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O direito ambiental tem sofrido avanços constantes com a finalidade de alcançar um desenvolvimento sustentável na gestão das empresas. Isto reflete o total atendimento às normas ambientais, com o objetivo de identificar, mitigar e até punir as empresas que tenham cometido infrações relacionadas à diminuição da biodiversidade provocada pelo desmatamento de áreas e práticas de monoculturas; poluição de rios, subterrâneas e do solo; danos à flora e fauna provocados por desmatamento e incêndios, dentre outros. A conservação e reparo dos danos ambientais carecem da existência de uma fiscalização eficiente exercida como meio para prevenir, monitorar, inspecionar, advertir, punir e corrigir. Portanto, a fiscalização coercitiva fica embasada em aplicar sanções impostas pelo Estado que é a autoridade competente para cuidar dos reparos e mitigação provocados pelo meio ambiente. Diante dessas circunstâncias, o presente estudo visou explorar programas ambientais aplicados em empresas como instrumentos de adequação às tais práticas realizadas, evitando qualquer responsabilização civil, administrativa e criminal por danos causados, além de implantar ações com o fim de prevenção ou mitigação de qualquer tipo de dano que possa ser ocasionado ao meio ambiente. Foi verificado que vários programas ambientais têm sido implantados em empresas com destaque para ISO 9001; ISO 14001 e Bonsucro. Apesar dessa infinidade de conformidade, a qualidade que é buscada tem total relação com a sustentabilidade, foco estratégico das usinas sucroalcooleiras em detrimento dos combustíveis fósseis, tendo como fator diferencial a renovação e sustentabilidade dos produtos, o que contempla toda a cadeia de suprimentos, conforme exigência das normas regulamentadoras apresentadas nas certificações das usinas. COMPLIANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CERTIFICATIONS OF SUGARCANE INDUSTRIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ABSTRACT Environmental law has been constantly advancing in order to achieve sustainable development in business management. That reflects the full compliance with environmental regulations, aiming to identify, mitigate, and even punish companies that have violations related to the decrease in biodiversity caused by deforestation of areas and monoculture practices; river, underground and soil pollution; damage to flora and fauna caused by deforestation and fires, and many others. The conservation and repair of environmental damage relies on the existence of efficient enforcement exercised as a preventative, monitoring, inspecting, warning, punishing, and corrective measure. Therefore, the coercive inspection is based on applying sanctions imposed by the State, which is the competent authority to address the repairs and mitigation caused by the environment. Considering these circumstances, the present study aimed to explore environmental programs applied in companies as instruments to adapt to such practices, avoiding any civil, administrative, and criminal liability for damages caused, as well as to implement measures to prevent or mitigate any type of damage that may be caused to the environment. It was verified that several environmental programs have been implemented in companies, with ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and Bonsucro standing out. Despite this myriad of conformity, the quality that is sought is totally related to sustainability, a strategic focus of the sugar and ethanol plants to the detriment of fossil fuels, with the differential factor being the renewal and sustainability of the products, which includes the entire supply chain, as required by the regulatory standards presented in the plant certifications. Keywords: Environmental compliance. Environmental crimes. Environment. Protection.

Dairy industry is a prominent sector of the agro-industry with global production of 906 million tonnes of milk. Several dairy products are wasted due their high perishability. Anaerobic digestion is a sustainable alternative for reducing this waste aiming biogas production. This study evaluated the co-digestion of expired dairy products (EDP) with synthetic sewage from two assays using two types of dairy waste, separately: Assay I (EDP mixture of 80% of milk + 15% of yogurt + 5% of milk cream) and Assay II (industrial raw mixture of EDP). Both assays were composed of 20 g COD L-1 (Chemical Oxygen Demand per Liter) using anaerobic batch reactors (1.0 L) assembled in duplicates with 0.5 L headspace (N2) and working volume of 0.5 L with initial pH 8.2, at 37 °C, in a static mode. The cumulative CH4 productions were 2722.5 NmL in 31 days of operation (Assay I) and 3140.0 NmL in 25 days of operation (Assay II). Equivalent CH4 yields were obtained for the both assays with ~330 NmLCH4 g CODrem-1. Carbohydrates and COD removals were 96.8% and 98.0%; 87.3% and 89.4%, respectively. The co-digestion of EDP with sewage was effective to CH4 production with efficient organic matter removal. These results encourage new strategies for reuse of expired dairy products by the use of anaerobic digestion. Dairy industry is a prominent sector of the agro-industry with global production of 906 million tonnes of milk. Several dairy products are wasted due their high perishability. Anaerobic digestion is a sustainable alternative for reducing this waste aiming biogas production. This study evaluated the co-digestion of expired dairy products (EDP) with synthetic sewage from two assays using two types of dairy waste, separately: Assay I (EDP mixture of 80% of milk + 15% of yogurt + 5% of milk cream) and Assay II (industrial raw mixture of EDP). Both assays were composed of 20 g COD L-1 (Chemical Oxygen Demand per Liter) using anaerobic batch reactors (1.0 L) assembled in duplicates with 0.5 L headspace (N2) and working volume of 0.5 L with initial pH 8.2, at 37 °C, in a static mode. The cumulative CH4 productions were 2722.5 NmL in 31 days of operation (Assay I) and 3140.0 NmL in 25 days of operation (Assay II). Equivalent CH4 yields were obtained for the both assays with ~330 NmLCH4 g CODrem-1. Carbohydrates and COD removals were 96.8% and 98.0%; 87.3% and 89.4%, respectively. The co-digestion of EDP with sewage was effective to CH4 production with efficient organic matter removal. These results encourage new strategies for reuse of expired dairy products by the use of anaerobic digestion.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T13:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Experiments in series horizontal anaerobic reactors with fixed bed (HARFB) were conducted to evaluate the co-digestion of crude glycerol (CG) from biodiesel production and domestic sewage (DS) concerning the start-up strategy and best organic loading rate (OLR) to improve biogas production as well as to analyze the dynamic changes in the anaerobic microbial consortium during their operation. This approach can be used to increase the buffering capacity of anaerobic reactors as well as dilute toxic compounds. The reactor configuration applied at the present research is a novelty about CG and DS co-digestion and biogas production. The highest hydrogen generation was 10.3 mol H2 (m3 day−1) in reactor R1, and the highest methane yield was 312.0 and 283.9 L CH4 (m3 day−1) in R2 and R3, respectively. These values, obtained with mixed culture, agree with previous co-digestion research. The three-stage system showed high efficiency in removing crude glycerol and chemical oxygen demand (COD), with consumptions of 99.9%, both. The strategy of co-digestion is positive to avoid substrate inhibition. In addition, there was a change in the relative abundance of microorganisms among R1, R2, and R3 and a considerable decrease in the diversity index in the fermentation reactor (R1). The results have shown the potential of applying HARFB reactors for energy recovery and alternative waste disposal. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. Institute of Chemistry Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology UNESP São Paulo State University, SP IPBEN – Bioenergy Research Institute UNESP São Paulo State University, SP Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation School of Engineering of São Carlos USP University of São Paulo, SP Department of Microbiology and Immunology Université de Montréal UNIARA University of Araraquara, SP Institute of Chemistry Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology UNESP São Paulo State University, SP IPBEN – Bioenergy Research Institute UNESP São Paulo State University, SP

The anaerobic conversion of residual glycerol from biodiesel production is an excellent option for producing clean energy at a low cost. Crude glycerol (CG) is an excellent carbon source for microorganisms in Anaerobic Digestion (AD) process; however, it is a nutrient-limited waste. On the other hand, domestic Sewage (DS) is wastewater containing macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, feeding bioreactors with a blend of both wastes is an exciting approach. The objective of this study was to operate a system consisting of three horizontal anaerobic series reactors (HARFB) with fixed bed (R1, R2, and R3), fed with a mixture of crude glycerol and domestic sewage to evaluate the start-up strategy and best organic loading rate (OLR) to improve biogas production (H2 e CH4) as well as to analyze the dynamic changes in the anaerobic microbial consortium during the operation of the HARFB. The highest hydrogen generation was 10.3 moles H2 (m3 d-1) in reactor R1, and the highest methane yield was 312.0 and 283.9 L CH4 (m3 d-1) in R2 and R3, respectively. The three-stage system showed high efficiency in removing crude glycerol and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), with consumptions of 99.9%. In addition, there was a change in the relative abundance of microorganisms amongst R1, R2, and R3 and a considerable decrease in the diversity index in the fermentation reactor (R1). The results have shown the potential of applying HARFB reactors for energy recovery and alternative waste disposal.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos há um interesse crescente no uso de diversos resíduos agroindustriais. No Brasil, as indústrias de alimentos acumulam uma enorme quantidade de resíduos, principalmente as de processamento de frutos cítricos.Entre as possibilidades de valorização destes resíduos, a digestão anaeróbia é uma alternativa promissora na geração de energia renovável e controle da poluição. Nesse sentido, esse estudo avaliou a digestão anaeróbia de água residuária citrícola, visando à produção biológica de hidrogênio a partir de três inóculos: (1) Clostridium Acetobutylicum ATCC 824,(2) Clostridium Beijerinckii ATCC 10132 e (3) consórcio anaeróbio obtido da água residuária citrícola. O experimento foi realizado em 51h, em triplicatas de reatores anaeróbios em batelada, alimentados com 2 fontes distintas de carbono: glicose (10,7 g DQO L-1) e água residuária citrícola (10,0 g DQO L-1), headspace preenchido com N2 (99,99%), pH inicial 7,0 e mantidos a 37°C, sob modo estático. Nos reatores alimentados com glicose foram verificados geração de hidrogênio apenas com os inóculos 1 e 2, que foram, respectivamente, de 36,8 mmol L-1 e 64,1 mmol L-1. Nos reatores operados com água residuária citrícola foram obtidos 21,2; 15,7 e; 37,6 mmol H2 L-1 com os inóculos 1; 2 e 3, respectivamente. Além disso, foram verificadas gerações expressivas de etanol para todos os inóculos testados nos reatores alimentados com glicose. Na caracterização do consórcio anaeróbio citrícola foi verificado predomínio de bacilos Gram + e quantificados os gêneros de bactérias anaeróbias geradoras de H2 (UFC mL-1): Clostridium sp. (3x105), Bacteroides sp. (4x105), Lactobacillus sp. (4x105), Streptococcus sp. (5x104), e Veillonella sp. (3x105), revelando diversidade elevada de bactérias anaeróbias produtoras de hidrogênio presentes na água residuária agroindustrial. Tais resultados ressaltam que a geração de hidrogênio pode ocorrer em vias metabólicas distintas com consequente favorecimento na geração de biocombustíveis como etanol ou butanol. ABSTRACT In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of various agro-industrial wastes. In Brazil, the food industries accumulate an enormous amount of waste, especially those that process citrus fruits. Among the possibilities for valuing these residues, anaerobic digestion is a promising alternative in the generation of renewable energy and pollution control. In this sense, this study evaluated the anaerobic digestion of citrus wastewater, aiming at the biological production of hydrogen from three inocula: (1) Clostridium Acetobutylicum ATCC 824, (2) Clostridium Beijerinckii ATCC 10132 and (3) anaerobic consortium obtained from citrus wastewater. The experiment was carried out in 51h, in triplicates of anaerobic batch reactors, fed with 2 different carbon sources: glucose (10.7 g COD L-1) and citrus wastewater (10.0 g COD L-1), headspace filled with N2 (99.99%), initial pH 7.0 and maintained at 37 ° C, under static mode. In the reactors fed with glucose, hydrogen generation was verified only with the inocula 1 and 2, which were, respectively, 36.8 mmol L-1 and 64.1 mmol L-1. In the reactors operated with citrus wastewater, were obtained 21.2; 15.7 e; 37.6 mmol H2 L-1 with inocula 1; 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, expressive generations of ethanol were verified for all inocula tested in the reactors fed with glucose. In the characterization of the citrus anaerobic consortium, a predominance of Gram + bacilli was verified and the genera of anaerobic H2-generating bacteria (UFC mL-1) were quantified: Clostridium sp. (3x105), Bacteroides sp. (4x105), Lactobacillus sp. (4x105), Streptococcus sp. (5x104), and Veillonella sp. (3x105), revealing a high diversity of anaerobic hydrogen-producing bacteria present in agro-industrial wastewater. Such results emphasize that the generation of hydrogen can occur in different metabolic pathways with consequent favor in the generation of biofuels such as ethanol or butanol.

RESUMO O esgotamento das reservas de petróleo e a crescente preocupação com as mudanças climáticas têm acelerado novas pesquisas para obtenção de energias renováveis. A produção de biogás através da digestão anaeróbia vem se mostrando uma ótima opção, não só para produção de energia, como também para manejo adequado de resíduos orgânicos. O biodiesel teve sua produção aumentada em diversos países por ser um combustível renovável e biodegradável. Entretanto, é largamente obtido da transesterificação de óleos vegetais e animais, onde seu rendimento é 9 litros de biodiesel para 1 litro de glicerol. O glicerol bruto possui grau reduzido de pureza, se tornando uma matéria-prima barata com potencial para produção de energia renovável, principalmente gás hidrogênio (H2) e metano (CH4). Nesse sentido, os objetivos deste estudo foram: operar um reator horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF), com alimentação contínua e determinar a partida do mesmo na produção de H2 a partir de glicerol bruto residual de biodiesel, co-digerido em esgoto sanitário nas fases de: partida, ensaio 1 e ensaio 2. Durante a fase de partida e Ensaio 1, o afluente foi constituído de 99% esgoto 1% glicerol bruto (v/v) e 1,5% de glicerol bruto no Ensaio 2. Na partida e ensaio 1 foram verificadas médias de produção de 1 mol H2 m3 d-1 e 3,2 mols H2 m3 d-1, respectivamente. A maior produção diária atingida foi 11,34 mols H2 m3 d-1 no Ensaio 2 com geração média de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) de 3414,0 mg L-1. Tais resultados foram promissores e novos avanços com proporções mais elevadas do glicerol bruto e agentes tamponantes poderão evitar grandes variações de pH, viabilizando assim gerações mais elevadas e mais estáveis de H2, em reatores contínuos. ABSTRACT The depletion of oil reserves and the growing concern about climate change have accelerated new research to obtain renewable energy. The production of biogas through anaerobic digestion has proved to be a great option, not only for energy production, but also for the proper management of organic waste. Biodiesel had its production increased in several countries as it is a renewable and biodegradable fuel; moreover, it does not require major modifications for its use in diesel engines. However, it is largely obtained from the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fat, where its yield is 9 volumes of biodiesel to 1 volume of glycerol. The crude glycerol has a low degree of purity, becoming an inexpensive raw material with the potential to produce renewable energy, mainly hydrogen gas (H2) and methane (CH4). In this sense, the objectives of this study were: to operate a horizontal anaerobic reactor with fixed bed (HARFB), with continuous feeding and to determine its start in the production of H2 from residual biodiesel glycerol co-digested in sanitary sewage in the phases from: Startup, Test 1 and Test 2. During the Startup and Test 1 assay, the affluent was constituted by 99% sewage 1% crude glycerol (v/v) and 1.5% crude glycerol in Test 2. At Startup and Test 1, production averages of 1 mol H2 m3 d-1 and 3.2 moles H2 m3 d-1 were verified, respectively. The highest daily production achieved was 11.34 moles H2 m3 d-1 in Test 2 with an average generation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) of 3414.0 mg L-1. Such results were promising and new advances with higher proportions of crude glycerol and buffering agents could avoid large pH variations, thus enabling higher and more stable generations of H2 in continuous reactors.

RESUMO A produção de biodiesel tem crescido e ganhado destaque no cenário energético mundial. Com isso, seu principal coproduto, o glicerol bruto (GB), tem acompanhado esse aumento, ocasionando a formação de grandes estoques deste resíduo. Uma alternativa promissora para a sua redução consiste na utilização por processos biológicos anaeróbios visando à produção de biogás, tanto hidrogênio (H2) quanto metano (CH4). Sabe-se que a eficiência dessa bioconversão aumenta por meio da codigestão com outros resíduos orgânicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo consistiu na codigestão do GB, proveniente da produção de biodiesel a partir de óleos residuais domésticos, com vinhaça citrícola (VC), em dois estágios sequenciais. No 1º estágio (Ensaio 1), o reator anaeróbio foi operado em batelada, alimentado com 5 g DQO L-1 GB e 5 g DQO L-1 VC, na presença de cultura mista pertencente ao gênero Clostridium sp., a 37 °C, pH 5,5, headspace com N2, gerando 4,48 mmol H2 L-1 em 112 h de experimento, sendo consumidos 93,19 % de GB e 74,00 % de glicose. Um ensaio controle (Controle 1) foi montado com apenas 5 g DQO L-1 GB, não sendo verificada produção de H2. O efluente gerado no Ensaio 1 (200 mL) foi usado como substrato no 2º estágio (Ensaio 2) por um inóculo in natura identificado por consórcio de bactérias anaeróbias fermentativas e archaeas metanogênicas, no reator anaeróbio metanogênico (500 mL), headspace com N2, pH 7,0, a 37 °C, gerando 229,08 mmol CH4 L-1 em 624 h de operação. Além disso, 87,34 % da DQO e 93,75 % do metanol proveniente do GB foram consumidos. O efluente gerado pelo Controle 1 produziu apenas 40,58 mmol CH4 L-1 (Controle 2). Dessa forma, constatou-se que a codigestão elevou a geração de biogás, com consumos de resíduos orgânicos e tóxicos presentes no GB por meio dos sistemas integrados. ABSTRACT The biodiesel production has grown and it gained prominence in the global energy scenario. As a result, its main co-product, crude glycerol (CG), has accompanied this increase, causing the formation of large stocks of this residue. A promising alternative for its reduction is the use by anaerobic biological processes aiming at the biogas production, as hydrogen (H2) as methane (CH4). It is known that the efficiency of this bioconversion increases through co-digestion with other organic waste. Thus, the objective of this study consisted in the co-digestion of CG, from the biodiesel production through waste cooking oils, with citrus vinasse (CV), in two sequential stages. In the 1st stage (Assay 1), the anaerobic reactor was operated in batch, fed with 5 g COD L-1 CG and 5 g COD L-1 CV, in the presence of a mixed culture belonging to the genus Clostridium sp., at 37 °C, pH 5.5, headspace with N2, generating 4.48 mmol H2 L-1 in 112 h of experiment, being consumed 93.19 % of CG and 74.00 % of glucose. A control assay (Control 1) was assembled with only 5 g COD L-1 CG, without H2 production. The effluent generated in Assay 1 (200 mL) was used as a substrate in the 2nd stage (Assay 2) by an inoculum in natura identified by a consortium of anaerobic bacteria and methanogenic archaea, in the anaerobic methanogenic reactor (500 mL), headspace with N2, pH 7.0, at 37 °C, generating 229.08 mmol CH4 L-1 in 624 h of operation. In addition, 87.34 % of COD and 93.75 % of methanol from CG were consumed. The effluent generated by Control 1 produced only 40.58 mmol CH4 L-1 (Control 2). Thus, it was found that co-digestion increased the biogas generation, with consumption of organic and toxic waste present in CG through integrated systems.

O Brasil está entre os quatro maiores produtores de biodiesel. Vários desafios precisam ser vencidos, já que atividades econômicas deste gênero exigem regularidade de produção, competências técnicas e políticas públicas efetivas que impulsionem representatividade aos mercados interno e externo. Esse estudo avaliou as políticas públicas do Programa Nacional de Produção de Biodiesel (PNPB), com ênfase no Selo Combustível Social (SCS), visando aprofundar o conhecimento junto ao setor produtivo, de regulação e governamental, para o seu aprimoramento de produção e integração da agricultura familiar. Entraves e perspectivas relevantes foram identificados. É necessário investir na construção de novas políticas públicas e de regulamentações com estímulos do Estado, além da participação de toda a cadeia produtiva de biodiesel, que atendam às necessidades de todo o segmento.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T23:13:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-08-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Advanced Research Supporting the Forestry and Wood-processing Sectors Adaptation to Global Change and the 4th Industrial Revolution grant Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic Anaerobic digestion processes with biogas production are widely used for organic waste treatment with an emphasis on energy recovery. Some recent studies have demonstrated the influence of magnetism on microbiological activity. These indicate a possible influence on the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. Thus, technologies that act in anaerobic digestion enhancement can contribute to the improvement of treatment of organic compounds. The present study aimed to verify the influence of a constant electromagnetic field on the anaerobic digestion in anaerobic reactors fed with glucose (2 g/L) at 37 +/- 2 degrees C. In each experiment, reactors were operated with a constant electromagnetic field of 5, 7.5, and 10 mT. The inoculum was granular sludge from an anaerobic treatment plant in a non-selective media culture. Biogas production, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and solids removal were measured during the experiment. Results showed differences in methane production of 21.5% and in COD removal of 15% in the tests with an electromagnetic field of 7.5 mT. These results signs for the viability of the application of a constant magnetic field as a biostimulation agent. Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Inst Geociencias & Ciencias Exatas, Av 24A,1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Inst Geociencias & Ciencias Exatas, Av 24A,1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Advanced Research Supporting the Forestry and Wood-processing Sectors Adaptation to Global Change and the 4th Industrial Revolution grant: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803 Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic: QK1920391

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:34:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) In this study, an optimized medium for Clostridium butyricum (CCT7470) was obtained from a Plackett-Burman assay. It was evidenced that glucose (5 g/L), starch (1 g/L) and three nitrogen and vitamin sources (5 g meat extract/L; 5 g peptone/L and 1.5 g yeast extract/L) improved hydrogen (H2) production. The addition of nanoparticles (NPs) improved the fermentation process, and maximum H2 production (434 ± 13 mL) was achieved with 30 mg Fe0/L and 20 mg Ni0/L. The metabolic pathway shifted from acetic and butyric to valeric acid production with the addition of NPs. In reactors with NPs, a longer permanence of hydrogenase was observed with hydA quantification by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). However, the expression of new enzymes, assessed by reverse transcription followed by qPCR (RT-qPCR), was higher in control assay than that in the NPs one. Laboratory of Biological Processes Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation Engineering School of São Carlos – University of São Paulo (EESC – USP) Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Washington Luiz Km 234, Farm Canchim Central Laboratory Bioenergy Research Institute São Paulo State University (IPBEN-UNESP) Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of São Carlos Central Laboratory Bioenergy Research Institute São Paulo State University (IPBEN-UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:48:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Biohydrogen production was evaluated in an integrated biosystem, using both dark and photo fermentation, using crude glycerol (CG) derived from the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oils (WCO). The dark fermentation assay was done with 20.0 g COD L−1 of CG by a mixed culture from Clostridiales order at 37 °C, pH 5.5 and generated 24.06 mmol H2 g−1 CODconsumed, with the removal of 45.74% of CG. The dark fermentation effluent (DFE) in concentrations of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g COD L−1 was used in the photo fermentation by a phototrophic bacteria culture of Rhizobiales and Clostridiales order, at 37 °C, pH 7.0 at 18.50 W m−2. The optimum condition was achieved with 1.0 g COD L−1 of DFE and generated 3.94 mmol H2 g−1 CODconsumed, with the removal of 76.10% of COD. The culture was able to consume ethanol (76.86%), acetic acid (95.73%), butyric acid (94.76%) and mainly methanol (99.18%), representing a sustainable alternative for the utilization of CG from WCO. Institute of Chemistry (IQ) – São Paulo State University (UNESP). Professor Francisco Degni, n. 55 Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN) – São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua 10, n. 2527 Monitoring and Research Center for Fuel Quality Biofuels Crude Oil Derivatives (CEMPEQC) – São Paulo State University (UNESP). Professor Francisco Degni, n. 55 Department of Civil Engineering - Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE). Av. of Arquitetura Cidade Universitária Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation - School of Engineering of São Carlos University of São Paulo (USP). Av.Trabalhador São Carlense, n. 400 University of Araraquara (UNIARA) R. Voluntários da Pátria, n. 1309 Institute of Chemistry (IQ) – São Paulo State University (UNESP). Professor Francisco Degni, n. 55 Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN) – São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua 10, n. 2527 Monitoring and Research Center for Fuel Quality Biofuels Crude Oil Derivatives (CEMPEQC) – São Paulo State University (UNESP). Professor Francisco Degni, n. 55 CNPq: 141038/2017-9 FAPESP: 2012/01318-01 FAPESP: 2017/11767-1 CNPq: 457144/2014-9

O estudo analisou a gestão municipal dos resíduos da construção civil frente ao cumprimento das principais normas do segmento, no âmbito federal - Resolução Conama 307/2002 - e suas alterações e, no âmbito municipal o Plano Integrado de gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC), Lei municipal 13.867/2016. A coleta de dados consistiu em entrevistas em Órgãos Municipais envolvidos com o tema e visitas locais às Usinas Municipais de Reciclagem. Foi verificado que, embora, o município de São Carlos possuísse uma legislação pertinente para o gerenciamento e gestão dos RCC a sua implementação não foi totalmente observada. De posse das informações obtidas em comparação à legislação municipal (Lei13.867/2006) foi observada efetividade reduzida do Poder Público com relação à implantação das normas, denotando o não cumprimento e o cumprimento parcial da maioria de suasdiretrizes. Foram verificados avanços consistentes assim que promulgado o Plano Integrado de Gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil e o Sistema para Gestão desses Resíduos. Entretanto, o gerenciamento tem sido realizado de maneira deficitária; provavelmente pela ausência de políticas públicas e de uma gestão integrada inadequada por parte do poder público. Dessa forma, novas políticas públicas municipais sustentáveis precisam ser criadas para que a devida gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos da construção civil sejam efetivados.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 The application of granular sludge from biological treatment plants can become an economically and environmentally viable process as a renewable source of energy. It is available in most countries, and its application can diversify the local energy potential. However, in order to achieve such benefits and make possible the development of more efficient conversion processes, prior knowledge of the composition of these materials is essential. In this sense, samples of granular sludge were obtained from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors for the treatment of: (1) poultry slaughterhouse waste (Tiete-SP); (2) poultry slaughterhouse waste (Pereiras-SP); (3) wastewater treatment plant (SAo Carlos-SP) and (4) a mix of sludges 1, 2 and 3. Biogas generation tests in anaerobic batch reactors fed with sodium acetate and glucose separately as carbon sources were performed with samples 1, 2, 3 and 4, at initial pH 7.0 and 30 degrees C. Characteristic decomposition profiles were observed in the granular sludge tested. The two poultry slaughterhouse waste (samples 1 and 2) presented higher proportions of organic substrate molecules for the methanogenesis than the sanitary sewage sludge (sample 3), thus facilitating the production of the highest biogas, as verified in the tests carried out. The thermal characterization of the samples was relevant to the methane generation tests demonstrating the potential for the generation of this fuel. Sao Paulo State Univ, Inst Chem, Dept Analyt Chem, Ave Prof Francisco Degni 55, BR-14800900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Geosci & Exact Sci, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Res Inst Bioenergy, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Uniara Univ Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Inst Chem, Dept Analyt Chem, Ave Prof Francisco Degni 55, BR-14800900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Geosci & Exact Sci, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Res Inst Bioenergy, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

A indústria têxtil utiliza recursos hídricos em seus processos produtivos, dentre eles, o tingimento é um dos responsáveis pelo excessivo consumo de água, energia e geração de águas residuais, e o não gerenciamento dessa atividade causa impactos ao meio ambiente. O crescimento da demanda de água nos últimos anos pela atividade têxtil, tem aumentado o seu consumo e, por consequência, as reservas hídricas indicam sinais de escassez, além da movimentação do ecossistema em direção ao estresse hídrico. Essa pesquisa abordou a discussão teórica em relação à utilização da água de forma sustentável em empresas do setor têxtil, especificamente na etapa de tingimento, e geração de efluentes, mencionando, ainda, a importância do uso e reúso desse recurso com o propósito de oferecer melhores estratégias de gerenciamento hídrico e alternativas de utilização da gestão da Produção mais Limpa. Verificou-se a implantação da ferramenta de gestão Produção mais Limpa na etapa de tingimento do denim e foram avaliadas possíveis alternativas de redução do consumo de água, energia e geração de águas residuais nas indústrias têxteis. A verificação foi a partir da gestão e controle da estação de tratamento de águas residuais e da CETESB com as práticas de produção mais limpa aplicadas ao setor de tingimento do denim, através da minimização do consumo de água, energia e matéria prima. Após a utilização da ferramenta de gestão Produção mais Limpa na empresa estudada, verificou-se uma redução de consumo de água de 21m3 para 16m3 uma redução de aproximadamente 23,8%.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-05T06:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The present study evaluated the influence of organic loading rate in biohydrogen production from dairy wastewater in an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor inoculated by natural fermentation of the wastewater used during the operational period. The support material for biomass adhesion was shredded fire. The reactor had a working volume of 908.4 cm(3). Biohydrogen production was evaluated using three different organic loading rates (OLR) of 28.7 kgCOD m(-3)d(-1), 53.2 kgCOD m(-3)d(-1) e 101,7 kgCOD m(-3)d(-1) corresponding to the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 8h (2.7 L d(-1)), 6h (3.6 L d(-1)) and 4h (5.4 L d(-1)), respectively. The hydrogen yield decreased with increasing organic loading rate (OLR) from 2.56 +/- 0.62 mol H-2 mol carbohydrate(-1) to 0.95 +/- 0.28 mol H-2 mol carbohydrate(-1) as the OLR increased from 28.65 kgCOD rn(-3)d(-1) to 95.76 kgCOD m(-3)d(-1). The hydrogen content in the biogas (volume of H-2/volume of biogas) produced and the highest volumetric production were respectively 35.72 +/- 9.43% and 0.80 +/- 0.21 LH2 h(-1)L(-1) obtained when the OLR was 53.25 +/- 7.81 kgCOD m(-3)d(-1). The main metabolites produced were acetic acid (67.15%-87.42%) and ethanol (6.01%-13.09%). Increasing the applied OLR also caused an increase in bacterial diversity as evidenced by the highest value of the Shannon-Wiener index (2.811) corresponding to the operational phase of the highest OLR (95.76 +/- 29.10 kgCOD m(-3)d(-1)). Univ Fed Alagoas, Technol Ctr, Av Lourival Melo Mota S-N,Cidade Univ, BR-57072900 Maceio, AL, Brazil Paulista Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Prof Francisco Degni St 55, BR-14800900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Av Joao Dagnone 1100, BR-13563120 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Paulista Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Prof Francisco Degni St 55, BR-14800900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil

A descriptive analysis of microbial communities from two different sediment locations in a subtropical reservoir was undertaken, using DGGE and 16S rRNA gene clone library. This study evaluated bacterial diversity in the sediment of a subtropical reservoir, based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB), denitrifying bacteria (DB) and hydrogen-producing bacteria (HPB). The sediment samples were taken from a subtropical reservoir (Ibiuna, SP, Brazil), being collected at two contrasting sites, including (A) at a 4 m depth and (B) at an 11 m depth of the water column. The anaerobic bacteria population density in the sediment was estimated with the most probable number (MPN) method. The microbial diversity of the sediment was assessed by molecular biology analyses for the domain Bacteria. Increased cell count numbers were observed in sample A for DB. The count for sample B was higher for SRB and HPB. Both sediment communities (A and B samples) exhibited a high diversity. They were similar to the phyla Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Fusobacteria, Deferribacteres, Verrucomicrobia and uncultivated bacteria. The environmental conditions of sediments from tropical climates were mainly sunlight during the day and temperatures around 25 °C, which would favour the maintenance of nutrients and the available organic matter for establishing the anaerobic bacteria populations. The microbial diversity observed for both samples indicates new possibilities for application of the sediment reservoir in regard to biotechnological processes such as the operation of anaerobic reactors for wastewater and toxic compound treatment, bioenergy generation and production of biogases such as hydrogen and methane.

H2 production by dark fermentation using mixed cultures has been studied intensively during the last two decades, and its feasibility has been demonstrated. Different substrates, operational conditions, and reactor technologies have been widely studied and there is a general agreement that the use of non-sterile fermentable substrates is required to make the process feasible for scaling up. Nonetheless, stability problems during long term operation may hinder its application at large scale. This work, written by members of the Latin American Biohydrogen Network, analyse and discuss instability causes and possible solutions in the H2 production by dark fermentation. It is concluded that instability is mostly linked to the biotic aspects of the process (i.e., changes in the microbial community composition, presence of organisms that consume hydrogen and compete for the substrate, and accumulation of fermentation products); regardless of the reactor configuration. However, some problems like excessive growth of microorganisms and methanogens presence were mostly reported in fixed bed reactors and granular sludge reactors. The novelty of this work relies on the comprehensive revision of the main causes behind the unstable and low hydrogen production and how these causes are linked to the technology used. The strategies to overcome the problems as well as the potential implications are also analysed.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:35:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-30 The biohydrogen production from different tropical sludges of biologic treatment plants was investigated in anaerobic batch reactors fed with sucrose in concentrations similar to food wastewaters. The tropical sludges tested were: I—granular sludge from a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating brewery wastewater; II—facultative anaerobic sludge from sedimentation pond treating domestic sewage; III—granular sludge from UASB reactor treating domestic sewage. The anaerobic batch reactors fed with 2 g L−1 of sucrose at pH 5.5 and 37 °C showed higher production of H2 than all tropical sludges tested. The maximum yield was 2.0 mol H2 mol of sucrose−1. The intermediary products during fermentation were acetic and butyric acids. Therefore, the bioproduction probably followed both the acetic acid and butyric acid route. A wide diversity of hydrogen producing bacteria identified as Clostridium sp., Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. was observed by phylogenetic analysis. Tropical sludges from biologic treatment plants can be applied on biohydrogen production. CEMPEQC - Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives Institute of Chemistry Unesp IPBEN – Bioenergy Research Institute Unesp Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation School of Engineering of São Carlos University of São Paulo UNIARA – University of Araraquara CEMPEQC - Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives Institute of Chemistry Unesp IPBEN – Bioenergy Research Institute Unesp

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:36:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP (FUNDUNESP) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Biohydrogen production is a cheap and clean way to obtain hydrogen gas. In subtropical countries such as Brazil the average temperatures of 27 °C can favor the hydrogen producing bacteria growth. A mixed culture was obtained from a subtropical sludge treating brewery wastewater and anaerobic batch reactors were fed with glucose, sucrose, fructose and xylose in low concentrations (2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 g L−1) at 37 °C, initial pH 5.5 and headspace with N2 (99%) to maintain the anaerobic conditions. The inoculum was a subtropical granulated sludge from UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor treating brewery wastewater. The higher H2 yields were obtained in reactors operated with 2 and 5 g L−1 of fructose and they were 1.5 mol H2 mol−1 of fructose and 1.3 mol H2 mol−1 of sucrose, respectively. The volatile fatty acids (VFA) generated at the end of operation were, predominantly, butyric and acetic acid, indicating the favoring of the metabolic route of hydrogen generation by the consortium of anaerobic bacteria from the brewery wastewater. Biomolecular analyses revealed the predominance of hydrogen producing bacteria from Firmicutes phylum distributed in the families Streptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae and uncultured bacteria. These results confirm future applications of subtropical sludges with agroindustrial wastewaters containing low concentrations of sugars on hydrogen generation. Institute of Chemistry - IQ UNESP, Prof. Francisco Degni 55 Bioenergy Research Institute - IPBEN UNESP Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation School of Engineering of São Carlos University of São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Jd. Santa Angelina Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives Institute of Chemistry - CEMPEQC UNESP, Prof. Francisco Degni 55 University of Araraquara, R. Voluntários da Pátria, 1309 Institute of Chemistry - IQ UNESP, Prof. Francisco Degni 55 Bioenergy Research Institute - IPBEN UNESP Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives Institute of Chemistry - CEMPEQC UNESP, Prof. Francisco Degni 55 FUNDUNESP: 1001/2003 FAPESP: 2012/01318-01 FAPESP: 2013/03815-5 FAPESP: 2017/11767-1

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-08-10 In recent years, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been investigated as a tool for monitoring anaerobic digesters, but several adversities in its application have been reported. This study proposes the application of NIR for the determination of alcohols and volatile organic acids from H2 production bioreactors and evaluates different approaches to optimize the prediction models. Partial least squad (PLS) models were developed using samples from anaerobic batch reactors fed with crude glycerol for wastewater treatment. The analytes predicted were: methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol, acetic, propanoic, butyric, isocaproic and total volatile organic acids (VFA). The optimization of the predictive capacity of the models was achieved through the orthogonal signal correction (OSC) preprocessing and the selection of variables performed by the genetic algorithm (GA). The application of the proposed models were based on the following figures of merit: accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, measurement interval, sensitivity, selectivity, signal-to-noise ratio and bias. Despite the low selectivity (maximum of 0.12%), the models presented high sensitivity [γ−1 = 0.19 (mg L−1)−1], low LOQ (1 mg L−1) and correlation between reference and predicted values (r) at least 0.93, except for propanoic acid (rpred = 0.85). The F-test revealed that the selection of variables by GA significantly improved the accuracy and linearity of the prediction models for methanol, acetic acid, isocaproic acid and VFA. NIR spectroscopy has proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring H2 production bioreactors since provides fast, low cost and multicomponent information. Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil And Derivatives (Cempeqc) Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Zip Code Biotechnology Department Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Zip Code Bioenergy Research Institute – IPBEN São Paulo State University (UNESP), Zip Code Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil And Derivatives (Cempeqc) Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Zip Code Biotechnology Department Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Zip Code Bioenergy Research Institute – IPBEN São Paulo State University (UNESP), Zip Code

O biodiesel e um biocombustivel produzido principalmente atraves da reacao de transesterificacao, a partir de oleos ou gorduras e adicao de um alcool e uma base forte como catalizador. Do total dessa reacao, aproximadamente 10% e glicerol, que e separado da fracao de esteres resultantes (biodiesel). Quando utilizado na forma bruta (baixo grau de pureza) e uma materia-prima barata e renovavel, podendo ser utilizado como substrato na producao de energia limpa. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a geracao de H 2 em reatores anaerobios em batelada utilizando glicerol bruto, alem de caracterizar as culturas de bacterias anaerobias presentes por tecnicas de microbiologia classica. O consorcio foi pre-tratado a quente a fim de inibir a geracao de CH 4 . Os reatores foram operados com esgoto sanitario e glicerol bruto nas seguintes concentracoes (g DQO L -1 ): 20, 40, 160, 240 e 320. A geracao de H 2 ocorreu em todos os reatores, no entanto, para cargas orgânicas mais elevadas foram observadas geracoes reduzidas de H 2 . Nao foi detectada a presenca CH 4 nos reatores. Foi verificada a presenca de colonias bacterias pertencentes aos generos de Lactobacillus sp. e Clostridium sp. PALAVRAS-CHAVE : hidrogenio; consorcio bacteriano; oleo residual domestico; processos fermentativos.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A wide variety of organic residues may be used as energy source such as anaerobic sludge from wastewater treatment systems. However, due to inherent differences in composition, the proper characterization of these biomasses is essential to support their reuse through any conversion process. The aim of this study was the employment of thermal analysis techniques (TG/DTG and DTA) to perform the characterization of anaerobic sludges from different wastewater treatment plants (industrial and municipal), which were further applied for biological production of H2. The different profiles observed through thermal characterization support the application of these residues as inocula, confirming their potential for H2 production, while demonstrating the main causes for the different yields obtained (mol H2 mol−1 sucrose): 0.9 from sludge of brewery industry and 2.0 from sludge of municipal wastewater treatment plant, corresponding to the overall yields of 10.8 and 25%, respectively. These results confirm the versatility of thermal analysis techniques for biomass characterization, focused on its application for power generation. It is urgent to adopt more sustainable and cost-effective solutions for their management, considering a large amount of residues daily generated in both treatment processes addressed; therefore, biohydrogen production by anaerobic digestion may be a promising alternative for the reuse of both residues as it promotes their transformation from costly and potentially polluting waste into clean and renewable energy sources. The development of this anaerobic process is even more attractive in countries as Brazil, where the weather conditions are naturally favorable. Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry of Araraquara UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, CP 355 Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives (CEMPEQC) Institute of Chemistry of Araraquara UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, CP 355 Institute of Research on Bioenergy (IPBEN) UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista University Center of Araraquara (UNIARA) Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry of Araraquara UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, CP 355 Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives (CEMPEQC) Institute of Chemistry of Araraquara UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, CP 355 Institute of Research on Bioenergy (IPBEN) UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-05 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Hydrogen-producing bacterial strains were isolated from granular sludge from a UASB reactor that treats brewery wastewater. Most of the isolated strains were related to the Enterobacter genus through a phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. The strains could use various carbon sources (sugars and glycerol) to produce hydrogen. The isolated strain, identified as Enterobacter sp. based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, produced 6.8 mmol H2 L−1culture medium when growing on glucose (2.0 g L−1) in anaerobic conditions at 30 °C. The main liquid metabolites were acetic acid (367 mg L−1), methanol (437 mg L−1) and ethanol (1101.26 mg L−1), after 9 h of fermentation. The maximum hydrogen yield of 0.8 mol H2/mol glucose was observed, indicating that Enterobacter sp. isolated from brewery wastewater was an efficient hydrogen-producing bacterium under mesophilic conditions. IPBEN – Bioenergy Institute UNESP UNIARA – University of Araraquara Département Microbiologie Infectologie et Immunologie Université de Montréal CEMPEQC – Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives Institute of Chemistry UNESP USP – University of Sao Paulo Laboratory of Catalysis Biofuel Production Federal University Paraná, Palotina IPBEN – Bioenergy Institute UNESP CEMPEQC – Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives Institute of Chemistry UNESP CNPq: 202426/2014-9

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:29:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-10-01 This work determined the optimal conditions to pretreat sucargane bagasse with HCl by using the liquid and the solid fractions resulting from the bagasse pretreament as substrate for fermentative hydrogen production by a mixed culture. A 23 full factorial central composite design (star configuration) helped to determine how temperature, time, and acid concentration affected the total monosaccharides (TM), total reducing sugars (TRS), and total inhibitors (TI) concentrations in the liquid fraction. Temperature, time, and acid concentration impacted the TRS and TM concentrations, but these variables did not influence the TI concentration significantly. The optimal pretreatment conditions were HCl at 7.36 % (v/v), 96.8 °C, and 441.6 min, which afforded the highest TRS concentration in the liquid hydrolysates. The liquid fraction obtained from the bagasse pretreated with acid under the optimal conditions (designated liq) was not suitable for H2 production by the mixed culture before treatment of the fraction with activated carbon. The solid residual bagasse (designated sol) alone afforded 6.0 mL of H2/g of bagasse. Liq treated with 10 % (m/v) activated carbon, to give liq + C, and sol added with the enzyme Celluclast® 10 U g−1, to afford sol + E, yielded 45.3 and 7.8 mL of H2/g of bagasse respectively, which amounted to 53.1 mL of H2/g of bagasse. The volumetric productivities—1450 and 1423 mL of H2 L−1 d−1 for liq + C and sol + E, respectively—are the highest ever reported in the literature for H2 production from sugarcane bagasse by a microbial consortium. Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Institute of Chemistry Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oils and Derivatives – CEMPEQC UNESP - São Paulo State University, Prof. Francisco Degni Street 55 Institute of Chemistry Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oils and Derivatives – CEMPEQC UNESP - São Paulo State University, Prof. Francisco Degni Street 55

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-09-07 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) This study evaluated the potential bioconversion of crude glycerol from biodiesel production, applying used cooking oil for biohydrogen production by fermentative bacteria consortia. The pretreatment of crude glycerol was made by pH adjustment. Heat treatment of the inocula and initial pH 5.5 were applied to select hydrogen-producing bacteria and inactivate hydrogen-consumers microorganisms. The inocula tested were: (I) granular sludge from the thermophilic UASB reactor used on the treatment of vinasse and (II) granular sludge from the UASB reactor used on the treatment of sanitary sludge for the assays (1) and (2), respectively. The characterization of crude glycerol presented high levels of alkalinity, methanol and soap that may be inhibitory to biologic processes of H2 production. The assays were carried in anaerobic batch reactors in order to verify the efficiencies of crude glycerol to H2 generations by the microbial consortia (20%) at 37 °C, initial pH 5.5, with 20.0 g COD L−1 glycerol. The cumulative production of hydrogen for the assays (1) and (2) were, respectively, (mmol H2 L−1) 28.49 ± 1.55 and 19.14 ± 1.67. The subsequent yields were obtained as follows: 2.2 moL H2 mol−1 glycerol and 1.1 moL H2 mol−1 glycerol, respectively. The used cooking oil was an efficient waste for bioconversion of crude glycerol to H2 production. Institute of Chemistry - IQ UNESP, Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Zip Code 14800-060 Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives Institute of Chemistry - CEMPEQC UNESP, Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Zip Code 14800-060 Bioenergy Research Institute - IPBEN UNESP University Center of Araraquara, R. Voluntários da Pátria, 1309, Zip Code 14801-320 Institute of Chemistry - IQ UNESP, Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Zip Code 14800-060 Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels Biofuels Crude Oil and Derivatives Institute of Chemistry - CEMPEQC UNESP, Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Zip Code 14800-060 Bioenergy Research Institute - IPBEN UNESP

This study evaluated the effects of the organic loading rate (OLR) and pH buffer addition on hydrogen production in two anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs) operated simultaneously. The AFBRs were fed with glucose, and expanded clay was used as support material. The reactors were operated at a temperature of 30 °C, without the addition of a buffer (AFBR1) and with the addition of a pH buffer (AFBR2, sodium bicarbonate) for OLRs ranging from 19.0 to 140.6 kg COD m−3 d−1 (COD: chemical oxygen demand). The maximum hydrogen yields for AFBR1 and AFBR2 were 2.45 and 1.90 mol H2 mol−1 glucose (OLR of 84.3 kg COD m−3 d−1), respectively. The highest hydrogen production rates were 0.95 and 0.76 L h−1 L−1 for AFBR1 and AFBR2 (OLR of 140.6 kg COD m−3 d−1), respectively. The operating conditions in AFBR1 favored the presence of such bacteria as Clostridium, while the bacteria in AFBR2 included Clostridium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Veillonellaceae, Chryseobacterium, Sporolactobacillus, and Burkholderiaceae.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a potencialidade do inóculo na degradação de fenol sob diferentes condições nutricionais.Os reatores foram alimentados com fenol, sulfato e extrato de levedura, mantidos a 30 +1º C, sob agitação 150 rpm. Os reatoresalimentados com fenol (240 mg L-1) e extrato de levedura obtiveram 100% de eficiência de degradação em 11 dias. Os reatoresalimentados com fenol (234 mg L-1), sulfato (162,5 mg L-1) e extrato de levedura; e fenol (256 mg L-1), sulfato (500 mg L-1) eextrato de levedura obtiveram eficiências de degradação de respectivamente 98,8% e 99,3%, em 17 dias. Tais ganhos foramobtidos devido às adições de extrato de levedura no início dos experimentos. As análises de Biologia Molecular confirmaram queas bactérias presentes no inóculo permaneceram nos reatores, apesar de terem sido operados sob condições nutricionais distintas.Essas condições propiciaram a permanência de populações bacterianas capazes de degradar fenol sob condições fermentativas econsumir sulfato.

Environmental from tropical climate countries as sediments in standing waters are complex habitats which are able to provide favorable living conditions for manifold microbial species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of the anaerobic bacteria present in the sediment of the reservoir and its application in biological production of hydrogen gas. The anaerobic batch reactors showed a xylose consumption of 63.5% at 72 h of operation with yield of H 2 production of 0.3 (mol H 2 /mol xylose) at 37 °C, pH 5.5. Molecular biology techniques used for genomic DNA extraction, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the sediment sampling revealed clones similar to the phyla Proteobacteria , Chloroflexi , Firmicutes , Deferribacteres , Fusobacteria , Cyanobacteria and uncultured bacteria. The analysis of DGGE revealed changes in microbial populations from the sediment and the anaerobic consortia of bacteria from the reactors fed with xylose. Anaerobic bacteria coming from the sediment, mainly rods forming endospores from Phylum Firmicutes were favored by the experimental conditions imposed and they were probably involved in the biologic process of the H 2 production.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:29:53Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:48:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84884872855.pdf: 540332 bytes, checksum: caf9fbc4c5851d26981987ea4c266980 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Microbial communities in an industrial activated sludge plant may contribute to the denitrification process, but the information on the microorganisms present in denitrifying reactors is still scarce. Removal of inorganic nitrogen compounds can be accomplished by the addition of carbon sources to the biological process of denitrification. Ethanol is an economically viable alternative as a carbon source in tropical countries like Brazil, with large-scale production from sugarcane. This paper reports the successful aplication of activated sludge with nitrate and ethanol in a batch anaerobic reactor. The operation lasted 61.5 h with total consumption of nitrate in 42.5 h, nitrite generation (2.0 mg/L) and ethanol consumption (830.0 mg/L) in 23.5 h. Denitrifying cell counts by the most probable number at the start of the operation were lower than at the end, confirming the ability of the inoculum from activated sludge for the denitrification process. The samples from cell counts were identified as Acidovorax sp., Acinetobacter sp., Comamonas sp. and uncultured bacteria. Therefore, these species may be involved in nitrate reduction and ethanol consumption in the batch reactor. Departamento de Química Orgânica Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara , SP Departamento de Hidráulica E Saneamento Laboratório de Processos Biológicos, (LPB) Universidade de São Paulo,(USP), Av. João Dagnone 1100, São Carlos - SP Departamento de Química Orgânica Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara , SP

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the support material used for biomass attachment and bed porosity on the potential generation of hydrogen gas in an anaerobic bioreactor treating low-strength wastewater. For this purpose, an upflow anaerobic packed-bed (UAPB) reactor fed with sucrose-based synthetic wastewater was used. Three reactors with various support materials (expanded clay, vegetal coal, and low-density polyethylene) were operated for hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.5 and 2 h. Based on the results obtained, three further reactors were operated with low-density polyethylene as a material support using various bed porosities (91, 75, and 50 %) for an HRT of 0.5 h. The UAPB reactor was found to be a feasible technology for hydrogen production, reaching a maximum substrate-based hydrogen yield of 7 mol H₂ mol(-1) sucrose for an HRT of 0.5 h. The type of support material used did not affect hydrogen production or the microbial population inside the reactor. Increasing the bed porosity to 91 % provided a continuous and cyclic production of hydrogen, whereas the lower bed porosities resulted in a reduced time of hydrogen production due to biomass accumulation, which resulted in a decreasing working volume.

Hydrogen production was obtained from low concentrations of xylose metabolized by heat treated inoculum obtained from the slaughterhouse wastewater treatment UASB reactor installed in Brazil. The molecular biological analysis Clostridium and Klebsiella species, recognized as H 2 and volatile acid producers, in addition to Burkholderia species and uncultivated bacteria. The assays were carried out in batch reactors: (1) 630.0 mg xylose/L, (2) 1341.0 mg xylose/L, (3) 1848.0 mg xylose/L and (4) 3588.0 mg xylose/L. The following yields were obtained: 3% (0.2 mol H 2 /mol xylose), 8% (0.5 mol H 2 /mol xylose), 10% (0.6 mol H 2 /mol xylose) and 14% (0.8 mol H 2 /mol xylose), respectively. The end products obtained were acetic acid, butyric acid, methanol and ethanol in all of the anaerobic reactors. The concentrations of xylose did not inhibit microbial growth and hydrogen production. This suggested that low concentrations of xylose should be added to wastewater to produce hydrogen.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T13:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011Bitstream added on 2015-05-15T13:56:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN0960-8524-2011-102-04-3840-3847.pdf: 420989 bytes, checksum: 4523d2d45a19c8a7fa3ce8cd6475d8af (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This study evaluated two different support materials (ground tire and polyethylene terephthalate [PET]) for biohydrogen production in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) treating synthetic wastewater containing glucose (4000 mg L1 ). The AFBR, which contained either ground tire (R1) or PET (R2) as support materials, were inoculated with thermally pretreated anaerobic sludge and operated at a temperature of 30 C. The AFBR were operated with a range of hydraulic retention times (HRT) between 1 and 8 h. The reactor R1 operating with a HRT of 2 h showed better performance than reactor R2, reaching a maximum hydrogen yield of 2.25 mol H2 mol1 glucose with 1.3 mg of biomass (as the total volatile solids) attached to each gram of ground tire. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of particle samples revealed that reactor R1 favored the presence of hydrogen-producing bacteria such as Clostridium, Bacillus, and Enterobacter. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Química de Araraquara

O pré-tratamento a quente do inoculo associado ao controle do pH tem sido aplicado para selecionar bactérias produtoras de hidrogênio, como por exemplo, Clostridium sp. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi obter consórcio de bactérias anaeróbias produtoras de hidrogênio a partir de inóculo proveniente de lodo granulado de reator UASB, usado no tratamento de dejetos de suinocultura. Para tanto, foi realizado tratamento a quente do inóculo e, posterior, enriquecimento com diluições seriais visando obter consórcio anaeróbio. Foram utilizados 20% (v/v) desse consórcio como inóculo nos ensaios de determinação de gás hidrogênio em reatores com diferentes concentrações de sacarose e xilose. Os reatores anaeróbios (2 L) foram alimentados com sacarose e xilose, separadamente, em triplicata, a 37 graus Celsius, pH 5,5 e headspace com \'HE\' (100%) para as seguintes condições: (1) 630,0 mg sacarose/L; (2) 1184,0 mg sacarose/L; (3) 1816,0 mg sacarose/L, (4) 4128,0 mg sacarose/L, (5) 630,0 mg xilose/L; (6) 1341,0 mg xilose/L; (7) 1848,0 mg xilose/L e (8) 3588,0 mg xilose/L. A produção de \'H IND.2\' foi verificada em todos os reatores anaeróbios e não houve geração de metano. Os rendimentos de substrato a \'H IND.2\' para as condições (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) e (8) foram, respectivamente, 15% (1,2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sacarose), 20% (1,6 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sacarose), 15% (1,2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sacarose), 4% (0,3 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sacarose); 3,0% (0,2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xilose), 8,0% (0,5 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xilose), 10,0% (0,6 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xilose) e, 14% (0,8 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xilose). Em todos os reatores foram detectados os ácidos acético e butírico e etanol. A morfologia predominante foi de bacilos Gram positivos e formadores de endósporos. Análises de clonagem e sequenciamento do consórcio bacteriano revelaram semelhanças com Clostridium, Burkolderia, Klebsiella e bactérias não cultivadas. A produção biológica de gás hidrogênio foi devida a consórcios de bactérias que estiveram presentes nas condições estudadas, identificados, principalmente, por espécies de, Clostridium sp., Clostridium acidotolerans e Klebsiella pneumoniae, reconhecidas como geradoras de \'H IND.2\' e ácidos voláteis. The heat treatment of the inoculum associated with the pH control has been applied to select hydrogen-producing bacteria such as Clostridium sp. Therefore, this study aimed at preserving and keeping the anaerobic bacteria cultures producing hydrogen that comes from the granular sludge in UASB reactor, used to treat waste from pig farming, after heat treatment. For this, heat treatment of the inoculum was done and later, enrichment with serial dilutions to get anaerobic consortium. The 20% (v/v) of the bacterial consortium was used in essays for determination of hydrogen gas in reactors with different concentrations of sucrose and xylose. The reactors (2 L), fed with sucrose and xylose, separately, in triplicate, to 37 Celsius degrees, pH 5.5 and headspace with \'HE\' (100%) for the conditions: (1) 630.0 mg sucrose/L, (2) 1184.0 mg sucrose/L, (3) 1816.0 mg sucrose/L, (4) 4128.0 mg sucrose/L, (5) 630.0 mg xylose/L, (6) 1341.0 mg xylose /L, (7) 1848.0 mg xylose/L and (8) 3588.0 mg xylose/L. \'H IND.2\' production was detected in all the anaerobic reactors and there was no methane generation. \'H IND.2\' yield for the conditions (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8) were, respectively, 15% (1, 2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sucrose), 20% (1.6 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sucrose), 15% (1.2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sucrose), 4% (0.3 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol sucrose), 3.0% (0.2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xylose), 8.0% (0.5 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xylose), 10.0% (0.6 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xylose), and 14% (0.8 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol xylose). The metabolic intermediarie products were acetic, butyric acid and ethanol in all anaerobic reactors. The main morphology was Gram positive bacilli and endospores formers. The cloning and sequencing analysis of the bacterial consortium revealed the presence of Clostridium genus (57%), Burkolderia genus (30%), Klebsiella genus (8%) and uncultivated bacteria (5%). The hydrogen gas production was due to bacterial consortium that were present in the studied conditions, marked mainly by species Clostridium sp., Clostridium acidotolerans and Klebsiella pneumoniae, recognized as \'H IND.2\' and volatile acids producing.

A tecnologia anaeróbia tem sido utilizada com sucesso no tratamento de água residuária contendo compostos fenólicos. Recentes pesquisas incluem tais compostos entre aqueles que podem ser degradados através desse processo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a degradação do fenol em diferentes condições nutricionais, com ênfase na redução do sulfato. Os experimentos foram realizados com meio de cultura específico para esses microrganismos anaeróbios. Foram realizados ensaios de degradação em reatores em batelada alimentados nas seguintes condições: (1) fenol e sulfato, a diferentes concentrações, com inóculo previamente enriquecido; (2) fenol, sulfato e co-substratos e; (3) fenol, sulfato e extrato de levedura. Todos os ensaios foram realizados em temperatura de 30 graus Celsius, sob agitação de 150 rpm. Foi avaliado o consumo de fenol e sulfato e, produção de metano, em função do tempo, para diferentes concentrações iniciais de fenol e sulfato. Nos ensaios com reatores alimentados com fenol (329,3 mg/l); fenol (307,3 mg/l) e sulfato (160 mg/l); fenol (322.3 mg/l), sulfato (160 mg/l) e lactato (478,16 mg/l); fenol (332,1 mg/l), sulfato (150 mg/l) e etanol (129,76 mg/l), a remoção foi de, respectivamente, 99,8%, 98,2%, 98,8% e 98,8%. Os reatores alimentados com fenol (239,7 mg/l) obtiveram 100% de eficiência na degradação em apenas 11 dias e, os reatores alimentados com fenol (234,3 mg/l) e sulfato (162,5 mg/l) e fenol (256,0 mg/l) e sulfato (500 mg/l) tiveram eficiências de degradação de, respectivamente, 98,8% e 99,3% com 17 dias de operação. Tais eficiências foram obtidas pelo acréscimo de extrato de levedura nos reatores, no início dos ensaios. A caracterização morfológica foi realizada através de microscopia óptica. A diversidade microbiana referente aos Domínios Bacteria e Archaea, além do grupo de bactérias redutoras de sulfato foi avaliada através da técnica de PCR DGGE, onde foram observadas alterações nas populações microbianas, em função das condições nutricionais. Para o Domínio Archaea não foram observadas diferenças nos ensaios realizados. Para o Domínio Bacteria e Grupo das BRS essas diferenças foram, mais facilmente, percebidas com relação ao inóculo e entre os diversos reatores. A alteração na diversidade microbiana pode ter sido decorrente da composição do meio que, nesse caso, foi específico para BRS e a composição do inóculo que continha parte previamente adaptada às BRS. Essas condições adequadas puderam propiciar surgimento e desenvolvimento de populações microbianas capazes de degradar fenol, utilizando sulfato. The anaerobic technology has been successfully used to treat wastewater containing phenolic compounds. Recent research includes such compounds among those that can be degraded through this process. The goal of this project was to assess phenol degradation in different nutritional conditions, focusing on sulfate reduction. The essays were carried out in a specific culture mean for these kinds of anaerobic microorganisms. Degradation essays were carried out in a batch reactor fed in the following ways: (1) phenol and sulfate, in different concentrations, with previously enriched inoculum; (2) phenol, sulfate and co-substrates and; (3) phenol, sulfate and yeast extract. All the essays were carried out at 30 Celsius degrees, under 150 rpm agitation. The consumption of phenol and sulfate and, methane production, in function of time, for different initial concentrations of phenol and sulfate was assessed. In the essays the reactors were fed with phenol (329.3 mg/l); phenol (307.3 mg/l) and sulfate (160 mg/l); phenol (322.3 mg/l), sulfate (160 mg/l) and lactate (478.16 mg/l); phenol (332.1 mg/l), sulfate (150 mg/l) and ethanol (129.76 mg/l), the removal was of, respectively, 99.8%, 98.2%, 98.8% and 98.8%. The reactors fed with phenol (239.7 mg/l) obtained 100% degradation efficiency in only 11 days. The reactors fed with phenol (234.3 mg/l) and sulfate (162.5 mg/l) and phenol (256.0 mg/l) and sulfate (500 mg/l) obtained degradation efficiency of 98.8% and 99.3%, respectively, in only 17 days of operation. Such efficiencies were obtained by the increase of yeast extract in the reactors, in the beginning of the essays. The morphological characterization was carried out by optical microscopy. The microbial diversity regarding the Bacteria and Archaea Domain, besides the sulfate reducing bacteria group was assessed through the PCR DGGE technique, where alterations were seen in the microbial population, due to nutritional conditions. For the Archaea Domain, no differences were seen in all the essays. For the Bacteria Domain and the SRB Group these differences were easily seen, noticed by the inoculum and the diverse reactors. The alteration in the microbial diversity might have occurred due to culture mean composition that, in this case, was specific for SRB and also due to inoculum composition that contained a part previously adapted to SRB. These adequate conditions could promote appearance and development of microbial population capable of degrading phenol, using sulfate.

Reductive decolorization is widely used for removal of color from azo dye textile wastewater. Although efficient, this process has some drawbacks regarding the interference caused by sulfate ions, which may cause a competition mechanism for reducing equivalents. We propose the use of multiple stage anaerobic treatment to eliminate issues related to this competition. Results showed that electrons were driven to preferentially reduce the azo dye in the 1st-stage reactor (R1), where methanogenesis and sulfidogenesis were inhibited by the operating conditions applied, i.e. low pH and high organic loading rate. Reductive decolorization was found to be co-metabolic and mainly associated with hydrogen-producing pathways. The 2nd-stage reactor (R2) achieved nearly complete organic matter and sulfate removals, and also kept the overall decolorization efficiencies around 90% even when R1 presented decreased performance. Acidogens from R1 were observed to be sensitive and undergo selection upon exposure to azo dyes, whereas microbial communities in R2 are exposed to lower levels of dye and therefore appear less sensitive. To further elucidate the azo reduction mechanism, a Lactococcus lactis strain that was enriched throughout the operation was isolated from R1 and investigated using proteomics analysis. The mechanism involved biosorption by glycoconjugates, particularly exopolysaccharides and rhamnolipids, as proteins from the LPS O-antigen metabolism were statistically more abundant in cells challenged with the target compound. Electrons were transferred through the biofilm matrix by hopping, in a mechanism that involved a SDR family oxidoreductase and riboflavin carriers. The results show that enzymes with broad substrate specificity are involved in the co-metabolic degradation of azo dyes by syntrophic microbial communities. The proposed configuration was proven effective in the removal of color, organic matter, and sulfate from azo dye textile wastewaters and showed feasibility for industrial application due to its stable performance and higher azo dye load capacity when compared to singlestage systems. A descoloração redutiva é amplamente utilizada para a remoção de cor de águas residuárias que contém corantes têxteis azo. Embora eficiente, esse processo possui algumas limitações relacionadas à interferência de íons sulfato, que podem competir por equivalentes redutores. Neste estudo, propôs-se a utilização do tratamento anaeróbio em dois estágios para resolver os problemas relacionados a essa competição. Os resultados demonstraram que os elétrons foram preferencialmente utilizados para a redução do azo no reator anaeróbio de 1ª etapa (R1), onde a sulfetogênese e metanogênese foram inibidos pelas condições operacionais aplicadas, i.e. elevada carga orgânica volumétrica e baixo pH. Observou-se que a descoloração redutiva é um processo cometabólico e associado a rotas metabólicas produtoras de hidrogênio na fase acidogênica. O reator de 2ª etapa (R2) atingiu eficiências completas de remoção de matéria orgânica e de sulfato, além de atuar no polimento do efluente para melhoria da remoção de cor. Constatou-se que as bactérias acidogênicas em R1 são sensíveis e selecionadas na presença do corante, enquanto as comunidades microbianas em R2 são expostas a menores níveis do corante e por isso se mostram mais robustas. Para melhor elucidar o mecanismo de redução do azo, uma cepa de Lactococcus lactis, enriquecida durante a operação, foi isolada e estudada utilizando-se análise de proteômica. O mecanismo envolveu biossorção por glicoconjugados, particularmente exopolissacarídeos e ramnolipídeos, uma vez que proteínas relacionadas ao metabolismo de lipopolissacarídeos foram estatisticamente mais abundantes em células expostas ao corante azo. Os elétrons foram transferidos pela matriz do biofilme por hopping, num mecanismo que envolveu uma oxidorredutase da família de desidrogenase/redutases de cadeia curta e o mediador redox riboflavina. Os resultados sugerem que enzimas promíscuas estão envolvidas na degradação cometabólica de corantes azo por culturas microbianas sintróficas. Ainda, a configuração proposta se mostrou efetiva na remoção de cor, matéria orgânica e sulfato de efluentes contendo azo-corantes, e sua aplicação industrial mostra-se viável devido à performance estável e capacidade de receber cargas maiores de corante azo comparado aos processos de estágio único.

Na reação de transesterificação para produção de biodiesel é gerado como resíduo a glicerina (glicerol), em torno de 10% (m/v). Nos anos de 2017 e 2018, cerca de 375 e 441 mil m³, respectivamente, de glicerol residual foi computado decorrente da produção de biodiesel. Devido a crescente produção deste biocombustível, muitos estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos para encontrar aplicações para o glicerol residual. Neste sentido, o glicerol pode ser utilizado como fonte de carbono para a sua conversão em 1,3-propanodiol por meio de processos fermentativos catalisados por microrganismos do gênero Clostridium. O 1,3 propanodiol (1,3-PDO) é empregado principalmente na produção de polímeros. A utilização do glicerol pelo Clostridium pode ocorrer por duas vias, a oxidativa com ganho de energia e coenzimas reduzidas e a redutiva, na qual o glicerol é convertido a 3-hidroxipropionaldeído, sendo posteriormente reduzido a 1,3-PDO pela enzina 1,3 propanodiol oxirredutase. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os fatores que podem afetar a fermentação de glicerol pelo Clostridium beijerinckii Br21, tais como composição do meio de cultura, concentração de glicerol, pH inicial e controle de pH. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a cepa Clostridium pasteurianum DSMZ 525. O C. beijerinckii Br21 é capaz de produzir 1,3-PDO em diferentes concentrações de glicerol, sendo as concentrações 170 e 390 mM as mais favoráveis, apresentando Y1,3-PDO/GLICEROL (mM mM-1), 0,66 e 0,47, respectivamente. Enquanto o C pasteurianum independente da concentração estudada o fator de conversão foi em torno de 0,4 mM 1,3-PDO mM-1 glicerol. Valores de pH próximos a neutralidade favorecem, tanto o crescimento microbiano quanto a produção de 1,3-PDO. Quando o pH foi controlado em 7, a concentração de 1,3-PDO gerada foi consideravelmente maior do que quando este não foi controlado, independente da cepa estudada, sendo, 63,8 e 123,4 mM 1,3-PDO para C. beijerinckii e C. pasteurianum, respectivamente. A cepa C. beijerinckii Br21 se mostrou uma alternativa, tanto para a obtenção de 1,3-PDO, quanto para ácido butírico. Estudos futuros de otimização na conversão de glicerol em 1,3-PDO possivelmente tornarão esta cepa uma opção para aplicações do glicerol residual do biodiesel em produtos de valor agregado, tais como 1,3-PDO e ácido butírico. In the transesterification reaction for biodiesel production, glycerin (glycerol) is generated as a residue, around 10% (m/v). In the years 2017 and 2018, about 375 and 441 thousand m³, respectively, of residual glycerol was computed due to the production of biodiesel. Due to the growing production of this biofuel, many studies have been developed to find applications for residual glycerol. In this sense, glycerol can be used as a carbon source for its conversion into 1,3-propanediol through fermentative processes catalyzed by microorganisms of the genus Clostridium. 1,3 propanediol (1,3-PDO) is mainly used in the production of polymers. The use of glycerol by Clostridium can occur in two ways, the oxidative with energy gain and reduced coenzymes and the reductive, in which the glycerol is converted to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, being subsequently reduced to 1,3-PDO by the 1,3 enzyme propanediol oxirredutase. In this work, factors that may affect the fermentation of glycerol by Clostridium beijerinckii Br21 were evaluated, such as composition of the culture medium, concentration of glycerol, initial pH and pH control. The results obtained were compared with the strain Clostridium pasteurianum DSMZ 525. C. beijerinckii Br21 is capable of producing 1,3-PDO in different concentrations of glycerol, with the concentrations 170 and 390 mM being the most favorable, presenting Y1,3-PDO/GLICEROL (mM mM-1), 0.66 and 0.47, respectively. While the C pasteurianum, regardless of the concentration studied, the conversion factor was near 0.4 mM 1.3-PDO mM-1 glycerol. PH values close to neutrality favor both microbial growth and the production of 1,3-PDO. When the pH was controlled at 7, the generated 1,3-PDO concentration was considerably higher than when it was not controlled, regardless of the strain studied, being 63.8 and 123.4 mM 1.3-PDO for C beijerinckii and C. pasteurianum, respectively. The strain C. beijerinckii Br21 proved to be an alternative, both for obtaining 1,3-PDO and for butyric acid. Future optimization studies on the conversion of glycerol to 1,3-PDO will possibly make this strain an option for applications of residual biodiesel glycerol in value-added products, such as 1,3-PDO and butyric acid.

A combinação do substrato orgânico e do reator anaeróbio é determinante na produção fermentativa de hidrogênio e de ácidos orgânicos com valor agregado. A utilização do melaço da cana-de-açúcar como substrato orgânico em reatores de leito granular expandido (EGSB) ainda não foi uma alternativa explorada para produção de hidrogênio. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a produção biológica de hidrogênio e ácidos orgânicos em três reatores EGSB independentes com concentração de carboidratos de 5 g L-1 (EGSB-5), 10 g L-1 (EGSB-10) e 15 g L-1 (EGSB-15), utilizando melaço da cana-de-açúcar como substrato, sob condição mesofílica de temperatura (30 ºC) e variação do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 24 h até 1 h. No EGSB-5, o processo fermentativo não gerou hidrogênio. No entanto, houve produção de metabólitos com valor agregado, principalmente ácido acético, butírico e propiônico. Neste reator, o ácido acético proveniente da reação de homoacetogênese (23 51%) justificou a ausência de hidrogênio. No EGSB-10 a produção de hidrogênio ocorreu na última fase de operação (TDH 1 h), com produção volumétrica de hidrogênio (PVH) máxima de 4,56 L d-1 L-1 e rendimento de hidrogênio (HY) máximo de 0,14 mol H2 mol hexose -1. No EGSB-15, houve PVH no TDH de 2 h e de 1 h , com valor máximo de 13,92 L d-1 L-1 no TDH de 1 h, e HY máximo de 0,25 mol H2 mol hexose-1, também no TDH de 1 h. No EGSB-10 e no EGSB-15, as vias metabólicas responsáveis pela produção de hidrogênio foram semelhantes, associadas à elevação da produção de ácido butírico e ácido lático. O ácido lático foi utilizado como fonte de carbono alternativa em condições de pouca disponibilidade de substrato e de pressão parcial de hidrogênio elevada, o que justifica os valores reduzidos de HY. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o melaço pode ser utilizado para produção de H2 e de ácidos orgânicos em reatores EGSB por processos fermentativos. The combination of the organic substrate and the anaerobic reactor is determinant in fermentative hydrogen and organic acids production. The use of sugarcane molasses as an organic substrate in expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) has not yet been explored for H2 production. Thus the objective of this study was to analyze the biological H2 and organic acids production in three independent EGSB reactors with a carbohydrate concentration of 5 g L-1 (EGSB-5), 10 g L-1 (EGSB-10) and 15 g L-1 (EGSB-15), using sugarcane molasses as substrate, under mesophilic temperature (30 °C) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) variation of 24 h - 1 h. In EGSB-5, the fermentation process did not generate hydrogen. However, there was production of volatile fatty acids, mainly acetic, butyric and propionic acid. In this reactor, acetic acid from the homoacetogenesis reaction (23 - 51%) justified the absence of hydrogen. The EGSB-10 produced H2 in the last phase of operation (HTR 1 h), with maximum hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 4.56 L d-1 L-1 and maximum hydrogen yield (HY) of 0.14 mol H2 mol hexose-1. In the EGSB-15, there was HPR in the HPR of 2 h and 1 h, with a maximum value of 13.92 L d-1 L-1 in the HRT of 1 h, and HY maximum of 0.25 mol H2 mol hexose-1, also in the HRT of 1 h. In the EGSB-10 and EGSB-15, the metabolic pathways responsible for hydrogen production were similar, associated with increased production of butyric acid and lactic acid. Lactic acid was used as an alternative carbon source under conditions of low substrate availability and high hydrogen partial pressure, which justifies the reduced HY values. The results showed that molasses can be used to produce H2 and organic acids in EGSB reactors in anaerobic fermentation process.