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Peri-urban interfaces tend to ensure water supply relying on their surrounding’ resources, generating water disputes when asking for collaboration. The urban-rural matrix of the Marina Baja county in southern Spain is characterized by inland irrigation and coastal tourism development, being the most water-intensive activities in Benidorm. This contribution addresses the following research question: Can a better and systematic understanding of stakeholders’ behavior and interactions increase water resilience in urban-rural interfaces? Data were collected from semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to 19 key stakeholders representing government officials, water managers, and the agricultural, tourism, and environmental sectors. Data were analyzed following the SAA and using MaxQDA® Analytics Pro 2020. A triple-loop analysis on water governance has been developed and applied to synthesize stakeholders’ behavior when addressing urban water resilience to face climate change impacts: relevance and representativeness (to be), recognition and assessment (to do), and collaboration (to share). Results highlighted how Benidorm’s urban water resilience is conditioned by four main learnings from stakeholders’ perception and interaction: (1) ‘feeling represented’ is related to stakeholders’ capacity to negotiate decisions, (2) lack of political will and Benidorm’s leading role increase stakeholders’ feelings of underrepresentation, motivating power imbalance, (3) stakeholders’ actions are less valued than stakeholders’ roles and functions, and (4) agreements are benefited by predisposition (willingness), but also by the compatibility of discourses (affinity) and the technical-management facilities (viability). This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral research fellow, grant number FJCI-2015-24346) and by the Interuniversity Institute of Geography, University of Alicante (grant number I-PI-88-18), both awarded to the first author. The research is partially supported by the SIMTWIST project (ERA-NET Water JPI 2018) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PCI2019-103395).

Europe’s freshwater resources are under increasing stress in several regions, with a mismatch between demand for, and availability of, water resources across both temporal and geographical (spatial) scales. Human pressures have encouraged more active consideration of alternative water sources as a strategic option to supplement water supplies and protect natural resources. Recognition of the potential role of water reuse in such a strategy is now well embedded within both European and national policy communities. However, a lack of governance in decision-making processes focused on the benefits of using alternative water resources can motivate frustration to farmers and the public. In order to address this gap, the provision of water governance tools, strategies and policies are key issues than simply finding technical (or technocratic) solutions for matching, in space and time, and in quantity and quality, water demands and (alternative) water sources. The promotion of Constructed Wetlands (CWs) and Alternative Water Exchange Consortiums (AWECs) can be positive to ensure irrigation governance in the Anthropocene.

This paper maps the interaction between irrigation multi-functionality and decision-making processes in order to improve governance in Southern European hydro-social systems. Two approaches, the stakeholder analysis approach and the governance model approach, are applied in accordance with the territorial dimension of geographical analysis in order to evaluate the conflicting points of view between stakeholder profiles. The obtained results can be used by the relevant authorities to customize their interventions, allowing them to know beforehand which are the different stakeholder priorities and in this way establishing more effective avenues of communication.

Interest in obtaining a more accurate snapshot of the territory is increasingly relevant in most geographic studies. This proposal is based on the stakeholder analysis approach and the governance model approach to analysing any topic with a geographical profile or interest from an educational and methodological point of view. The selection of those approaches and the application of some related techniques have been used to generate a new tool for identifying and characterizing the key stakeholders in order to understand their behaviour and its influence or power on decision-making processes. This methodology can be used by educational members and geographers as a working basis to analyse an exchange sociallearning from confronted interests. Indexing terms/Keywords

The successes and failures of water reuse schemes are shaped by complex interrelationships between technological, economic, and socio-political factors. However, it has long been recognized that the main challenges to more effective water management are largely social rather than technical. This article reviews the recent literature (2007–2017) to analyze driving factors associated with farmers’ concerns and public perception of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation. The aim of the paper is to synthetize how both environmental and health risks and the yuck factor could be addressed in order to promote mutual understanding between farmers and the public. Results show: (1) how farmers and the public perceive environmental and health risks in a similar way, (2) how the yuck factor is more noticeable for the public than farmers, and (3) how constructed wetlands, reclaimed water exchange consortiums, product certification, and direct site visits to water reuse infrastructure could be promoted in order to foster understanding between farmers and the public. The article concludes by providing key research questions for managers and public authorities relating to how to focus on the study of technical and social issues related to water reuse This research was funded by Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral research fellow awarded to Sandra Ricart (grant number FJCI-2015-24346), and by the national competitive project PLUVIRESMED, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant number CSO2015-65182-C2-2P).

La gestión del regadío multifuncional se viene debatiendo en términos que incorporan tanto la preocupación por su impacto socioeconómico y ambiental, como discusiones acerca de los intereses público-privados que emanan de su promoción. Con ello, las cuestiones sobre quién forma parte de la toma de decisiones y en qué medida participa o ejerce cierto control o influencia sobre el conjunto de actores centran el debate sobre su legitimidad y gobernanza. El presente artículo profundiza en estos aspectos de la mano de un caso de estudio, el corredor agroecológico que conforma el Parque Natural El Hondo y el Parque Natural Agrario Los Carrizales (Elche, Alicante). En base a la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y cuestionarios y con el fin de profundizar en su modelo de gestión y las relaciones de poder entre partes interesadas, este artículo analiza 1) las cuestiones que generan mayor preocupación y debate en el sistema agroecológico El Hondo-Los Carrizales y 2) el nivel de gobernanza en la toma de decisiones que emana de su gestión. Los resultados muestran un reconocimiento social escaso del carácter multifuncional de ambos parques, así como la necesidad de afianzar su gestión de forma integrada y adaptativa para con ello aumentar su resiliencia frente a los impactos del cambio climático y maximizar su potencial agronómico, ambos dos aspectos clave para la supervivencia del sistema El Hondo-Los Carrizales. The management of multifunctional irrigation has been debated both in terms of the concern for its socio-economic and environmental impact, and discussions about the public-private interests that emanate from its promotion. According to this, questions about who takes part of the decision-making processes and to what extent they participate or exert some control or influence on the whole stakeholders focus the debate about its legitimacy and governance. This article delves into these aspects from the analysis of a case study, the agroecological corridor formed by the El Hondo Natural Park and Los Carrizales Agrarian Natural Park (Elche, Alicante). From semi-structured interviews and questionnaires and in order to deepen on its management model and the power relations between key stakeholders, the paper analyses 1) the issues that generate the greatest concern and debate on the El Hondo-Los Carrizales agroecological system and 2) the level of governance in decision-making process. Results show a lack of social recognition towards the multifunctionality of both parks, as well as the need to strengthen its management in an integrated and adaptive way, thereby increasing its resilience to the impacts of climate change and maximizing its agronomic potential, both key aspects for the survival of the agroecological system of El Hondo-Los Carrizales.

The rising water turbulence in the Anthropocene changes the water research and policy agenda, from a water-resource efficiency to a water resilience focus. Irrigation systems, as examples of complex social-ecological systems, deal with both the uncertainty of ecosystem dynamics and the interdependencies resulting from human needs. The water-agriculture nexus is context-dependent, socially constructed and technically uncertain, and it should be analysed as a hydrosocial cycle, which likewise takes into account the inseparability of social and physical aspects of water systems. Water management options have typically been categorized as either supply management or demand management, and even though physical solutions continue to dominate traditional planning approaches, these solutions are facing increasing social opposition. Focused on the Anthropocene dynamics, how to ensure stakeholders’ involvement? The value of stakeholder participation is to reduce the rigid influence of the technocratic state by devolving greater decision-making power to users directly invested in, and knowledgeable of, the management of natural resources. This paper aims to review key questions about water governance in order to promote the transition from being problem-oriented to proactive and forward-thinking management tools by ensuring social learning.

Al llarg de les darreres dècades i de forma progressiva s’ha intensificat l’atenció científica i la mobilització social al voltant del rol de l’agricultura en l’ús i la gestió dels béns comuns. En aquest context, s’ha apostat pel caràcter multifuncional de l’agricultura com a enfocament capaç d’integrar la funció productiva amb les funcions ambientals, patrimonials o paisatgístiques de la seva pràctica. Aquest article té per objectiu endinsar-se en el debat existent al voltant de la multifuncionalitat de l’agricultura i la seva legitimació social com a mecanisme de gestió territorial dels béns comuns. Per fer-ho, es duu a terme, en primer lloc, una revisió de la literatura científica que ha tractat aquesta qüestió per, tot seguit, analitzar, a partir del buidatge dels informes de l’Eurobaròmetre, quins són els vincles existents entre la multifuncionalitat, la sostenibilitat de l’agricultura i la seva legitimació social., Over the past few decades, scientific attention and social mobilization regarding the role of agriculture in the use and management of the commons has gradually intensified. In this context, the multifunctionality of agriculture is increasingly considered as an approach able to integrate the productive function of agriculture with its environmental, heritage and landscape functions. This article aims to deepen the existing debate about the multifunctionality of agriculture and its social legitimacy as a mechanism for territorial management of the commons. For this purpose, we first conduct a review of the scientific literature and, secondly, use Eurobarometer reports to analyze the existing links between multifunctionality, sustainability of agriculture and its social legitimacy., En las décadas precedentes y de forma progresiva en los últimos años se ha intensificado la atención científica y la movilización social en torno al rol de la agricultura en el uso y la gestión de los bienes comunes. En este contexto, se viene apostando por el carácter multifuncional de la agricultura como enfoque capaz de integrar su función productiva con las funciones ambientales, patrimoniales o paisajísticas de su práctica. Este artículo tiene por objetivo adentrarse en el debate existente en torno a la multifuncionalidad de la agricultura y su legitimación social como mecanismo de gestión territorial de los bienes comunes. Con ello, se lleva a cabo, en primer lugar, una revisión de la literatura científica que ha tratado esta cuestión para, a continuación, analizar mediante el vaciado de los informes del Eurobarómetro, cuáles son los vínculos existentes entre la multifuncionalidad, la sostenibilidad de la agricultura y su legitimación social., Au cours des dernières décennies, on a assisté à une intensification progressive del’attention scientifique et de la mobilisation sociale autour du rôle de l’agriculture dans l’utilisation et la gestion des ressources communes. Dans ce contexte, on envisage la multifonctionnalité de l’agriculture en tant qu’approche capable d’intégrer la fonction productive de l’agriculture avec des fonctions environnementales, patrimoniales et paysagistiques. Cet article vise à approfondir le débat actuel sur la multifonctionnalité de l’agriculture et sur sa légitimité sociale comme mécanisme de gestion territoriale des communes. A cet effet, nous avons passé en revue la littérature scientifique qui traitait de cette question, puis nous avons analysé, à partir des rapports de l’Eurobaromètre, quels sont les liens existant entre la multifonctionnalité, la durabilité de l’agriculture et sa légitimité sociale.

En los años precedentes, el regadío y su gestión han devenido protagonistas de un debate social que cuestiona los límites económicos, ambientales y territoriales de su práctica en espacio y tiempo. Las construcciones hidráulicas como los canales de regadío han ocupado un papel central en el intento de “dominar” el recurso agua y controlar así el territorio. Sin embargo y, con el paso del tiempo, tanto la modernización de regadíos tradicionales como la promoción de nuevos regadíos han sido progresivamente cuestionadas ante el auge de las demandas ambientales y la promoción de la gobernanza como mecanismo favorecedor de acuerdos entre partes interesadas. En Cataluña, la gestión del regadío debe hacer frente tanto a los requisitos de eficiencia como a la compatibilidad entre usos consuntivos y no consuntivos así como a la legitimación social de proyectos que sobrepasan el interés sectorial. El análisis de la realidad asociada a los regadíos históricos del Bajo Ter y de la Muga así como del proyecto en ejecución del canal Segarra-Garrigues enfatiza en la necesidad de promover un modelo de gestión territorial del regadío capaz de integrar y legitimar distintos puntos de vista en competencia. In previous years, irrigation and its management have become protagonists of a social debate that questions their economic, environmental and territorial limits in space and time. The hydraulic constructions as irrigation canals have played a central role in the attempt to “dominate” the water resources and so control the territory. However and after some time, both the modernization of traditional irrigation as the promotion of new irrigation projects are called into question due to the rise of environmental demands and promoting governance as a mechanism favourable to agreements between stakeholders. In Catalonia, the irrigation management must deal both efficiency requirements as to the compatibility between consumptive and non-consumptive water uses well as the social legitimacy of projects that exceed sectoral interest. The situation analysis of Bajo Ter and Muga historic irrigation canals and the running project of Segarra-Garrigues irrigation canal emphasize the need to promote a territorial management model capable of integrating and legitimize different competing water views.

En la comarca del Alt Empordà (Girona), el olivar ha configurado históricamente un paisaje de alto valor económico, cultural y ambiental si bien desde mediados del siglo XX se encuentra en fuerte regresión. Uno de los municipios situados en el límite de la plana altoampurdanesa que mejor ejemplifican este proceso de abandono y casi desaparición del olivar es Navata. Este artículo analiza los cambios experimentados en el olivar de este municipio en el periodo 1957-2004 a través tanto de la elaboración de una cartografía de usos y cubiertas del suelo a escala de detalle como del análisis de fuentes estadísticas y orales, ejercicio que pone de relieve la pérdida del 90% del olivar existente a mediados del siglo pasado. La helada de febrero de 1956 fue uno de los principales causantes, pero no el único. Sin embargo, tanto la importancia del olivar como elemento identitario y de conservación de la biodiversidad como el carácter diferenciador del aceite que se obtiene a partir de variedades propias de la zona (especialmente la argudell), justifican la necesidad de impulsar políticas que ayuden a su recuperación. In the region of Alt Empordà (Girona), olive groves historically shaped a landscape of high economic value, cultural and environmental although since mid twentieth century is in sharp decline. One of the municipalities located on the edge of the plana altoampurdanesa that best exemplify this process of abandonment and near disappearance of that crop is Navata. This article analyzes the changes in the olive grove of this municipality in the period 1957-2004, both through the development of mapping land use and land cover level of detail as the analysis of data sources and oral exercise that makes emphasizes the loss of 90% of the existing olive grove in the middle of last century. The frost of February of 1956 was one of the main causes, but not unique. However, both the importance of the olive groves as an identity and conservation of biodiversity as the differential nature of the oil obtained from varieties natives to the area (especially argudell), justify the need to promote policies that will help your recovery.