H. Hauri, J. L. Eigenbrode, Andrew Steele, Marc Fries, Francis M. McCubbin, Liane G. Benning, Karyn L. Rogers, Pamela G. Conrad, A. Needham, J. H. Wang, R. Wirth, Sandra Siljeström, D. Kilcoyne, and A. Schreiber

Subjects
Martian, Total organic carbon, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mars Exploration Program, Pyroxene, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Igneous rock, Meteorite, chemistry, Organic synthesis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Melt inclusions
Abstract

The sources and nature of organic carbon on Mars have been a subject of intense research. Steele et al. (2012) showed that 10 martian meteorites contain macromolecular carbon phases contained within pyroxene- and olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Here, we show that martian meteorites Tissint, Nakhla, and NWA 1950 have an inventory of organic carbon species associated with fluid-mineral reactions that are remarkably consistent with those detected by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. We advance the hypothesis that interactions among spinel-group minerals, sulfides, and a brine enable the electrochemical reduction of aqueous CO2 to organic molecules. Although documented here in martian samples, a similar process likely occurs wherever igneous rocks containing spinel-group minerals and/or sulfides encounter brines.

Published
2018

32. The Rosetta Mission and the Chemistry of Organic Species in Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author

Cécile Engrand, Ian Wright, Sandra Siljeström, Monica M. Grady, Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Interstellar medium, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Solar System, Nebula, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Comet, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Astrobiology
Abstract

International audience; Comets are regarded as probably the most primitive of solar system objects, preserving a record of the materials from which the solar system aggregated. Key amongst their components are organic compounds – molecules that may trace their heritage to the interstellar medium from which the protosolar nebula eventually emerged. The most recent cometary space mission, Rosetta, carried instruments designed to characterize, in unprecedented detail, the organic species in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). Rosetta was the first mission to match orbits with a comet and follow its evolution over time, and also the first mission to land scientific instruments on a comet surface. Results from the mission revealed a greater variety of molecules than previously identified and indicated that 67P contained both primitive and processed organic entities.

Published
2018

33. COSIMA data analysis using multivariate techniques

Author

Harry Lehto, Kurt Varmuza, Sandra Siljeström, Martin Hilchenbach, Hervé Cottin, Jochen Kissel, and Johan Silen

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Multivariate statistics, Multivariate analysis, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Calibration (statistics), business.industry, lcsh:QC801-809, Geology, Pattern recognition, Oceanography, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Similarity (network science), 0103 physical sciences, Mass spectrum, Data mining, Artificial intelligence, Cluster analysis, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, computer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We describe how to use multivariate analysis of complex TOF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) spectra by introducing the method of random projections. The technique allows us to do full clustering and classification of the measured mass spectra. In this paper we use the tool for classification purposes. The presentation describes calibration experiments of 19 minerals on Ag and Au substrates using positive mode ion spectra. The discrimination between individual minerals gives a cross-validation Cohen κ for classification of typically about 80%. We intend to use the method as a fast tool to deduce a qualitative similarity of measurements.

Published
2015

34. Mechanical and electrostatic experiments with dust particles collected in the inner coma of comet 67P by COSIMA onboard Rosetta

Author

Jochen Kissel, Anais Bardyn, Christelle Briois, Donia Baklouti, Martin Hilchenbach, Kurt Varmuza, Rita Schulz, John Paquette, W. Steiger, Nicolas Altobelli, Nicolas Fray, Sandra Siljeström, Andreas Koch, R. Thomas, Paola Modica, Johan Silen, Klaus Hornung, Henning Fischer, Oliver Stenzel, Yves Langevin, B. Zaprudin, Eva Maria Mellado, Léna Le Roy, Laurent Thirkell, H. Höfner, H. Henkel, Gerhard Haerendel, Hervé Cottin, Jouni Rynö, Sihane Merouane, Cécile Engrand, Harry Lehto, Klaus Torkar, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière ( CSNSM ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, ta115, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ion beam, General Mathematics, [ PHYS.ASTR ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Dust particles, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Ion, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Low speed, 13. Climate action, Agglomerate, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Comet nucleus, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The in situ cometary dust particle instrument COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyser) onboard ESA's Rosetta mission has collected about 31 000 dust particles in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko since August 2014. The particles are identified by optical microscope imaging and analysed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. After dust particle collection by low speed impact on metal targets, the collected particle morphology points towards four families of cometary dust particles. COSIMA is an in situ laboratory that operates remotely controlled next to the comet nucleus. The particles can be further manipulated within the instrument by mechanical and electrostatic means after their collection by impact. The particles are stored above 0°C in the instrument and the experiments are carried out on the refractory, ice-free matter of the captured cometary dust particles. An interesting particle morphology class, the compact particles, is not fragmented on impact. One of these particles was mechanically pressed and thereby crushed into large fragments. The particles are good electrical insulators and transform into rubble pile agglomerates by the application of an energetic indium ion beam during the secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Cometary science after Rosetta’.

Published
2017

35. Nitrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio measured by COSIMA in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author

Christelle Briois, Rita Schulz, Sandra Siljeström, B. Zaprudin, John Paquette, Paola Modica, Jouni Rynö, Henning Fischer, Martin Hilchenbach, Anais Bardyn, Oliver Stenzel, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, Harry Lehto, Johan Silen, Cécile Engrand, Laurent Thirkell, Robin Isnard, Kurt Varmuza, Eva Maria Mellado, Yves Langevin, Donia Baklouti, Klaus Hornung, Léna Le Roy, Hervé Cottin, Sihane Merouane, J. Kissel, Nicolas Fray, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire Imagerie et Systèmes d'Acquisition (LISA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), University of Turku, Universität Bern [Bern], Universität der Bundeswehr München [Neubiberg], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), ANR-10-LABX-0047,ESEP,Space explorations of Planetary Environments(2010), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)

Subjects
Astrochemistry, Comet, Analytical chemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, meteorites, Interplanetary dust cloud, Chondrite, 0103 physical sciences, meteors, meteoroids, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Gerasimenko, Physics, Range (particle radiation), ta115, Meteoroid, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], astrochemistry, comets: general, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Meteorite, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov, space vehicles, Atomic ratio
Abstract

International audience; The COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA) on board the Rosetta mission has analysed numerous cometary dust particles collected at very low velocities (a few m s(-1)) in the environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P). In these particles, carbon and nitrogen are expected mainly to be part of the organic matter. We have measured the nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) atomic ratio of 27 cometary particles. It ranges from 0.018 to 0.06 with an averaged value of 0.035 +/- 0.011. This is compatible with the measurements of the particles of comet 1P/Halley and is in the lower range of the values measured in comet 81P/Wild 2 particles brought back to Earth by the Stardust mission. Moreover, the averaged value found in 67P particles is also similar to the one found in the insoluble organic matter extracted from CM, CI and CR carbonaceous chondrites and to the bulk values measured in most interplanetary dust particles and micrometeorites. The close agreement of the N/C atomic ratio in all these objects indicates that their organic matters share some similarities and could have a similar chemical origin. Furthermore, compared to the abundances of all the detected elements in the particles of 67P and to the elemental solar abundances, the nitrogen is depleted in the particles and the nucleus of 67P as was previously inferred also for comet 1P/Halley. This nitrogen depletion could constrain the formation scenarios of cometary nuclei.

Published
2017

36. A comparative ToF-SIMS and GC–MS analysis of phototrophic communities collected from an alkaline silica-depositing hotspring

Author

M. N. Parenteau, Sherry L. Cady, Sandra Siljeström, and Linda L. Jahnke

Subjects
Hot spring, Phototroph, 010401 analytical chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Chemical data, Geokemi, Biology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mass spectrometry imaging, Lipids, ToF-SIMS, Imaging mass spectrometry, Microbial streamers, Hot springs, 0104 chemical sciences, Organic molecules, Geochemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Environmental chemistry, Naturvetenskap, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Natural Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

One of few techniques that is able to spatially resolve chemical data, including organic molecules, to morphologicalfeatures in modern and ancient geological samples, is time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS). The ability to connect chemical data to morphology is key for interpreting thebiogenicity of preserved remains in ancient samples. However, due to the lack of reference data for geologicallyrelevant samples and the ease with which samples can be contaminated, ToF-SIMS data may bedifficult to interpret. In this project, we aimed to build a ToF-SIMS spectral database by performing parallelToF-SIMS and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses of extant photosyntheticmicrobial communities collected from an alkaline silica-depositing hot spring in Yellowstone NationalPark, USA. We built the library by analyzing samples of increasing complexity: pure lipid standards commonlyfound in thermophilic phototrophs, solvent extracts of specific lipid fractions, total lipid extracts,pure cultures of dominant phototrophic community members, and unsilicified phototrophic streamercommunities.The results showed that important lipids and pigments originating from phototrophs were detected byToF-SIMS (e.g., wax esters, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sufloquinovosyldiaglycerol,alkanes, etc.) in the streamer lipid extracts. Many of the lipids were also detected in situin the unsilicified streamer, and could even be spatially resolved to individual cells within the streamercommunity. Together with the ToF-SIMS database, this mapping ability will be used to further exploreother microbial mats and their fossilized counterparts in the geological record. This is likely to expandthe geochemical understanding of these types of samples.

Published
2017

37. Similarities in element content between comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko coma dust and selected meteorite samples

Author

Sandra Siljeström, Oliver Stenzel, Franz Brandstätter, Martin Hilchenbach, John Paquette, Ludovic Ferrière, Sihane Merouane, Cécile Engrand, Peter Filzmoser, Kurt Varmuza, Christian Koeberl, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), and RISE Research Institutes of Sweden

Subjects
Physics, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, ta115, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteoroid, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Comet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coma (optics), 01 natural sciences, meteorites, Astrobiology, Meteorite, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 0103 physical sciences, meteors, meteoroids, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; We have analysed the element composition and the context of particles collected within the coma of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko with Rosetta’s COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA). A comparison has been made between on board cometary samples and four meteorite samples measured in the laboratory with the COSIMA reference model. Focusing on the rock-forming elements, we have found similarities with chondrite meteorites for some ion count ratios. The composition of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko particles measured by COSIMA shows an enrichment in volatile elements compared to that of the investigated Renazzo (CR2) carbonaceous meteorite sample.

Published
2017

38. Comparison of Prototype and Laboratory Experiments on MOMA GCMS: Results from the AMASE11 Campaign

Author

Sandra Siljeström, Fred Goesmann, Walter Goetz, Andrew Steele, Harald Steininger, Caroline Freissinet, and Hans E. F. Amundsen

Subjects
Geological Phenomena, Hot Temperature, Extraterrestrial Environment, Norway, Origin of Life, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Space Flight, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Organic Chemistry Phenomena, The arctic, Astrobiology, Organic molecules, Models, Chemical, Space and Planetary Science, Exobiology, Environmental science, Organic Chemicals, Remote sensing
Abstract

The characterization of any organic molecules on Mars is a top-priority objective for the ExoMars European Space Agency-Russian Federal Space Agency joint mission. The main instrument for organic analysis on the ExoMars rover is the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA). In preparation for the upcoming mission in 2018, different Mars analog samples are studied with MOMA and include samples collected during the Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition (AMASE) to Svalbard, Norway. In this paper, we present results obtained from two different Mars analog sites visited during AMASE11, Colletthøgda and Botniahalvøya. Measurements were performed on the samples during AMASE11 with a MOMA gas chromatograph (GC) prototype connected to a commercial mass spectrometer (MS) and later in home institutions with commercial pyrolysis-GCMS instruments. In addition, derivatization experiments were performed on the samples during AMASE11 and in the laboratory. Three different samples were studied from the Colletthøgda that included one evaporite and two carbonate-bearing samples. Only a single sample was studied from the Botniahalvøya site, a weathered basalt covered by a shiny surface consisting of manganese and iron oxides. Organic molecules were detected in all four samples and included aromatics, long-chained hydrocarbons, amino acids, nucleobases, sugars, and carboxylic acids. Both pyrolysis and derivatization indicated the presence of extinct biota by the detection of carboxylic acids in the samples from Colletthøgda, while the presence of amino acids, nucleobases, carboxylic acids, and sugars indicated an active biota in the sample from Botniahalvøya. The results obtained with the prototype flight model in the field coupled with repeat measurements with commercial instruments within the laboratory were reassuringly similar. This demonstrates the performance of the MOMA instrument and validates that the instrument will aid researchers in their efforts to answer fundamental questions regarding the speciation and possible source of organic content on Mars.

Published
2014

39. Analysis of single oil-bearing fluid inclusions in mid-Proterozoic sandstones (Roper Group, Australia)

Author

Herbert Volk, Simon C. George, Adriana Dutkiewicz, Sandra Siljeström, Jukka Lausmaa, Tomas Hode, and Peter Sjövall

Subjects
Geochemistry and Petrology, Proterozoic, Group (stratigraphy), Geochemistry, Sedimentary rock, Fluid inclusions, Early Earth, Geology
Abstract

Hydrocarbons and organic biomarkers extracted from black shales and other carbonaceous sedimentary rocks are valuable sources of information on the biodiversity and environment of early Earth. Howe ...

Published
2013

40. Biomarker imaging of single diatom cells in a microbial mat using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)

Author

Christine Heim, Sandra Siljeström, Tim Leefmann, Anastasiia Kryvenda, Peter Sjövall, and Volker Thiel

Subjects
biology, fungi, Physics::Medical Physics, 010401 analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, Quantitative Biology::Genomics, 01 natural sciences, Quantitative Biology::Cell Behavior, 0104 chemical sciences, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Time of flight, Biomarker (petroleum), Diatom, Geochemistry and Petrology, Environmental chemistry, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Microbial mat, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Biomarker imaging of single diatom cells in a microbial mat using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)

Published
2013

41. Spectral characterization of ten cyclic lipids using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Author

Peter Sjövall, Martin Blumenberg, Sandra Siljeström, Christine Heim, Tim Leefmann, and Volker Thiel

Subjects
Physics::Biological Physics, Ergosterol, Chromatography, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Organic Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, Quantitative Biology::Genomics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Characterization (materials science), Quantitative Biology::Subcellular Processes, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Terpene, chemistry.chemical_compound, Time of flight, Mathematics::K-Theory and Homology, Physics::Plasma Physics, Chlorophyll, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Spectroscopy
Abstract

Spectral characterization of ten cyclic lipids using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Published
2013

42. Author response: Heart fossilization is possible and informs the evolution of cardiac outflow tract in vertebrates

Author

Murilo Carvalho, Fabio Rodrigues, Ronei J. Poppi, Francisco Idalécio de Freitas, Douglas Galante, Carlos E. Rochitte, José Artur Ferreira Gomes de Andrade, Vincent Fernandez, Jefferson Bettini, Sandra Siljeström, Rafael Silva Nunes, Raul O. Freitas, José Xavier-Neto, Mariana R. Almeida, Marcelo R. de Carvalho, Lara Maldanis, Frederico A. Lima, Carlos A. Pérez, and Ismar de Souza Carvalho

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Outflow, Anatomy, Biology, Fossilization
Published
2016

43. MID MESOZOIC LACEWINGS AND CENOZOIC BUTTERFLIES EVOLUTIONARILY CONVERGE

Author

Yongjie Wang, Qiang Yang, Sandra Siljeström, Conrad C. Labandeira, Chungkun Shih, Y. S. Goreva, Dong Ren, Timothy R. Rose, Carol L. Hotton, Antónia Monteiro, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, and David L. Dilcher

Subjects
Paleontology, Earth science, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Geology
Published
2016

44. MOMA: the challenge to search for organics and biosignatures on Mars

Author

Ryan M. Danell, Daniel P. Glavin, Cyril Szopa, Fred Goesmann, F. H. W. van Amerom, Andrej Grubisic, Ricardo Arevalo, Fabien Stalport, Veronica Pinnick, Xiaojian Li, Harald Steininger, Walter Goetz, Stephanie Getty, William B. Brinckerhoff, Caroline Freissinet, Sandra Siljeström, François Raulin, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, Noël Grand, John Robert Brucato, Arnaud Buch, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danell Consulting Inc., Mini-Mass Consulting, Inc., Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)

Subjects
life, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), ExoMars rover, organic, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mars, MOMA, Mars Exploration Program, perchlorate, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, biosignature, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Biosignature, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

This paper describes strategies to search for, detect, and identify organic material on the surface and subsurface of Mars. The strategies described include those applied by landed missions in the past and those that will be applied in the future. The value and role of ESA's ExoMars rover and of her key science instrument Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) are critically assessed.

Published
2016

45. The evolutionary convergence of mid-mesozoic lacewings and cenozoic butterflies

Author

David L. Dilcher, Sandra Siljeström, Timothy R. Rose, Y. S. Goreva, Chungkun Shih, Yongjie Wang, Carol L. Hotton, Antónia Monteiro, Conrad C. Labandeira, Qiang Yang, Dong Ren, and Jorge A. Santiago-Blay

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Wing eyespots, Insecta, Angiosperms, Pollination, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Kalligrammatidae, Analytical Chemistry, Evolutionsbiologi, Pollinator, Convergent evolution, Wings, Animal, Research Articles, General Environmental Science, biology, Ecology, Fossils, Papilionoidea, General Medicine, Biological Evolution, Cretaceous, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, angiosperms, Butterflies, wing eyespots, gymnosperms, Zoology, Gymnosperms, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Phylogenetics, Pollen, tubular proboscis, medicine, Analytisk kemi, Animals, Evolutionary Biology, General Immunology and Microbiology, Neuroptera, biology.organism_classification, Tubular proboscis, 030104 developmental biology
Abstract

Mid-Mesozoic kalligrammatid lacewings (Neuroptera) entered the fossil record 165 million years ago (Ma) and disappeared 45 Ma later. Extant papilionoid butterflies (Lepidoptera) probably originated 80–70 Ma, long after kalligrammatids became extinct. Although poor preservation of kalligrammatid fossils previously prevented their detailed morphological and ecological characterization, we examine new, well-preserved, kalligrammatid fossils from Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sites in northeastern China to unravel a surprising array of similar morphological and ecological features in these two, unrelated clades. We used polarized light and epifluorescence photography, SEM imaging, energy dispersive spectrometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to examine kalligrammatid fossils and their environment. We mapped the evolution of specific traits onto a kalligrammatid phylogeny and discovered that these extinct lacewings convergently evolved wing eyespots that possibly contained melanin, and wing scales, elongate tubular proboscides, similar feeding styles, and seed–plant associations, similar to butterflies. Long-proboscid kalligrammatid lacewings lived in ecosystems with gymnosperm–insect relationships and likely accessed bennettitalean pollination drops and pollen. This system later was replaced by mid-Cretaceous angiosperms and their insect pollinators.

Published
2016

46. High-molecular-weight organic matter in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author

Harald Krüger, Jochen Kissel, H. Henkel, Anais Bardyn, Albrecht Glasmachers, François-Régis Orthous-Daunay, Hervé Cottin, Elmar K. Jessberger, Eberhard Grün, Harry Lehto, François Raulin, Kirsi Lehto, Kurt Varmuza, Sihane Merouane, Nicolas Fray, H. Höfner, Yves Langevin, Luigi Colangeli, Laurent Thirkell, Kathrin Altwegg, Andreas Koch, Johan Silen, Gerhard Haerendel, Léna Le Roy, Jouni Rynö, Christelle Briois, Paola Modica, Oliver Stenzel, Klaus Torkar, Donia Baklouti, Karl-Peter Wanczek, Martin Hilchenbach, Thomas Stephan, John Paquette, R. Thomas, Rita Schulz, Klaus Hornung, Henning Fischer, Cécile Engrand, W. Steiger, Sandra Siljeström, B. Zaprudin, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM AS), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut für Strömungsmechanik und Aerodynamik (LRT-7), Universität der Bundeswehr München [Neubiberg], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Finnish Meteorological Institute Observation Services, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces [Boras], SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Department of Geophysical Sciences [Chicago], University of Chicago, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale ( IAS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), European Space Research and Technology Centre ( ESTEC ), European Space Agency ( ESA ), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière ( CSNSM AS ), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-CNRS/IN2P3, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern], Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik ( MPIK ), Institut für Strömungsmechanik und Aerodynamik ( LRT-7 ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble ( IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans ( LMV ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] ( UJM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, Institute of Marine Research, Science Faculty, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht University [Utrecht], The University of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences ( THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ), and The Univerity of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, ta115, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, Comet dust, chemistry.chemical_element, Methods• References• Acknowledgements• Author information• Extended data figures and tables, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Interstellar medium, chemistry, Meteorite, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbonaceous chondrite, 0103 physical sciences, Sublimation (phase transition), Organic matter, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The presence of solid carbonaceous matter in cometary dust was established by the detection of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in particles from comet 1P/Halley1, 2. Such matter is generally thought to have originated in the interstellar medium3, but it might have formed in the solar nebula—the cloud of gas and dust that was left over after the Sun formed4. This solid carbonaceous material cannot be observed from Earth, so it has eluded unambiguous characterization5. Many gaseous organic molecules, however, have been observed6, 7, 8, 9; they come mostly from the sublimation of ices at the surface or in the subsurface of cometary nuclei8. These ices could have been formed from material inherited from the interstellar medium that suffered little processing in the solar nebula10. Here we report the in situ detection of solid organic matter in the dust particles emitted by comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko; the carbon in this organic material is bound in very large macromolecular compounds, analogous to the insoluble organic matter found in the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites11, 12. The organic matter in meteorites might have formed in the interstellar medium and/or the solar nebula, but was almost certainly modified in the meteorites’ parent bodies11. We conclude that the observed cometary carbonaceous solid matter could have the same origin as the meteoritic insoluble organic matter, but suffered less modification before and/or after being incorporated into the comet.

Published
2016

47. A Reduced Organic Carbon Component in Martian Basalts

Author

L. Kater, Hans E. F. Amundsen, R. Bowden, Edward P. Vicenzi, Pamela G. Conrad, Francis M. McCubbin, Steven B. Shirey, Allan H. Treiman, Sandra Siljeström, Richard N. Zare, Nabil Z. Boctor, Marc Fries, Mihaela Glamoclija, Maegan K. Spencer, Christopher D. K. Herd, Andrew Steele, Matthew R. Hammond, Marilyn L. Fogel, A. J. T. Jull, Emma S. Bullock, Amy L. Morrow, and Bjorn O. Mysen

Subjects
Total organic carbon, Martian, Basalt, Multidisciplinary, Extraterrestrial Environment, Chemistry, Silicates, Mars, chemistry.chemical_element, Mineralogy, Oxides, Meteoroids, Mars Exploration Program, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Carbon, Astrobiology, Carbon cycle, Meteorite, Sample Analysis at Mars, Organic Chemicals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Crystallization, Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract

Abiotic Martian Organics Understanding the sources and the formation mechanisms of organic carbon compounds on Mars has implications for our understanding of the martian carbon cycle. Steele et al. (p. 212 , published online 24 May) present measurements of organic material in 11 martian meteorites, including the Tissint meteorite, which fell in the Moroccan desert in July 2011. Ten of the meteorites contain complex hydrocarbons encased within igneous minerals. The results imply that the organics formed as the magma melt crystallized and are thus of abiotic origin.

Published
2012

48. Structural effects of C60+ bombardment on various natural mineral samples—Application to analysis of organic phases in geological samples

Author

Tomas Hode, Peter Sjövall, Sandra Siljeström, Jukka Lausmaa, and Mikael Sundin

Subjects
Mineral, General Physics and Astronomy, Mineralogy, chemistry.chemical_element, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Natural mineral, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Geobiology, Carbon deposition, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Kerogen, Fluid inclusions, Carbon
Abstract

Organic phases trapped inside natural mineral samples are of considerable interest in astrobiology, geochemistry and geobiology. Examples of such organic phases are microfossils, kerogen and oil. I ...

Published
2011

49. Intricate tunnels in garnets from soils and river sediments in Thailand – Possible endolithic microborings

Author

Apichet Boonsoong, Sara J. M. Holmström, Federica Marone, Mingkhwan Kruachanta, Bongkot Phichaikamjornwut, Veneta Belivanova, Prayote Ounchanum, Magnus Ivarsson, Sandra Siljeström, Stefan Bengtson, and Henrik Skogby

Subjects
Geologic Sediments, Fungal Structure, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, lcsh:Medicine, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Biochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Soil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Naturvetenskap, Electron Microscopy, lcsh:Science, Trophic level, Sedimentary Geology, Abiotic component, Minerals, Microscopy, Crystallography, Multidisciplinary, Mineral, Fossils, Physics, Fatty Acids, Geology, Thailand, Mineralogy, Condensed Matter Physics, Lipids, Physical Sciences, Crystal Structure, Chemical attack, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Natural Sciences, Research Article, Freshwater Environments, Materials by Structure, Materials Science, Mycology, Research and Analysis Methods, Crystals, Rivers, Solid State Physics, Ferrous Compounds, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Silicates, lcsh:R, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Aquatic Environments, Biology and Life Sciences, Sediment, Bodies of Water, Silicate, chemistry, Soil water, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q
Abstract

Garnets from disparate geographical environments and origins such as oxidized soils and river sediments in Thailand host intricate systems of microsized tunnels that significantly decrease the quality and value of the garnets as gems. The origin of such tunneling has previously been attributed to abiotic processes. Here we present physical and chemical remains of endolithic microorganisms within the tunnels and discuss a probable biological origin of the tunnels. Extensive investigations with synchrotron-radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) reveal morphological indications of biogenicity that further support a euendolithic interpretation. We suggest that the production of the tunnels was initiated by a combination of abiotic and biological processes, and that at later stages biological processes came to dominate. In environments such as river sediments and oxidized soils garnets are among the few remaining sources of bio-available Fe2+, thus it is likely that microbially mediated boring of the garnets has trophic reasons. Whatever the reason for garnet boring, the tunnel system represents a new endolithic habitat in a hard silicate mineral otherwise known to be resistant to abrasion and chemical attack., PLoS ONE, 13 (8), ISSN:1932-6203

Published
2018

50. Significance of variables for discrimination: Applied to the search of organic ions in mass spectra measured on cometary particles

Author

Kurt Varmuza, Nicolas Fray, Jan Walach, Martin Hilchenbach, Irene Hoffmann, Christelle Briois, Paola Modica, Oliver Stenzel, Peter Filzmoser, Hervé Cottin, Jochen Kissel, Johan Silen, Sandra Siljeström, and A. Bardyn

Subjects
Physics, Multivariate statistics, Applied Mathematics, 010401 analytical chemistry, Comet, Univariate, Analytical chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Ion, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Mass analyzer, Mass spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract

The instrument Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA) on board of the European Space Agency mission Rosetta to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is a secondary ion mass spectrometer with a time-of-flight mass analyzer. It collected near the comet several thousand particles, imaged them, and analyzed the elemental and chemical compositions of their surfaces. In this study, variables have been generated from the spectral data covering the mass ranges of potential C-, H-, N-, and O-containing ions. The variable importance in binary discriminations between spectra measured on cometary particles and those measured on the target background has been estimated by the univariate t test and the multivariate methods discriminant partial least squares, random forest, and a robust method based on the log ratios of all variable pairs. The results confirm the presence of organic substances in cometary matter—probably a complex macromolecular mixture.

Published
2018

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