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The blue and red shrimp Aristeus antennatus has been intensively exploited by trawling fishery in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Implementation of an adequate management plan needs complete genetic data of the non-spawning and spawning grounds of the species. During the reproductive period, the species forms spawning aggregations in the middle slope, mainly constituted of mature females carrying spermatophores. Seven spawning females’ grounds in the Western Mediterranean Sea from Gulf of Lions (France) to Cabo de Palos (Spain) were sampled during two consecutive years, 2016 and 2017. This study assessed for the first time the levels of genetic diversity within spawning grounds, the genetic divergence among them and estimated the degree of temporal genetic stability using multilocus genotyping. Our results showed a high connectivity of the spawning females’ grounds that remains stable during the two analysed years, explained by passive larval dispersal, together with juveniles and adults’ migration. We advise that a future management plan for A. antennatus fishery should consider the Mediterranean Subarea GSA6 as a single unit, but it should be combined with local monitoring in order to ensure the sustainable exploitation of the populations Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by a grant from Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (CTM2014-54648-C2-2-R) to MIR. LP and MA benefited from predoctoral fellowship from the Universitat de Girona (BR2014 and IFUdG2018, respectively)

The European brown trout, Salmo trutta, is a cold-adapted fish reported as a Least Concern species in the IUCN Red List. This species colonized new territories from southern refuges during the last glacial melting, but during the 20th century suffered from anthropic impacts on its habitats. The long-time survival of the species relies on the genetic diversity within and among populations. Brown trout is among the genetically most diverse vertebrate species; however, native populations in Mediterranean rivers have dramatically suffered of introgressive hybridization from extensive releases of evolutionary distant non-native Atlantic stocks. In addition, in Mediterranean rivers climate change will result in unsuitable conditions for the species during the 21st century. Using brown trout populations at the headstreams of a Pyrenean river as a model, this paper revised how hatchery releases have affected the native gene pools and how environmental and climatic variables controlled the amount of local introgression at intra-basin level. Introgressive hybridization was detected in all studied sites. Ten times larger divergence was observed among populations at tributaries than among populations along the main stem. A highly impacted population distributed in a long transect in the main stem suggested that hatchery fish move towards the main stem wherever released. From already highly impacted populations and despite the cessation of hatchery releases, warmer temperatures and lower precipitation expected from climate change will extend the introgressive hybridization along the basin, contributing to the extinction of the native gene pools. Based on available morphological distinction of native, hatchery and hybrid brown trout, we advocate the involvement of regional social groups (e.g. riverside dwellers, anglers, conservationists, hikers) in citizen science programs to detect the spread of non-native phenotypes along the rivers. These are cheap and fast methods to collaborate with fishery managers in the preservation and recovery of the regional native populations.

In this study, we quantified the three key biological processes, growth, recruitment, and dispersal pattern, which are necessary for a better understanding of the population dynamics of the blue and red shrimp

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The blue and red shrimp Aristeus antennatus is a demersal marine species harvested by bottom trawling in the Mediterranean Sea, the adjacent Atlantic Ocean (AO) waters, and the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean (IO). As it is considered to be a priority species for sustainable fishing, identification of its genetic stocks and the connectivity between them is essential. Using 12 microsatellite loci we detected at least four genetic stocks distributed in the Western Mediterranean (WM), Eastern Mediterranean (EM), AO, and IO and signals for a possible fifth stock in the Alborán Sea. We detected no additional population structuring within the WM. Thus, although the Almería-Orán Front exerts some isolating effect, high genetic homogeneity and gene flow are present within the WM Basin. The IO stock is genetically closer to the AO stock than to the others; thus, the species dispersion route is more likely via the Atlantic Ocean than via the Red Sea. Large effective population sizes suggest population sustainability, but moderate genetic diversity values indicate to proceed with caution. Our genetic results serve as a basis for species conservation to ensure long-term sustainability of this marine resource This work was supported by grants to M.I.R. by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (CTM2006–00785) and Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (CTM2014-54648-C2-2-R). Additional support to S.H by PADI foundation. L.P. benefited from a predoctoral fellowship from the University of Girona (BR2014) SI

The population biology of the deep-sea shrimp Aristeus antennatus, as with other exploited demersal species, is usually studied using data from fishery statistics. Such statistical analyses have shown female-biased sex ratios during the spawning season in this species. Because the abundance of males increases at greater depths that are not exploited by fisheries (virgin grounds), knowledge on their recruitment is limited. Here, the growth and recruitment of A. antennatus males at fishing grounds was evaluated. This was achieved by integrating information on previously identified breeding behaviours and by tracing the young-of-year cohort through genotyping at 10 microsatellite loci. Using a codend and a codend cover with distinct meshed windows, four groups of males were collected in winter and in a subsequent spawning summer season. Summer collections were mostly composed of pre-adult males, reaching sizes that are to be expected from the growth of winter juveniles, however, many specimens also originated from nearby grounds. This result indicates the horizontal dispersal of male juveniles via intermediate and deep oceanographic currents. Such dispersal complements passive larval dispersal in surface waters, and contributes to the weak genetic divergence among regional fishing grounds. These features could be shared by other deep-sea crustacean and fish species, and should be considered for the sustainable exploitation of demersal fisheries.

Temporal variability of the genetic structure and connectivity patterns of the blue and red shrimp Aristeus antennatus in the seven most important fishing grounds of the Western Mediterranean Sea, were assessed using twelve microsatellite loci during 2 consecutive years (2016 and 2017), in a total of 1403 adult individuals. A high level of geographical connectivity among groups was observed in the two studied years. In fact, no significant geographical differentiation was found in 2016 (FST = 0.0018, p > 0.05), whereas it was indicated in 2017 (FST = 0.0025, p FCT = 0.0006, p A. antennatus.

Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations have been restocked during recent decades to satisfy angling demand and counterbalance the decline of wild populations. Millions of fertile brown trout individuals were released into Mediterranean and Atlantic rivers from hatcheries with homogeneous central European stocks. Consequently, many native gene pools have become endangered by introgressive hybridization with those hatchery stocks. Different genetic tools have been used to identify and evaluate the degree of introgression starting from pure native and restocking reference populations (e.g., LDH-C* locus, microsatellites). However, due to the high genetic structuring of brown trout, the definition of the "native pool" is hard to achieve. Additionally, although the LDH-C* locus is useful for determining the introgression degree at the population level, its consistency at individual level is far from being accurate, especially after several generations were since releases. Accordingly, the development of a more powerful and cost-effective tool is essential for an appropriate monitoring to recover brown-trout-native gene pools. Here, we used the 2b restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (2b-RADseq) and Stacks 2 with a reference genome to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) diagnostic for hatchery-native fish discrimination in the Atlantic and Mediterranean drainages of the Iberian Peninsula. A final set of 20 SNPs was validated in a MassARRAY® System genotyping by contrasting data with the whole SNP dataset using samples with different degree of introgression from those previously recorded. Heterogeneous introgression impact was confirmed among and within river basins, and was the highest in the Mediterranean Slope. The SNP tool reported here should be assessed in a broader sample scenario in Southern Europe considering its potential for monitoring recovery plans This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) through the program State Program for I+D+i oriented to the challenges of society (Project reference, RTI2018-095760-B-C21), Girona University (MPCUdG2016/060) and Consolidation and Structuring of competitive research units of Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2018/29) projects. Adrián Casanova was a Xunta de Galicia predoctoral fellowship (ED481A-2017/091).

Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) is an important resource both for conservation and recreational fisheries in Iberian Peninsula, but the species is threatened in Llobregat River, an important river drainage in Catalonia (NE Spain), due to the high anthropological influence. In order to ascertain the native genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, population structure and stocking impact in this drainage, 295 individuals collected from eight different locations distributed throughout the main river course and the main tributary (i.e. Llobregat River and Cardener River, respectively) were analysed for the period 1990–2017. The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and the LDH-C* diagnostic locus for monitoring the stocking were analysed. Moderate-high levels of genetic introgression were detected (frequency ~ 0.300), affecting especially the main course. Despite the stocking introgression and the expected genetic depletion by genetic drift due to population isolation, a new mtDNA haplotype group pertaining to the Mediterranean lineage was found restricted to the Cardener River. This haplogroup is responsible of the high population differentiation observed between rivers in the Llobregat drainage (ΦCT = 0.456, P

Understanding life history variation and strategies is crucial for stock assessment and fisheries management due to the direct effects on population dynamics, effective population size, sex-ratios, levels of inbreeding, and relatedness among individuals. Aristeus antennatus (En ─ Blue and red shrimp; Fr ─ Crevette rouge; Sp ─ Gamba rosada) is one of the most exploited demersal resources in the Western Mediterranean Sea. However, information regarding the mating system and mate choice preferences remains largely unknown. Advances in molecular genetic markers and methods of inferring biological relationships among individuals have facilitated new insights into the reproductive dynamics of the species in the wild. Here, we used microsatellite markers to examine the A. antennatus mating system and putative mate choice preferences. Our results provided clear evidence of polyandry and polygyny. Relatedness analyses, together with FST and DAPC values showed females exhibited a mating bias towards unrelated males. Mating males were inferred from spermatophores and suggested males were sympatric with females and were also from other spawning grounds. Our findings provided the first description of the reproductive behavior of blue and red shrimp This work was supported by a grant from Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (CTM2014-54648-C2-2-R) to MIR. LP benefited from predoctoral fellowship from the Universitat de Girona (BR2014)

Phylogeographical studies can reveal hidden patterns in the evolutionary history of species. Comparative analyses of closely related species can further help disentangle the relative contributions of processes responsible for such patterns. In this work, the phylogeography of two aristeid species, Aristeus antennatus and Aristaeomorpha foliacea, was compared through multiple genetic markers. These marine shrimp species are of high commercial importance, and are exploited in the Mediterranean Sea (MED) and in Mozambique Channel (MOZ) where they occur in partial sympatry. Aristeus antennatus (N = 50) from Western and Eastern Mediterranean (WM and EM, respectively), Atlantic Ocean (AO) and MOZ, and Aristaeomorpha foliacea (N = 40) from WM, EM, MOZ North-Western Australia (AUS) were analyzed with two nuclear genes (PEPCK and NaK) and one mitochondrial (COI) gene. Within the study area differences were found between the two species in their phylogeographical patterns, suggesting distinct responses to environmental changes. Monophyly of Aristeus antennatus was found across its distributional range. This pattern contrasted by a deep evolutionary split within Aristaeomorpha foliacea where genetic diversity followed geography distinguishing MED-MOZ and AUS. We propose that the AUS lineage of A. foliacea warrants consideration as a distinct species, with consequent implications in systematics and resource management.

The giant red shrimp, Aristaeomorpha foliacea, is a commercially important species in the Mediterranean Sea (MED), Mozambique Channel (MOZ), and north western Australia (AUS). 685 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced in 317 individuals from six Mediterranean and two Indian Ocean localities. Genetic diversity estimates of Indian Ocean samples were higher than those of MED counterparts. AMOVA, phylogenetic tree, haplotype network and Bayesian assignment analyses detected three haplogroups, corresponding to MED, MOZ and AUS, separated by three and 38 mutational steps, respectively. Within MED shallow genetic divergence between populations was dependent on local oceanographical characteristics. Mismatch distribution analysis and neutrality tests provided a consistent indication of past population expansion in each region considered. Our results provide the first evidence of genetic structure in A. foliacea and suggest a scenario of allopatric speciation within the Indian Ocean that, however needs deeper examination.

With this work we addressed some molecular systematic issues within the Mugil cephalus species complex. Particular attention was paid to the debated situations of: (i) Mugil liza, occurring in partial sympatry with Mugil cephalus in the northwestern Atlantic, and (ii) Mugil platanus, considered by some authors a synonymy of the former species and distributed in the southwestern Atlantic. We sequenced 79 individuals of a 465-bp portion of the mitochondrial control region (CR) from 8 western Atlantic and 2 Mediterranean localities. In addition, all CR sequences available from GenBank for the studied taxa were added to our dataset, for a total of 323 individuals. Overall, 229 haplotypes corresponding to 8 divergent monophyletic lineages were detected. Results of phylogenetic analyses were consistent with the occurrence of past speciation events producing the observed lineages. Of these lineages, 7 correspond to cryptic species and one is constituted by M. liza and M. platanus. As a matter of fact, these 2 taxa constitute a single lineage within the M. cephalus species complex. However, individuals of M. liza/M. platanus lineage analyzed by means of the 18 mitochondrial markers available in GenBank exhibited a degree of genetic diversity consistent with highly divergent populations. Of the 8 lineages detected, the Mediterraean one (type locality) corresponds to M. cephalus; the lineage M. liza/M. platanus should be named M. liza, under the priority principle, and the left 6 lineages need formal description.

This contribution provides an insight into Atheriniformes systematics based on four mitochondrial regions: 12S rRNA, cytb, COI and control region (2794 bp in total). In the Atherinopsoidei (New World silversides), comparisons among five species of Odontesthes , O. argentinensis , O. bonariensis , O. smitti , O. hatcheri and O. incisa revealed a putative marine-freshwater pairing pattern of Odontesthes species, possibly driven by sea level fluctuations of South American waters. This study represents the first data on molecular phylogeny of Odontesthes species that can be of usefulness to biodiversity conservation policies. In the Atherinoidei (Old World silversides), Atherina boyeri was corroborated as a species complex constituted by a marine form, a marine with dark spots form and a brackish form. Concretely, Odontesthes and Atherina may represent geographically replicated models to study genetic adaptation and speciation of marine species to brackish and freshwater habitats. In addition, phylogenetic analyses supported Odontesthes and Atherina as monophyletic taxa and their separation into two differentiated suborders Atherinopsoidei and Atherinoidei, respectively.

Systematics derived from morphological characters often does not correspond with the evolutionary processes underlying the divergence within a group of organisms. In the family Mugilidae (Teleostei) morphological similarities have resulted in inconsistencies between taxonomy and phylogeny among its species, and particularly for the genera Mugil, Liza and Chelon where both intrageneric and intergeneric phylogenetic clarifications are needed. To address these issues, the direct sequencing of the mitochondrial region that encodes Phenylalanine (69 bp), 12S rRNA (842 bp), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (651 bp) and cytochrome b (702 bp) was carried out. The data reveal that Mugil platanus and Mugil liza represent a continuum of a single species, closely related to but distinct from Mugil cephalus which itself appears to comprise a grouping of multiple and closely related species. This species complex was genetically distinct from Mugil curema, which, based on three clearly diverged species identified in this study along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, requires extensive taxonomic revision throughout its world-wide distribution. Unlike the monophyly supported within Mugil, relationships within Liza are paraphyletic, and a taxonomic revision of the genera Liza, Chelon and Oedalechilus is needed.

A previously unidentified mullet species (Mugil sp.) from Mar Chiquita lagoon, Argentina, was compared with two candidate species Mugil curema and M. cephalus using 12 truss landmarks and three mitochondrial DNA genes (12S rRNA, cytochrome b and COI). Both procedures confirmed that the Argentinean fish were white mullet M. curema. Morphological comparisons clearly segregated M. curema from M. cephalus samples in PCA plot. Similarly, Argentinean haplotypes at each gene overlapped with M. curema reference samples while M. cephalus haplotypes remained distinct. These combined data provide a valuable baseline for further investigations on the geographic distribution of this commercially important species group.

The blue and red shrimp Aristeus antenantus supports an important commercial fishery in the Western Mediterranean, adjacent Atlantic waters and Mozambique Channel (western Indian Ocean). This study investigates its genetic structure by examining a total of 506 individuals from Mediterranean, Atlantic and Indian Ocean locations. In order to identify putative genetic stocks, sequences from 16S rDNA (546 bp) and COI (514 bp) genes were used. Genetic diversity, estimated by haplotypic and nucleotidic diversity, was lower in the Western Mediterranean than in samples from other locations. The high haplotypic diversity of the Eastern Mediterranean, Atlantic and Indian Ocean samples reflects the occurrence of a number of private haplotypes, which are also responsible for significant genetic divergence between these samples and the Western Mediterranean ones. The analysis of mismatch distributions, neutrality tests, and star-like patterns present in the network of haplotypes provided consistent inference of past population expansion in the Western Mediterranean, Atlantic and Mozambique Channel regions. Our study provides the first evidence of genetic structuring in A. antennatus across its distributional range The authors thank M. Arculeo, A. Carbonell, M. Cortey, L. Hidalgo, C.- Y. Politou, I. Sobrino and A. Souplet for their help in sample collection; and C. Martinez and R. Patellani for their assistance in the laboratory. This work was supported by grants to M.I.R. by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (CTM2006-00785) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AGL2009-09228). M.V.F. benefited from a predoctoral fellowship from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BES-2007-15865)

7 páginas, 2 figuras, 4 tablas, [EN] The red and blue shrimp, Aristeus antennatus, inhabits deep shelf waters in the Mediterranean Sea, where the shallower portion of its distribution supports a large commercial fishery. Recent prospecting surveys in the western Mediterranean have detected virgin stocks dwelling at more than 1000 m, but the extent of gene flow between the exploited shallow-dwelling stock and the deep-dwelling stock is unknown. To investigate the genetic structure of the population and estimate the depth component of gene flow, a portion of the mitochondrial DNA 16S gene (547 pb) was sequenced for 321 individuals from four different depths (350, 700, 1100 and 1500 m) at a location in the Catalan Sea. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity values were low and did not significantly differ across depths. Analysis of molecular variance showed no significant genetic differences between depths. Mismatch distribution and neutrality tests indicated that A. antennatus has undergone recent demographic expansion in the two shallowest layers. Our results suggest that the species is genetically structured as a sort of metapopulation in which gene flow that occurs during the larval and juvenile stages, when larvae are carried downstream and juveniles are carried upstream by cascading, plays an important role in the resilience of the exploited layers, [ES] La gamba rosada Aristeus antennatus habita las aguas profundas del Mar Mediterráneo, donde los stocks de aguas más someras soportan una importante presión pesquera. Recientes campañas de prospección llevadas a cabo en el Mediterráneo Occidental han detectado stocks vírgenes a más de 1000 m de profundidad, pero se desconoce el flujo génico entre estos stocks y los menos profundos. Con el fin de investigar la estructura genética de dichos stocks, y estimar el componente de flujo génico entre ellos, se secuenció una porción de ADN mitocondrial, el gen 16S (547 bp) en 321 individuos procedentes de cuatro profundidades (350, 700, 1100 y 1500 m) de una localidad del mar Catalán. Los valores de diversidad haplotípica y nucleotídica fueron bajos y no resultaron significativos entre profundidades. El análisis de la varianza molecular tampoco mostró diferencias significativas entre profundidades. La distribución mismatch y los tests de neutralidad indicaron que A. antennatus tuvo una expansión demográfica reciente en las dos fracciones menos profundas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la gamba rosada está genéticamente estructurada como una metapoblación donde el flujo génico ocurre, en parte, mediante la deriva de larvas y de juveniles, cuando éstos últimos aparecen en las zonas menos profundas en los períodos siguientes al cascading. Este aspecto juega un rol importante en la capacidad de recuperación de los stocks explotados, Financial support for this work was provided by grant no. CTM2006-00785 to MIR

In this paper we addressed the phylogeographical genetic structure of the economically important red shrimp, Aristeusantennatus (Crustacea, Aristeidae) in the Western Mediterranean. Partial mitochondrial regions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (514 bp) and ribosomal 16S subunit (547 bp) were sequenced in 137 individuals collected at three localities: Catalan Sea, Ligurian Sea and the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Values of haplotypic diversity were h = 0.552–0.724, whereas those for nucleotide diversity were π = 0.0012–0.0026. Among-sample genetic diversity was not significant and no geographical patterns in the distribution of haplotypes were apparent. Results of the present study are consistent with a past population expansion that occurred