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Ethnic, political and religious crises are challenging Nigeria’s existence and its democracy. The issues at stake question Nigeria’s ethno-religious crisis and federalism: a study of the Jos North Municipality in Plateau State. The study adopts the survey design and the questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data. The analysis was performed using the simple percentage data analysis method. After careful analysis and interpretation of the data collected, it was found that issues such as the federal character, the quota system, and “indigenousness” that have entered the vocabulary and practice of federalism in Nigeria tend to generate ethnic, religious, and ultimately political tensions and instability. This calls into question the rationality of introducing the federal character principle in the first place. The research also shows that the federal character principle has had a negative impact on political, social and economic development in the Jos North Local Government Area. In the final presentation, the study recommends, among other things, strict compliance with the constitutional provisions on citizenship rights in relation to indigenous colonisation issues.

The literature of crime and criminals in early modern England takes several forms. The main form is the printed pamphlet, typically a short quarto publication of eight to sixteen pages, costing a few pence. Another form is the broadside ballad, usually anonymous, printed on one side of a single sheet and accompanied by an image and an indication of the music to be used. A selection of plays about real-life domestic crime, including the well-known Arden of Faversham, attributed variously in recent years to Shakespeare and Kyd, have also survived. While they are few in number, and less topical than the pamphlets, they have attracted more critical attention than the other forms. The crimes featured in this writing—often involving murder but also including witchcraft, and disproportionally focused on women—were chosen for their sensational value and were in no way representative of the reality of crime in the period. While some pamphlet writers made claims for the truth of their accounts, and rival accounts of the more notable crimes using differing details did appear, the aims and social functions of this writing had less to do with providing information than with reinforcing the authority of the state, its laws, and its Protestant religion. Hence, many accounts of crimes, particularly in the earlier part of the period, are shaped by the need to demonstrate the role of providence in bringing about the discovery of the perpetrators. Crime, conflated with sin, was conceptualized as a moral rather than a social problem; criminals were often regarded as acting under the irresistible compulsion of the devil and once found guilty of a single lapse proceeding inevitably toward actions that damned them to hell. The idea of crime as a secular problem in which social and economic forces had a role to play was beginning to develop and becomes more evident in writing of the later 17th century. Certain crimes emerged as iconic in the period, particularly involving women who killed, and featured in a number of different print forms, for example, the murders by their wives of Arden of Faversham, Page of Plymouth, and George Sanders. The law differentiated by gender in cases of spousal murder; husband-murder was categorized as petty treason, hence punishable by burning at the stake for the wife, while wife-killing (much commoner in actuality but less prominent in literature) was simply homicide. Early modern crime writing largely reflects the structures of power in the society that produced it; evidence of questioning or challenging accepted attitudes toward issues of criminal responsibility does exist, but the era of pioneering journalism was a long way ahead.

Background: Pediatric hearing instrument fitting is optimally performed with individually obtained realear-to-coupler difference (RECD) measurements. If these measurements cannot be obtained, predictedvalues based on age are used. Recent evidence obtained from children aged 3–11 years suggests thathead circumference (HC) may be a viable alternative or addition to age for use in RECD prediction.Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to determine if HC can be used to predict RECDs ininfants, children, and adults.Research Design: A correlational design was used. HC and RECD values were measured in allparticipants.Study Sample: Participants were 278 North American infants and children (136 males and 142 females)aged 1.6 months to 11 years and 109 adults (42 males and 67 females) aged 18 years to 83 years.Data Collection and Analysis: After otoscopic inspection and immittance measurements were performedto assess candidacy for inclusion in the study, HC was measured twice for all participantsand a single RECD measure was obtained for each participant at twelve frequencies (250 through12500 Hz). The reliability of HC measurements was assessed with an intraclass correlation analysis.Linear regression analyses were performed with age and HC as predictor variables and RECDs asthe dependent variable.Results: Analysis indicated good reliability of the HC measurement. The relationships between RECDand HC were comparable with the relationships between RECD and age. Combining HC and age did notimprove predictive accuracy.Conclusions: HC can be used in children and adults as an alternative metric in the prediction of RECDswhen individual RECDs cannot be obtained.

Walleye Sander vitreus and hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis fisheries are supported by annual stockings in many US midwestern reservoirs. To maximize return to the angler, yield-per-recruit models are often used to evaluate expected yield and assist managers to determine which regulation to implement, generally length or bag limits. However, yield-per-recruit models are typically formulated with point estimates of life history parameters, which ignore uncertainty. Our objective was to estimate yield from yield-per-recruit models of walleye and hybrid striped bass under various harvest strategies (e.g., alternative minimum length limits and conditional fishing mortality rates) while incorporating uncertainty about the input model parameters. We estimated parameters of age and growth and weight-length models simultaneously using Bayesian inference. The full posterior distribution of these model parameter estimates were then used to estimate yield. We found that yield differed among length limits for both species at high conditional fishing mortality. We also found yield decreased for both species as minimum length limits increased for low conditional fishing mortality. Finally, we presented a probabilistic framework to determine how changing minimum length limits and conditional fishing mortality affects the probability of achieving 70–90% of the maximum yield. Our results provide insight on the expected yield under different minimum length limits and bag limits, while incorporating uncertainty in the model inputs, and add to the sparse literature on hybrid striped bass population dynamics.

Walleye Sander vitreus are native to central North American freshwater habitats. Introductions within and outside their native range have occurred in all of the lower 48 states. These stockings have occurred due to the increasing popularity of this species, leading to the demand surpassing the supply. Despite the popularity of this species for anglers, and extensive research on the distribution, life history, population dynamics, culture, and stocking strategies, there is disparate information on first year survival of stocked populations. The objective of this study was to test for associations between biotic and abiotic variables for recruitment of age-0 fish in the fall. We tested for the influence of the number of stocking events, moronid stocking density, spring/summer warming rate, and spring/summer maximum discharge on electrofishing catch rates in the fall of age-0 walleye. We used a hierarchical generalized linear model with the Poisson distribution to evaluate these relationships. Parameters of the model were estimated using Bayesian inference. Our model suggested the number of stocking events, moronid stocking density, and maximum discharge/rainfall were the most important factors influencing walleye recruitment. Fall catch rates of age-0 walleye were positively related to stocking events, negatively related to moronid stocking density, and negatively related to maximum discharge/rainfall. However, these relationships were not concordant across all reservoirs. Further, variability we observed across reservoirs support the conclusion that walleye populations must be managed at individual reservoirs. This study will assist managers locally and regionally to determine stocking strategies for walleye to improve recruitment in midwestern reservoirs.

Objectives To provide information about the publisher's perspective on journal and book publishing. Data Sources Online publishing resources, data analytics, personal experience. Conclusion Publishers provide vital tasks that support the publishing process, such as managing submissions, facilitating peer review, and manuscript editing. Publishers offer supportive and online resources, promote books and journals, and maintain archives that serve as a record of science for posterity. Implications for Nursing Practice Many nurse authors are not fully aware of the publishers’ role in the publishing process, the services they provide, and the resources they offer. Knowledge and understanding of the role of the publisher can strengthen the author–publisher partnership.

Selective mutism (SM) is a childhood disorder characterized by failure to speak in social situations, despite there being an expectation to speak and the capacity to do so. There has been a focus on elucidating the differences between SM and anxiety disorder (ANX) in the recent literature. Although children with SM exhibit more symptoms at school than at home, the assessment of SM typically does not involve teacher reports. There is also a lack of research to help us better understand how to best support students with SM in the classroom, and linking assessment to intervention. The Teacher Telephone Interview: Selective Mutism and Anxiety in the School Setting (TTI-SM) was developed by a group of researchers across three large children’s hospitals in Canada, within specialized ANXs Clinics, with the goal of addressing several of these diagnostic and treatment issues. Child participants (ages 6-11) were referred for SM ( n = 19) or ANX ( n = 10). Findings revealed that the SM subscale of the TTI-SM has acceptable psychometric properties. Scores on the SM subscale between the two groups of children were statistically significant t(29) = −3.67, p < .001, η2 = .33, suggesting that the SM subscale was able to distinguish between children with SM and ANX. Given the promising findings, and possible uses of this tool for assessment and intervention, the TTI-SM warrants further research. The role of the teacher in the assessment of children with SM and anxiety disorders, and future directions are discussed.

Background: Ideally, individual real-ear-to-coupler difference (RECD) measurements are obtained for pediatric hearing instrument–fitting purposes. When RECD measurements cannot be obtained, age-related average RECDs based on typically developing North American children are used. Evidence suggests that these values may not be appropriate for populations of children with retarded growth patterns. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if another metric, such as head circumference, height, or weight, can be used for prediction of RECDs in children. Research Design: Design was a correlational study. For all participants, RECD values in both ears, head circumference, height, and weight were measured. Study Sample: The sample consisted of 68 North American children (ages 3–11 yr). Data Collection and Analysis: Height, weight, head circumference, and RECDs were measured and were analyzed for both ears at 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz. A backward elimination multiple-regression analysis was used to determine if age, height, weight, and/or head circumference are significant predictors of RECDs. Results: For the left ear, head circumference was retained as the only statistically significant variable in the final model. For the right ear, head circumference was retained as the only statistically significant independent variable at all frequencies except at 2000 and 4000 Hz. At these latter frequencies, weight was retained as the only statistically significant independent variable after all other variables were eliminated. Conclusions: Head circumference can be considered as a metric for RECD prediction in children when individual measurements cannot be obtained. In developing countries where equipment is often unavailable and stunted growth can reduce the value of using age as a metric, head circumference can be considered as an alternative metric in the prediction of RECDs.

Background/purpose A common trait among cancers is the increased level of glycolysis despite adequate oxygen levels to support aerobic respiration. This has been shown repeatedly in different human malignancies. Glycolysis inhibitors, especially 3-bromopyruvate, have been shown to be effective chemotherapeutic agents. The effect of glycolysis inhibition upon chemotherapy resistance is relatively unknown. Methods Wild-type and doxorubicin-resistant lines of neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH and SK-N-Be(2)C) were used in this study. Using an MTT assay, the IC 50 of 3-BrPA was determined. Subsequently, doxorubicin-resistant cell lines were treated with 3-bromopyruvate, doxorubicin, and 3-bromopyruvate with doxorubicin. Additionally, a luminescence ATP detection assay was used to measure intracellular ATP levels, and a lactate assay was used to determine intracellular lactate levels. All experiments were repeated in hypoxic conditions. Results Treatment with 3-bromopyruvate and doxorubicin significantly decreased the mean cell viabilities at 24, 48, and 72hours in normoxic conditions. A similar response was replicated in hypoxic conditions. Treatment with 3-bromopyruvate significantly decreased intracellular ATP and lactate levels. Conclusion Glycolysis inhibitors such as 3-bromopyruvate could prove to become an effective means by which chemotherapy resistance can be overcome in human neuroblastoma.

This paper discusses the depiction of madwomen in a range of early modern English plays including some by Shakespeare in order to show how their madness operates at the intersection of gender, genre, and social class. Its particular focus is on language, and it argues that the speech styles of madwomen are essentially similar whatever their social class. For women, madness is a linguistically liberating condition, bringing together high and low cultural discourses. While stage madwomen’s language has similarities with that of madmen, it is more licentious and transgressive because the violation of social and behavioural norms is more extreme.

Resistance to cytotoxic agents has long been known to be a major limitation in the treatment of human cancers. Although many mechanisms of drug resistance have been identified, chemotherapies targeting known mechanisms have failed to lead to effective reversal of drug resistance, suggesting that alternative mechanisms remain undiscovered. Previous work identified midkine (MK) as a novel putative survival molecule responsible for cytoprotective signaling between drug-resistant and drug-sensitive neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma and breast carcinoma cells in vitro. In the present study, we provide further in vitro and in vivo studies supporting the role of MK in neuroblastoma cytoprotection. MK overexpressing wild type neuroblastoma cells exhibit a cytoprotective effect on wild type cells when grown in a co-culture system, similar to that seen with doxorubicin resistant cells. siRNA knockdown of MK expression in doxorubicin resistant neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma cells ameliorates this protective effect. Overexpression of MK in wild type neuroblastoma cells leads to acquired drug resistance to doxorubicin and to the related drug etoposide. Mouse studies injecting various ratios of doxorubicin resistant or MK transfected cells with GFP transfected wild type cells confirm this cytoprotective effect in vivo. These findings provide additional evidence for the existence of intercellular cytoprotective signals mediated by MK which contribute to chemotherapy resistance in neuroblastoma.

The migration of working-aged men from Mexico to the United States fractures the family-centered support structures typical of Latin America and contributes to high levels of depression in women left behind in migratory sending communities in Mexico. Mujeres en Solidaridad Apoyandose (MESA) was developed to improve depression in women through social support in a resource poor setting. MESA is a promotora intervention that trains women in the community to lead social support groups over a five-week period. The MESA curriculum uses a combination of cognitive behavioral theory techniques, psychoeducation, and social support activities aimed at alleviating or preventing depression in women. Results from this pilot efficacy study (n = 39) show that depressed participants at baseline experienced declines in depression as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale at follow-up. Other findings demonstrate the complexity behind addressing social support and depression for women impacted by migration in different ways.

This article argues that the emotional journey that Macbeth undergoes, culminating in extreme weariness, both physical and spiritual, can be illuminated with reference to early modern theories of mind–body relations as derived from Aristotle via Galen. Shakespeare's use of the language of humoral theory contributes significantly to his development of Macbeth as a character with an abnormal susceptibility to feeling. However, a materialistic account of his cognitive disorder coexists with a metaphysical one. The combination helps to create a figure whose passionate suffering, and constant analysis of his feelings, command audience sympathy.

This study evaluated a locally developed cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) intervention program in a public elementary school. In the prevention approach, 118 children were randomly assigned either to an 8-week intervention or to a waitlist control. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the manualized CBT intervention did not reduce symptoms of anxiety on either self-reports or parent reports of anxiety symptoms in the general school population. Challenges to translational efforts to public school settings are discussed.

Most cancer cells exhibit increased glycolysis and use this metabolic pathway to generate ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) as the main source of their energy supply. This phenomenon is known as the Warburg effect and is considered a fundamental metabolic alteration during malignant transformation. Increased glycolysis results in elevated production of lactate, which leads to acidification of tumor tissue and provides a microenvironment that promotes and selects cellular resistance to drugs. Thus, inhibition of glycolysis may lead to more effective treatment strategies for dealing with drug resistance. 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), an inhibitor of hexokinase II and an inhibitor of glycolysis, has been shown to be a potent chemotherapeutic agent. Despite many studies showing the efficacy of 3-BrPA against various cancer cells, there have been relatively few studies examining the effects of 3-BrPA on the anti-cancer effects of doxorubicin (Dox) in doxorubicin-resistant (DoxR) human neuroblastoma. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of 3-BrPA upon DoxR human neuroblastoma cells to treatment with doxorubicin. In present study, we have found that 3-BrPA enhances the response of DoxR neuroblastoma to treatment with Dox and this enhancement exists in both normoxic conditions as well as hypoxic conditions. The results also suggested that this increased response of DoxR cells to treatment with Dox is mediated through decreased intracellular levels of ATP. Additionally the lactate assay revealed that intracellular lactate levels were decreased in neuroblastoma lines when glycolysis was inhibited with 3-BrPA. In order to determine if 3-BrPA, either alone or in combination with cytotoxic drugs, will lead to maximal efficacy of treating of drug-resistant tumor xenografts in vivo. Animal experiments were carried out to study the effects of 3-BrPA in drug-resistant neuroblastoma in nude mice. We have found that 3-BrPA combined with doxorubicin provided significant reduction in tumor size and the rate of tumor growth in mice. The efficacy of doxorubicin itself (88% reduction in tumor volume) overshadowed any effect of cotreatment with 3-BrPA on the Wild type tumors. However, in the DoxR tumors, doxorubicin alone had no efficacy as expected, but co-treatment with 3-BrPA suppressed tumor growth with an 80% reduction in tumor volume. These studies pave the way to determine whether inhibition of glycolysis may be an effective strategy to kill neuroblastoma cells and overcome drug resistance associated with hypoxic conditions. This novel approach may have broad applications in cancer treatment, considering the prevalent Warburg effect observed in a wide array of human cancers. Citation Format: Fei Chu, Yiyong Qiu, Sandra Clark, Kathryn Solka, Mary Beth Madonna. Glycolysis inhibition and its effect in doxorubicin resistance in neuroblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3531.

Objectives: To determine whether oral language, working memory, and social anxiety differentiate children with selective mutism (SM), children with anxiety disorders (ANX), and normal controls (NCs) and explore predictors of mutism severity. Method: Children ages 6 to 10 years with SM ( n = 44) were compared with children with ANX ( n = 28) and NCs ( n = 19) of similar age on standardized measures of language, nonverbal working memory, and social anxiety. Variables correlating with mutism severity were entered in stepwise regressions to determine predictors of mute behavior in SM. Results: Children with SM scored significantly lower on standardized language measures than children with ANX and NCs and showed greater visual memory deficits and social anxiety relative to these two groups. Age and receptive grammar ability predicted less severe mutism, whereas social anxiety predicted more severe mutism. These factors accounted for 38% of the variance in mutism severity. Conclusions: Social anxiety and language deficits are evident in SM, may predict mutism severity, and should be evaluated in clinical assessment. Replication is indicated, as are further studies of cognition and of intervention in SM, using large, diverse samples.

El presente articulo investiga la representacion de las relaciones entre Inglaterra y Espana en varias obras de teatro ingleses de principios del siglo XVII que tratan de la historia de los Tudores. Propone que las imagenes de Espana y de la Hispanidad jugaron un papel fundamental en la articulacion del nacionalismo ingles en el periodo de la muerte de Isabel I y la ascension de James. La influencia de la Paz de Somerset House de 1604 se podra ver brevemente en la obra de Heywood, If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody, parte 1 (1605) y parte 2 (1606), pero en la version revisada, impresa en 1633, vuelve a aparecer el odio acostumbrado hacia Espana que habia caracterizado la literatura inglesa de los 1590. Aunque a los ingleses les encantaban las cosas espanolas de la epoca, para promover un destino protestante para Inglaterra, se mantuvo la nocion del espanol como 'el otro' peligroso, contra el que los ingleses se definieron.

The Canadian Century Research Infrastructure (CCRI) is a research project in the social sciences and humanities in Canada that involves seven universities and partnerships with several public- and private-sector institutions. The goal of the project is to create a research infrastructure centered on microdata from the 1911-1951 decennial Canadian censuses, accompanied by metadata and extensive contextual data. The result will provide a new foundation for the study of change in Canada in the first half of the 20th century. This paper will describe the research infrastructure that is being created, and explainh ow the CCRI defines metadata and contextual data, and why it is of interest to social science researchers.

Si la critique litteraire a souvent affirme la preeminence des valeurs masculines dans les ballades de la petite tradition du debut de l'epoque moderne, l'A. soutient que la ballade fut egalement un moyen d'expression des preoccupations feminines, et ce particulierement pour les ballades sur le mariage et les relations intersexes, un sujet particulierement populaire. Centrant son analyse sur les ballades decrivant les relations conjugales, l'A. examine ces recits en relation avec certains debats sur l'ideologie du mariage et son approche en tant qu'institution sociale durant cette periode. A l'evidence, dans ces ballades, les points de vue sur le mariage sont multiples. Il y est question d'amour romantique, mais egalement d'interet economique. Dans ces recits, le mariage est traite de facon humaine et il n'est pas marque particulierement par l'oppression patriarcale. Il est domine par des considerations de prudence et d'efficacite economique. Il differencie les roles sexuels, sans forcement les hierarchiser. La difference des styles de ces productions populaires permet de transmettre des valeurs a travers la satire, l'humour, mais egalement l'expression didactique.

Summary Investigations into girdling root formation in young landscape trees revealed that Norway and sugar maples had an average of four girdling roots per tree and that red maple had nearly twice as many. While these roots persisted to become a serious problem in older Norway maples, they did not in red and sugar maples. Removing the roots was ineffective since new girdling roots were regenerated from the same location. Of the 60 mature Norway maple examined girdling and potentially girdling roots were completely absent on only two trees. Genetic diversity may allow a rootstock to be selected and propagated so as to reduce or eliminate the character of girdling roots.