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The gut microbiota are increasingly considered as a main partner of human health. Metaproteomics enables us to move from the functional potential revealed by metagenomics to the functions actually operating in the microbiome. However, metaproteome deciphering remains challenging. In particular, confident interpretation of a myriad of MS/MS spectra can only be pursued with smart database searches. Here, we compare the interpretation of MS/MS data sets from 48 individual human gut microbiomes using three interrogation strategies of the dedicated Integrated nonredundant Gene Catalog (IGC 9.9 million genes from 1267 individual fecal samples) together with the Homo sapiens database: the classical single-step interrogation strategy and two iterative strategies (in either two or three steps) aimed at preselecting a reduced-sized, more targeted search space for the final peptide spectrum matching. Both iterative searches outperformed the single-step classical search in terms of the number of peptides and protein clusters identified and the depth of taxonomic and functional knowledge, and this was the most convincing with the three-step approach. However, iterative searches do not help in reducing variability of repeated analyses, which is inherent to the traditional data-dependent acquisition mode, but this variability did not affect the hierarchical relationship between replicates and all other samples.

One of the difficulties encountered in the statistical analysis of metaproteomics data is the high proportion of missing values, which are usually treated by imputation. Nevertheless, imputation methods are based on restrictive assumptions regarding missingness mechanisms, namely “at random” or “not at random”. To circumvent these limitations in the context of feature selection in a multi-class comparison, we propose a univariate selection method that combines a test of association between missingness and classes, and a test for difference of observed intensities between classes. This approach implicitly handles both missingness mechanisms. We performed a quantitative and qualitative comparison of our procedure with imputation-based feature selection methods on two experimental data sets, as well as simulated data with various scenarios regarding the missingness mechanisms and the nature of the difference of expression (differential intensity or differential missingness). Whereas we observed similar performances in terms of prediction on the experimental data set, the feature ranking and selection from various imputation-based methods were strongly divergent. We showed that the combined test reaches a compromise by correlating reasonably with other methods, and remains efficient in all simulated scenarios unlike imputation-based feature selection methods.

The time between appearance of successive leaves or phyllochron enables to characterize the vegetative development of maize plants which determines their flowering time. Phyllochron is usually considered as constant over the development of a given plant, even though studies have demonstrated response of growth parameters to environmental variables. In this paper, we proposed a novel statistical approach for phyllochron analysis based on a stochastic process, which combines flexibility and a more accurate modelling than existing regression models. The model enables accurate estimation of the phyllochron associated with each leaf rank and enables hypothesis testing. We applied the model on an original maize dataset collected in fields from plants belonging to closely related genotypes originated from divergent selection experiments for flowering time conducted on two maize inbred lines. We showed that the main differences in phyllochron were not observed between selection populations (Early or Late), but rather ancestral lines, years of experimentation, and leaf ranks. Finally, we showed that phyllochron variations through seasons could be related to climate variations, even if the impact of each climatic variables individually was not clearly elucidated. All script and data can be found at \url{https://doi.org/10.15454/CUEHO6}

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

An integrated analysis of gut microbiota, blood biochemical and metabolome in 52 endurance horses was performed. Clustering by gut microbiota revealed the existence of two communities mainly driven by diet as host properties showed little effect. Community 1 presented lower richness and diversity, but higher dominance and rarity of species, including some pathobionts. Moreover, its microbiota composition was tightly linked to host blood metabolites related to lipid metabolism and glycolysis at basal time. Despite the lower fiber intake, community type 1 appeared more specialized to produce acetate as a mean of maintaining the energy supply as glucose concentrations fell during the race. On the other hand, community type 2 showed an enrichment of fibrolytic and cellulolytic bacteria as well as anaerobic fungi, coupled to a higher production of propionate and butyrate. The higher butyrate proportion in community 2 was not associated with protective effects on telomere lengths but could have ameliorated mucosal inflammation and oxidative status. The gut microbiota was neither associated with the blood biochemical markers nor metabolome during the endurance race, and did not provide a biomarker for race ranking or risk of failure to finish the race.

In this paper, we propose a new method for inferring the metabolic potential of microbial ecosystems based on gene frequencies generated from shotgun metagenomic data. Our approach is based on Non-Negative Matrix Factorization with constraints accounting for prior biological knowledge of bacterial metabolism. The problem is solved using efficient accelerated projected gradient methods. The approach is illustrated on a toy model and on real data on fiber metabolism by the gut microbiota in humans. We show how this approach leads to the inference of biologically relevant gene clusters.

Enterococci, in particular vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), are a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Promoting intestinal resistance against enterococci could reduce the risk of VRE infections. We investigated the effects of two Lactobacillus strains to prevent intestinal VRE. We used an intestinal colonisation mouse model based on an antibiotic-induced microbiota dysbiosis to mimic enterococci overgrowth and VRE persistence. Each Lactobacillus spp. was administered daily to mice starting one week before antibiotic treatment until two weeks after antibiotic and VRE inoculation. Of the two strains, Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-3689 decreased significantly VRE numbers in the feces demonstrating an improvement of the reduction of VRE. Longitudinal microbiota analysis showed that supplementation with L. paracasei CNCM I-3689 was associated with a better recovery of members of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Bile salt analysis and expression analysis of selected host genes revealed increased level of lithocholate and of ileal expression of camp (human LL-37) upon L. paracasei CNCM I-3689 supplementation. Although a direct effect of L. paracasei CNCM I-3689 on the VRE reduction was not ruled out, our data provide clues to possible anti-VRE mechanisms supporting an indirect anti-VRE effect through the gut microbiota. This work sustains non-antibiotic strategies against opportunistic enterococci after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.

Consider a positive random variable of interest Y depending on a covariate X, and a random observation time T independent of Y given X. Assume that the only knowledge available about Y is its current status at time T: δ = I { Y ≤ T } with I the indicator function. This paper presents a procedure to estimate the conditional cumulative distribution function F of Y given X from an independent identically distributed sample of ( X , T , δ ) . A collection of finite-dimensional linear subsets of L 2 ( R 2 ) called models are built as tensor products of classical approximation spaces of L 2 ( R ) . Then a collection of estimators of F is constructed by minimization of a regression-type contrast on each model and a data driven procedure allows to choose an estimator among the collection. We show that the selected estimator converges as fast as the best estimator in the collection up to a multiplicative constant and is minimax over anisotropic Besov balls. Finally simulation results illustrate the performance of the estimation and underline parameters that impact the estimation accuracy.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is also available via DOI:10.1186/s12874-016-0129-z Background: The understanding of changes in temporal processes related to human carcinogenesis is limited. One approach for prospective functional genomic studies is to compile trajectories of differential expression of genes, based on measurements from many case-control pairs. We propose a new statistical method that does not assume any parametric shape for the gene trajectories. Methods: The trajectory of a gene is defined as the curve representing the changes in gene expression levels in the blood as a function of time to cancer diagnosis. In a nested case–control design it consists of differences in gene expression levels between cases and controls. Genes can be grouped into curve groups, each curve group corresponding to genes with a similar development over time. The proposed new statistical approach is based on a set of hypothesis testing that can determine whether or not there is development in gene expression levels over time, and whether this development varies among different strata. Curve group analysis may reveal significant differences in gene expression levels over time among the different strata considered. This new method was applied as a “proof of concept” to breast cancer in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) postgenome cohort, using blood samples collected prospectively that were specifically preserved for transcriptomic analyses (PAX tube). Cohort members diagnosed with invasive breast cancer through 2009 were identified through linkage to the Cancer Registry of Norway, and for each case a random control from the postgenome cohort was also selected, matched by birth year and time of blood sampling, to create a case-control pair. After exclusions, 441 case-control pairs were available for analyses, in which we considered strata of lymph node status at time of diagnosis and time of diagnosis with respect to breast cancer screening visits. Results: The development of gene expression levels in the NOWAC postgenome cohort varied in the last years before breast cancer diagnosis, and this development differed by lymph node status and participation in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program. The differences among the investigated strata appeared larger in the year before breast cancer diagnosis compared to earlier years. Conclusions: This approach shows good properties in term of statistical power and type 1 error under minimal assumptions. When applied to a real data set it was able to discriminate between groups of genes with non-linear similar patterns before diagnosis.

The adaptive response to extreme endurance exercise might involve transcriptional and translational regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to perform an integrated analysis of the blood transcriptome and miRNome (using microarrays) in the horse before and after a 160 km endurance competition. A total of 2,453 differentially expressed genes and 167 differentially expressed microRNAs were identified when comparing pre- and post-ride samples. We used a hypergeometric test and its generalization to gain a better understanding of the biological functions regulated by the differentially expressed microRNA. In particular, 44 differentially expressed microRNAs putatively regulated a total of 351 depleted differentially expressed genes involved variously in glucose metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrion biogenesis, and immune response pathways. In an independent validation set of animals, graphical Gaussian models confirmed that miR-21-5p, miR-181b-5p and miR-505-5p are candidate regulatory molecules for the adaptation to endurance exercise in the horse. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to provide a comprehensive, integrated overview of the microRNA-mRNA co-regulation networks that may have a key role in controlling post-transcriptomic regulation during endurance exercise.

Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) metagenomics is increasingly used to study the structure and functions of complex microbial ecosystems, both from the taxonomic and functional point of view. Gene inventories of otherwise uncultured microbial communities make the direct functional profiling of microbial communities possible. The concept of community aggregated trait has been adapted from environmental and plant functional ecology to the framework of microbial ecology. Community aggregated traits are quantified from WGS data by computing the abundance of relevant marker genes. They can be used to study key processes at the ecosystem level and correlate environmental factors and ecosystem functions. In this paper we propose a novel model based approach to infer combinations of aggregated traits characterizing specific ecosystemic metabolic processes. We formulate a model of these Combined Aggregated Functional Traits (CAFTs) accounting for a hierarchical structure of genes, which are associated on microbial genomes, further linked at the ecosystem level by complex co-occurrences or interactions. The model is completed with constraints specifically designed to exploit available genomic information, in order to favor biologically relevant CAFTs. The CAFTs structure, as well as their intensity in the ecosystem, is obtained by solving a constrained Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) problem. We developed a multicriteria selection procedure for the number of CAFTs. We illustrated our method on the modelling of ecosystemic functional traits of fiber degradation by the human gut microbiota. We used 1408 samples of gene abundances from several high-throughput sequencing projects and found that four CAFTs only were needed to represent the fiber degradation potential. This data reduction highlighted biologically consistent functional patterns while providing a high quality preservation of the original data. Our method is generic and can be applied to other metabolic processes in the gut or in other ecosystems., Author Summary Microbial communities are highly complex ecosystems, harboring a high taxonomic diversity, rapidly varying in time. Focusing on the functional traits of microorganisms instead of species offers an interesting and complementary insight since quite often, owing to environmental selection pressure, traits are less variable in time and shared by many species. By providing gene inventories of otherwise uncultured microbial communities, Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) metagenomics made the functional profiling of microbial communities possible, since community aggregated traits can be quantified by the abundance of relevant marker genes. Considering a global metabolic process in an ecosystem, we propose a method that exploits gene abundance data to determine combinations of functional traits characterizing this process. When applied to fiber degradation in the human gut microbiota, the method shows that only four complex functional traits are needed to characterize this process. The approach is generic and could be applied to other processes or ecosystems. It allows summarizing complex datasets by a limited number of biologically interpretable functional patterns.

International Headache Society Clinical Trials Subcommittee members: Peer Tfelt-Hansen (chairman) (Denmark), Julio Pascual (vice-chairman) (Spain), Nabih Ramadan (vice-chairman) (USA), Carl Dahlof (Sweden), Domenico D’Amico (Italy), Hans-Christopher Diener (Germany), Jakob Moller Hansen (secretary) (Denmark), Michel Lanteri-Minet (France), Elisabeth Loder (USA), Douglas McCrory (USA), Sandra Plancade (France) and Todd Schwedt (USA)

International audience; This note presents an estimator of the hazard rate function based on right censored data. A collection of estimators is built from a regression-type contrast, in a general collection of linear models. Then, a penalised model selection procedure provides an estimator which satisfies an oracle inequality. In particular, we can prove that it is adaptive in the minimax sense on Hölder spaces.

This Note presents an estimator of the density of the error in a homoscedastic regression model, based on model selection methods, and propose a bound for the quadratic integrated risk. To cite this article: S. Plancade, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 346 (2008).

Description of the human microbiome is a critical issue. Standard approaches in gut microbial ecology are based on characterization of the taxonomic range and diversity of the main species sampled from feces. Paradoxically, while a very large taxonomic diversity has been observed between individuals, gut carries the same metabolic functions accross humanity. This can be motivated by ecological arguments: bacteria undergo a strong environmental selection pressure in the human gut which results in a low functional diversity. In this context, describing functional traits in microbiomes of a variety of individuals appears as a powerful approach to describe microorganisms selected in the gut. Thus, we aim at characterizing the main fiber degradation traits using recently available metagenomic data and tools adapted from blind source separation. 1-Reaction Graph and Metagenomic Data Reaction Graph: A strenuous work of selection is carried out in order to identify metabolites and reactions which are specifically involved in anaerobic catabolism pathways, as well as the known associated genes. We obtain 25 GH and PL families and an acyclic graph of 43 metabolites and 61 reactions representing sugar degradation (Figure 1). This graph is characterized by its incidence matrix Q ∈ R 43×61 , such that Q ij = 1 if edge j reaches vertex i, Q ij = −1 if edge j leaves vertex i and Q ij = 0 otherwise. Q is split into its positive and negative parts as Q = Q + − Q

International audience; Cellular motility is a fundamental biological process. Progress in the fields of gene silencing and high-throughput (HT) microscopy provide us with the tools to study its molecular basis and potential perturbators. The primary contribution of this paper is to present MotIW, a generic workflow for single cell motility study in HT time-lapse screening data. We successfully apply it to a simulated screen, as well as a genome-wide screen. Furthermore, MotIW enables the identification of eigth motility patterns into which all trajectories from this dataset divide up into, without any prior model of cell motion.

Published version also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.07.006 Traditionally, the prospective design has been chosen for risk factor analyses of lifestyle and cancer using mainly estimation by survival analysis methods. With new technologies, epidemiologists can expand their prospective studies to include functional genomics given either as transcriptomics, mRNA and microRNA, or epigenetics in blood or other biological materials. The novel functional analyses should not be assessed using classical survival analyses since the main goal is not risk estimation, but the analysis of functional genomics as part of the dynamic carcinogenic process over time, i.e., a ‘‘processual’’ approach. In the risk factor model, time to event is analysed as a function of exposure variables known at start of follow-up (fixed covariates) or changing over the follow-up period (time-dependent covariates). In the processual model, transcriptomics or epigenetics is considered as functions of time and exposures. The success of this novel approach depends on the development of new statistical methods with the capacity of describing and analysing the time-dependent curves or trajectories for tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. This approach also focuses on multilevel or integrative analyses introducing novel statistical methods in epidemiology. The processual approach as part of systems epidemiology might represent in a near future an alternative to human in vitro studies using human biological material for understanding the mechanisms and pathways involved in carcinogenesis.

This paper presents two results: a density estimator and an estimator of regression error density. We first propose a density estimator constructed by model selection, which is adaptive for the quadratic risk at a given point. Then we apply this result to estimate the error density in an homoscedastic regression framework $Y_i=b(X_i) + \epsilon _i$, from which we observe a sample $(X_i,Y_i)$. Given an adaptive estimator $\widehat{b}$ of the regression function, we apply the density estimation procedure to the residuals $\widehat{\epsilon} _i = Y_i -\widehat{b} (X_i)$. We get an estimator of the density of $\epsilon _i$ whose rate of convergence for the quadratic pointwise risk is the maximum of two rates: the minimax rate we would get if the errors were directly observed and the minimax rate of convergence of $\widehat{b}$ for the quadratic integrated risk.

Bacillus cereus is responsible for food poisoning and rare but severe clinical infections. The pathogenicity of strains varies from harmless to lethal strains. However, there are currently no markers, either alone or in combination, to differentiate pathogenic from non-pathogenic strains. The objective of the study was to identify new genetic biomarkers to differentiate non-pathogenic from clinically relevant B. cereus strains. Methods: A first set of 15 B. cereus strains were compared by RNAseq. A logistic regression model with lasso penalty was applied to define combination of genes whose expression was associated with strain pathogenicity. The identified markers were checked for their presence/absence in a collection of 95 B. cereus strains with varying pathogenic potential (food-borne outbreaks, clinical and non-pathogenic). Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) analysis was used to determine the combination of biomarkers, which best differentiate between the “disease” versus “non-disease” groups. Results: Seven genes were identified during the RNAseq analysis with a prediction to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. The validation of the presence/absence of these genes in a larger collection of strains coupled with AUC prediction showed that a combination of four biomarkers was sufficient to accurately discern clinical strains from harmless strains, with an AUC of 0.955, sensitivity of 0.9 and specificity of 0.86. Conclusions: These new findings help in the understanding of B. cereus pathogenic potential and complexity and may provide tools for a better assessment of the risks associated with B. cereus contamination to improve patient health and food safety. D