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2. Right on track?

Author

Hofman, Maarten P. G., Hayward, M. W., Heim, M., Marchand, P., Rolandsen, C. M., Mattisson, Jenny, Urbano, F., Heurich, M., Mysterud, A., Melzheimer, J., Morellet, N., Voigt, Ulrich, Allen, B. L., Gehr, Benedikt, Rouco Zufiaurre, Carlos, Ullmann, Wiebke (Dr.), Holand, O., Jorgensen, n H., Steinheim, G., Cagnacci, F., Kroeschel, M., Kaczensky, P., Buuveibaatar, B., Payne, J. C., Palmegiani, I, Jerina, K., Kjellander, P., Johansson, O., LaPoint, S., Bayrakcismith, R., Linnell, J. D. C., Zaccaroni, M., Jorge, M. L. S., Oshima, J. E. F., Songhurst, A., Fischer, C., Mc Bride, R. T., Thompson, J. J., Streif, S., Sandfort, R., Bonenfant, Christophe, Drouilly, M., Klapproth, M., Zinner, Dietmar, Yarnell, Richard, Stronza, A., Wilmott, L., Meisingset, E., Thaker, Maria, Vanak, A. T., Nicoloso, S., Graeber, R., Said, S., Boudreau, M. R., Devlin, A., Hoogesteijn, R., May-Junior, J. A., Nifong, J. C., Odden, J., Quigley, H. B., Tortato, F., Parker, D. M., Caso, A., Perrine, J., Tellaeche, C., Zieba, F., Zwijacz-Kozica, T., Appel, C. L., Axsom, I, Bean, W. T., Cristescu, B., Periquet, S., Teichman, K. J., Karpanty, S., Licoppe, A., Menges, V, Black, K., Scheppers, Thomas L., Schai-Braun, S. C., Azevedo, F. C., Lemos, F. G., Payne, A., Swanepoel, L. H., Weckworth, B., Berger, A., Bertassoni, Alessandra, McCulloch, G., Sustr, P., Athreya, V, Bockmuhl, D., Casaer, J., Ekori, A., Melovski, D., Richard-Hansen, C., van de Vyver, D., Reyna-Hurtado, R., Robardet, E., Selva, N., Sergiel, A., Farhadinia, M. S., Sunde, P., Portas, R., Ambarli, Hüseyin, Berzins, R., Kappeler, P. M., Mann, G. K., Pyritz, L., Bissett, C., Grant, T., Steinmetz, R., Swedell, Larissa, Welch, R. J., Armenteras, D., Bidder, O. R., Gonzalez, T. M., Rosenblatt, A., Kachel, S., and Balkenhol, N.

Subjects
ddc:590, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie
Abstract

Satellite telemetry is an increasingly utilized technology in wildlife research, and current devices can track individual animal movements at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. However, as we enter the golden age of satellite telemetry, we need an in-depth understanding of the main technological, species-specific and environmental factors that determine the success and failure of satellite tracking devices across species and habitats. Here, we assess the relative influence of such factors on the ability of satellite telemetry units to provide the expected amount and quality of data by analyzing data from over 3,000 devices deployed on 62 terrestrial species in 167 projects worldwide. We evaluate the success rate in obtaining GPS fixes as well as in transferring these fixes to the user and we evaluate failure rates. Average fix success and data transfer rates were high and were generally better predicted by species and unit characteristics, while environmental characteristics influenced the variability of performance. However, 48% of the unit deployments ended prematurely, half of them due to technical failure. Nonetheless, this study shows that the performance of satellite telemetry applications has shown improvements over time, and based on our findings, we provide further recommendations for both users and manufacturers.

Published
2019

3. Right on track? Performance of satellite telemetry in terrestrial wildlife research

Author

Hayward, M.W., Heim, M., Marchand, P., Rolandsen, C.M., Mattisson, J., Urbano, F., Heurich, M., Mysterud, A., Melzheimer, J., Morellet, Nicolas, Voigt, U., Allen, B.L., Gehr, B., Rouco, C., Ullmann, W., Holand, O., Jorgensen, N.H., Steinheim, G., Cagnacci, F., Kroeschel, M., Kaczensky, P., Buuveibaatar, B., Payne, J.C., Palmegiani, I., Jerina, K., Kjellander, P., Johansson, O., LaPoint, S., Bayrakcismith, R., Linnell, J.D.C., Zaccaroni, M., Jorge, M.L.S., Oshima, J.E.F., Songhurst, A., Fischer, C., Mc Bride, R.T., Thompson, J.J., Streif, S., Sandfort, R., Bonenfant, C., Drouilly, M., Klapproth, M., Zinner, D., Yarnell, R., Stronza, A., Wilmott, L., Meisingset, E., Thaker, M., Vanak, A.T., Nicoloso, S., Graeber, R., Said, S., Boudreau, M.R., Devlin, A., Hoogesteijn, R., May-Junior, J.A., Nifong, J.C., Odden, J., Quigley, H.B., Tortato, F., Parker, D.M., Caso, A., Perrine, J., Tellaeche, C., Zieba, F., Zwijacz-Kozica, T., Appel, C. L., Axsom, I., Bean, W.T., Cristescu, B., Periquet, S., Teichman, K.J., Karpanty, S., Licoppe, A., Menges, V., Black, K., Scheppers, T.L., Schai-Braun, S.C., Azevedo, F.C., Lemos, F.G., Payne, A., Swanepoel, L.H., Weckworth, B., Berger, A., Bertassoni, A., McCulloch, G., Sustr, P., Athreya, V., Bockmuhl, D., Casaer, J., Ekori, A., Melovski, D., Richard-Hansen, C., van de Vyver, D., Reyna-Hurtado, R., Robardet, E., Selva, N., Sergiel, A., Farhadinia, M. S., Sunde, P., Portas, R., Ambarli, H., Berzins, R., Kappeler, P.M., Mann, G.K., Pyritz, L., Bissett, C., Grant, T., Steinmetz, R., Swedell, L., Welch, R.J., Armenteras, D., Bidder, O.R., Gonzalez, T.M., Rosenblatt, A., Kachel, S., Balkenhol, N., and Hofman, M.P.G.

Subjects
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM, GPS-TELEMETRY, COLLAR PERFORMANCE, FIX SUCCESS, R PACKAGE, HABITAT, BEHAVIOR, SELECTION, LOCATION, PATTERNS
Abstract

Satellite telemetry is an increasingly utilized technology in wildlife research, and current devices can track individual animal movements at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. However, as we enter the golden age of satellite telemetry, we need an in-depth understanding of the main technological, species-specific and environmental factors that determine the success and failure of satellite tracking devices across species and habitats. Here, we assess the relative influence of such factors on the ability of satellite telemetry units to provide the expected amount and quality of data by analyzing data from over 3,000 devices deployed on 62 terrestrial species in 167 projects worldwide. We evaluate the success rate in obtaining GPS fixes as well as in transferring these fixes to the user and we evaluate failure rates. Average fix success and data transfer rates were high and were generally better predicted by species and unit characteristics, while environmental characteristics influenced the variability of performance. However, 48% of the unit deployments ended prematurely, half of them due to technical failure. Nonetheless, this study shows that the performance of satellite telemetry applications has shown improvements over time, and based on our findings, we provide further recommendations for both users and manufacturers.

Published
2019

4. Right on track? Performance of satellite telemetry in terrestrial wildlife research

Author

Hofman, MPG, Hayward, MW, Heim, M, Marchand, P, Rolandsen, CM, Mattisson, J, Urbano, F, Heurich, M, Mysterud, A, Melzheimer, J, Morellet, N, Voigt, U, Allen, BL, Gehr, B, Rouco, C, Ullmann, W, Holand, Ø, Jørgensen, NH, Steinheim, G, Cagnacci, F, Kroeschel, M, Kaczensky, P, Buuveibaatar, B, Payne, JC, Palmegiani, I, Jerina, K, Kjellander, P, Johansson, Ö, Lapoint, S, Bayrakcismith, R, Linnell, JDC, Zaccaroni, M, Jorge, MLS, Oshima, JEF, Songhurst, A, Fischer, C, Bride, RT, Thompson, JJ, Streif, S, Sandfort, R, Bonenfant, C, Drouilly, M, Klapproth, M, Zinner, D, Yarnell, R, Stronza, A, Wilmott, L, Meisingset, E, Thaker, M, Vanak, AT, Nicoloso, S, Graeber, R, Said, S, Boudreau, MR, Devlin, A, Hoogesteijn, R, May-Junior, JA, Nifong, JC, Odden, J, Quigley, HB, Tortato, F, Parker, DM, Caso, A, Perrine, J, Tellaeche, C, Zieba, F, Zwijacz-Kozica, T, Appel, CL, Axsom, I, Bean, WT, Cristescu, B, Périquet, S, Teichman, KJ, Karpanty, S, Licoppe, A, Menges, V, Black, K, Scheppers, TL, Schai-Braun, SC, Azevedo, FC, Lemos, FG, Payne, A, Swanepoel, LH, Weckworth, BV, Berger, A, Bertassoni, A, McCulloch, G, Šustr, P, Athreya, V, Bockmuhl, D, Casaer, J, Ekori, A, Melovski, D, Richard-Hansen, C, Van De Vyver, D, Reyna-Hurtado, R, Robardet, E, Selva, N, Sergiel, A, Farhadinia, MS, Sunde, P, Portas, R, Ambarli, H, Berzins, R, Kappeler, PM, Mann, GK, Pyritz, L, Bissett, C, Grant, T, Steinmetz, R, Swedell, L, Welch, RJ, Armenteras, D, Bidder, OR, González, TM, Rosenblatt, A, Kachel, S, Balkenhol, N, University of Goettingen, Bangor University, Nelson Mandela University, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Université Grenoble Alpes, University of Freiburg, Bavarian Forest National Park, University of Oslo, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, INRA, University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Zurich, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Landcare Research, Universidad de Córdoba, University of Potsdam, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Mongolia Program, Biotechnical Faculty, Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Snow Leopard Trust, Max-Planck Institute for Ornithology, Columbia University, Panthera, University of Florence, Vanderbilt University, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Ecoexist, University of Oxford, Texas A and M University, D’Ingenierie et d’Architecture de Geneve, Faro Maro Ecoresearch, Guyra Paraguay—CONACYT, Instituto Saite, Ronin Institute, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Cape Town, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Brackenhurst Campus, Office of Environment and Heritage, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Indian Institute of Science, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, DBT India Alliance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, D.R.E.Am. Italia, Unités Ongulés Sauvages, Trent University, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, University of Santa Catarina, Onçafari, Environmental Laboratory, Rhodes University, University of Mpumalanga, Ministery of Environment and Natural Resources of Mexico, Alianza Nacional Para la Conservacion del Jaguar A.C., California Polytechnic State University, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy–CONICET, Tatra National Park, Humboldt State University, South Africa, Main Camp Research, University of British Columbia, Virginia Tech., Service Public de Wallonie, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Fazenda Limoeiro, University of Venda, Instituto de Pesquisa e Conservação de Tamanduás no Brasil, Global Change Research Institute CAS, Wildlife Conservation Society—India, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Macedonian Ecological Society, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Université de Guyane), El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aarhus University, Duzce University, WWF Thailand, City University of New York, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, University of California, University of North Florida, University of Washington, University of Newcastle, Black Rock Forest, Sequoia Riverlands Trust, Ongava Research Centre, Scientific Services, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), CEntre Technique des Industries Mécaniques (CETIM), CEntre Technique des Industries Mécaniques - Cetim (FRANCE), Department of Research and Documentation, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Animal and Man Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Université de Lyon, Office Nationale de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centro de Engenharia Biologica e Quimica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), SOPTOM, CRCC Centre for Research and Conservation of Chelonians, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Life Cycle Strategies, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and Fish and Wildlife Conservation

Subjects
Questionnaires, SELECTION, Forests, Wildlife, Data acquisition, Temperate forests, Animal performance, Data reduction, Global positioning system, Movement ecology, Telemetry, R PACKAGE, Spacecraft, HABITAT, Animal Management, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Ecology, Eukaryota, Agriculture, Terrestrial Environments, Navigation, GPS-TELEMETRY, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Data Acquisition, Research Design, Engineering and Technology, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Medicine, Temperate Forests, Information Technology, BEHAVIOR, Research Article, Environmental Monitoring, Computer and Information Sciences, Animals, Animals, Wild, Ecosystem, Geographic Information Systems, Animal Types, Science, GPS telemetry, Research and Analysis Methods, Ecosystems, COLLAR PERFORMANCE, FIX SUCCESS, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, LOCATION, Animal Performance, GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM, Survey Research, Science & Technology, Bio-logging, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Data Reduction, Wildlife conservation, PATTERNS, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Zoology
Abstract

Satellite telemetry is an increasingly utilized technology in wildlife research, and current devices can track individual animal movements at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. However, as we enter the golden age of satellite telemetry, we need an in-depth understanding of the main technological, species-specific and environmental factors that determine the success and failure of satellite tracking devices across species and habitats. Here, we assess the relative influence of such factors on the ability of satellite telemetry units to provide the expected amount and quality of data by analyzing data from over 3,000 devices deployed on 62 terrestrial species in 167 projects worldwide. We evaluate the success rate in obtaining GPS fixes as well as in transferring these fixes to the user and we evaluate failure rates. Average fix success and data transfer rates were high and were generally better predicted by species and unit characteristics, while environmental characteristics influenced the variability of performance. However, 48% of the unit deployments ended prematurely, half of them due to technical failure. Nonetheless, this study shows that the performance of satellite telemetry applications has shown improvements over time, and based on our findings, we provide further recommendations for both users and manufacturers. Forest and Nature for Society (FONASO) Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate programme [2013-09] University of Goettingen Norwegian Environment Agency Research Council of Norway [212919] Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Messerli Foundation, WWF Landcare Research Ltd New Zealand TBfree New Zealand (AHB project) [R10737] Norwegian Research Counsil, Smafefondet, NMBU Research Council of Norway Federal State of Baden-Wuerttemberg (Landesjagdabgabe) Wildlife Conservation Society Swedish Environmental Protection Agency private foundation "Marie Clair Cronstedts stiftelse" NASA Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment [NNX15AV92A] National Geographic Society Waitt Grant Program [W157-110] FAPESP [2013/50421-2, 2014/23132-2] CNPq [312045/2013-1, 312292/2016-3, 161089/2014-3] Silicon Valley Community Foundation The Overbrook Foundation International ReSource Award WCS Brasil Vanderbilt University PROCAD/CAPES [88881.068425/2014-01] MLSJ Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo Fapesp [2013/50421-2, 2014/23132-2] Projeto Pecarideos - WCS Brasil Howard G Buffett Foundation Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia -CONACYT Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) [814274, 834118] Leobner Realgemeinschaft Forstbetrieb Kletschach WWF Nedbank Green Trust [GT 2251] DFG [Fi707/9-1/DFG Zi548/6-1/DAAD (D/12/41834), FI707/9-1, ZI548/6-1] DAAD [D/12/41834] Nottingham Trent University The Howard G. Buffett Foundation ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance and Space Technology Cell, Indian Institute of Science Lower Saxony Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Panthera Kaplan Graduate Award Bank of America Reindeer Development Fund in Norway Rhodes University Robin Hurt Wildlife Foundation Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute Wildlife Conservation Network Humboldt State University HSU Marine and Coastal Science Initiative Humboldt State University Research, Scholarship and Creative Activities Grant Claude Leon Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship The Cape Leopard Trust Conservation South Africa South African National Parks HERD project (Hwange Environmental Research Development) - Agence Nationale de la Recherche (FEAR project) [ANR-08-BLAN-0022] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Programme Zones Ateliers) National Geographic Society [C151-08] NSERC CGS D U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Service public de Wallonie Direction generale de l'Agriculture, des Ressources naturelles et de l'Environnement U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Parrotia-Stiftung Stiftung Dr. Joachim de Giacomi Basler Stiftung fur biologische Forschung Messerli Stiftung Carl Burger Stiftung CIC Schweiz CIC Deutschland Paul Schiller Stiftung Karl Mayer Stiftung Consorcio Capim Branco de Energia Ministere de l'Agriculture de l'Agroalimentaire et de la Foret Conseil Regional de Bourgogne Conseil General de la Cote d'Or Federation Departementale des Chasseurs de Cote d'Or Groupement de Defense Sanitaire de Cote d'Or Federation Nationale des Chasseurs Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage South African National Research Foundation [107099] Sao Paulo Research Foundation [FAPESP 2013/04957-8, FAPESP 2013/18526-9] MAVA Foundation, Switzerland The Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt DBU (German Federal Environmental Foundation) Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) Project GLOBE - Polish-Norwegian Research Programme [POLNOR/198352/85/2013] ASer: Norway Grants under the Polish-Norwegian Research Program [POL-NOR/198352/85/2013] The People's Trust for Endangered Species (PTES) Zoologische Gesellschaft fur Arten-und Populationsschutz (ZGAP) Iranian Cheetah Society Quagga Conservation Fund IdeaWild Association Francaise des Parcs Zoologiques (AFdPZ) DEAL (Direction de l'Environnement de l'Amenagement et du Logement) de Guyane CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) The Nedbank WWF Green Trust The International Foundation for Science Cape Leopard Trust German Research Foundation [DFG: KA 1082/16-1] The Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group (WRMRG) International Foundation for Science (IFS) Safari Club International Foundation (SCIF) The Rufford Small Grants Foundation Ernst & Ethel Eriksen Trust WWF Sweden Leakey Foundation National Geographic Society WennerGren Foundation Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias, Project "Efecto de la presencia de saladosnaturales en la distribucion y uso de habitat de la danta de tier-ras bajas (Tapirus terrestris) en las amazonas colombiano" [1101569-33286, 0385-2013] Alexander von Humboldt Foundation NSF Graduate Research Fellowship [DEG-125608] Sustainability East Asia LLC - SEA Amarula Trust National Geographic Earthwatch Institute World Wildlife Fund for Nature Columbus Zoo California North Coast Chapter of The Wildlife Society Sequoia Park Zoo Foundation Anses This work was supported by: Forest and Nature for Society (FONASO) Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate programme (CONTRACT NO. 2013-09) to MPGH, Publication costs were covered by the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Goettingen; The Norwegian Environment Agency, the Research Council of Norway (project 212919), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research to JM; Messerli Foundation, WWF to JMel; CRou: The author was supported in the form of salary by a postdoctoral grant funded by Landcare Research Ltd New Zealand and data provided was funded by research project grant from TBfree New Zealand (AHB project number R10737). Norwegian Research Counsil, Smafefondet, NMBU to NHJ; The Research Council of Norway to GS; Federal State of Baden-Wuerttemberg (Landesjagdabgabe) to MK; Funding for the capture and collaring of khulan was received from Wildlife Conservation Society, administered through a cooperative agreement with Sustainability East Asia LLC - SEA and originating from Oy Du Tolgoi -OT gold and copper mining company to PK; Swedish fieldwork was supported by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and by the private foundation "Marie Clair Cronstedts stiftelse" to PKje; NASA Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (project #NNX15AV92A), National Geographic Society Waitt Grant Program (Grant #W157-110) to SL; Research Council of Norway to JDCL; FAPESP (2013/50421-2, 2014/23132-2), CNPq (312045/2013-1; 312292/2016-3; 161089/2014-3), Silicon Valley Community Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, the International ReSource Award, WCS Brasil, and Vanderbilt University. PROCAD/CAPES (88881.068425/2014-01); MLSJ Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo Fapesp (process: 2013/50421-2 and scholarship: 2014/23132-2) and CNPQ (scholarship: 161089/2014-3), Projeto Pecarideos - WCS Brasil and Vanderbilt University for funding this research to JEFO.; Howard G Buffett Foundation, Amarula Trust to AS; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia -CONACYT with resources from the FEE to JJT; Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) grant numbers 814274 and 834118, Leobner Realgemeinschaft and Forstbetrieb Kletschach to RS; WWF Nedbank Green Trust (grant number GT 2251) to MD; DFG Fi707/9-1/DFG Zi548/6-1/DAAD (D/12/41834) to MKla; DFG FI707/9-1, DFG ZI548/6-1, DAAD D/12/41834 to DZ; GPS tags were funded by Nottingham Trent University, National Geographic, Earthwatch Institute, World Wildlife Fund for Nature, Columbus Zoo to RY; The Howard G. Buffett Foundation to AStr; ISRO-IISc Space Technology Cell to MT; Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance and Space Technology Cell, Indian Institute of Science to ATV; D.R.E. Am. Italia provided support in the form of salary for author SN, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the 'author contributions' section.; RG was supported by funds of the Lower Saxony Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection; Panthera Kaplan Graduate Award to AD; Bank of America to JAM; The Norwegian Environment Agency, the Research Council of Norway (Project 212919), the Reindeer Development Fund in Norway, and several County administrations around Norway to JO; Rhodes University to DMP; Robin Hurt Wildlife Foundation, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute to AC; Wildlife Conservation Network, Panthera to CT; Humboldt State University, HSU Marine and Coastal Science Initiative, California North Coast Chapter of The Wildlife Society, Sequoia Park Zoo Foundation to CLA; Humboldt State University Research, Scholarship and Creative Activities Grant to IA; Humboldt State University Research, Scholarship and Creative Activities Grant to WTB; Claude Leon Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, The Cape Leopard Trust, Conservation South Africa, South African National Parks to BC; GPS collars were funded by the HERD project (Hwange Environmental Research Development), funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (FEAR project ANR-08-BLAN-0022), and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Programme Zones Ateliers). Some collars were funded by the National Geographic Society GRANT #C151-08 to SP; NSERC CGS D to KJT; SK: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to SK; Service public de Wallonie. Direction generale de l'Agriculture, des Ressources naturelles et de l'Environnement to AL; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to KB; Parrotia-Stiftung, Stiftung Dr. Joachim de Giacomi, Basler Stiftung fur biologische Forschung, Messerli Stiftung, Carl Burger Stiftung, CIC Schweiz, CIC Deutschland, Paul Schiller Stiftung and Karl Mayer Stiftung to SCS; Consorcio Capim Branco de Energia to FCA; Consorcio Capim Branco de Energia to FGL; Ministere de l'Agriculture de l'Agroalimentaire et de la Foret, the Conseil Regional de Bourgogne, the Conseil General de la Cote d'Or, the Federation Departementale des Chasseurs de Cote d'Or, the Groupement de Defense Sanitaire de Cote d'Or, the Federation Nationale des Chasseurs and the Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage to AP.; ; South African National Research Foundation (Grant number: 107099) to LHS; Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2013/04957-8 and FAPESP 2013/18526-9) to ABer; MAVA Foundation, Switzerland; The Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt DBU (German Federal Environmental Foundation) to DM; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) to CRic; Anses to ER; Project GLOBE (POLNOR/198352/85/2013) funded by the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and Development; ASer: Norway Grants under the Polish-Norwegian Research Program operated by the National Centre for Research and Development (GLOBE, POL-NOR/198352/85/2013) to NS; The People's Trust for Endangered Species (PTES), Zoologische Gesellschaft fur Arten-und Populationsschutz (ZGAP), Iranian Cheetah Society, Quagga Conservation Fund, IdeaWild, Panthera and Association Francaise des Parcs Zoologiques (AFdPZ) to MSF; DEAL (Direction de l'Environnement de l'Amenagement et du Logement) de Guyane, CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) to RBer; The Nedbank WWF Green Trust, The International Foundation for Science, the Cape Leopard Trust, Rhodes University to GKM; German Research Foundation (DFG: KA 1082/16-1) to LP; The Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group (WRMRG), International Foundation for Science (IFS), Safari Club International Foundation (SCIF), The Rufford Small Grants Foundation, Ernst & Ethel Eriksen Trust to TG; WWF Sweden to RSte; Leakey Foundation, National Geographic Society, WennerGren Foundation to LS; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias, Project "Efecto de la presencia de saladosnaturales en la distribucion y uso de habitat de la danta de tier-ras bajas (Tapirus terrestris) en las amazonas colombiano" (grantnumber 1101569-33286, contract: 0385-2013) to DA; PostDoctoral Fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to ORB; NSF Graduate Research Fellowship DEG-125608 to SKac. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.; We thank Horst Reinecke and Christian Trothe for database management and data entry, and James Gibbons, Matthias Schmid and Benjamin Hofner for their enlightening explanations on the statistics. We thank Stan Tomkiewicz for insightful discussion on GPS collar functioning, and the Eurodeer. org network, Sarah Davidson of Movebank. org, and Stephanie O'Donnell of WILDLABS. NET for helping to spread the word about this study. We also thank Jonah Gula, Olav Strand, Ole Roer, Liu Yanlin, Bernt-Erik Saether, Anders Borstad, Laura McMahon, Thomas Morrison, Maurizio Ramanzin, Vebjorn Veiberg, Erling Johan Solberg, Leif Soennichsen, Hans Christian Pedersen, Tom McCarthy, Jacqueline L. Frair, Siobhan Dyer, Morten Odden, Lars Haugaard, and Peter G. Crawshaw, Jr. for their data contributions. The publication was supported by the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Goettingen.

Published
2019

10. Future float zone development in industry

Author

Sandfort, R. M

Subjects
Astronautics (General)
Abstract

The present industrial requirements for float zone silicon are summarized. Developments desired by the industry in the future are reported. The five most significant problems faced today by the float zone crystal growth method in industry are discussed. They are economic, large diameter, resistivity uniformity, control of carbon, and swirl defects.

Published
1980

11. Investigation of the growth of garnet films by liquid phase epitaxy

Author

Moody, J. W, Shaw, R. W, and Sandfort, R. M

Subjects
Physics, Solid-State
Abstract

Liquid phase expitaxy was investigated to determine its applicability to fabricating magnetic rare earth garnet films for spacecraft data recording systems. Two mixed garnet systems were investigated in detail: (1) Gd-Y and (2) Eu-Yb-Y. All films were deposited on Gd3Ga5012 substrates. The uniaxial anisotropy of the Gd-Y garnets is primarily stress-induced. These garnets are characterized by high-domain wall mobility, low coercivity and modest anisotropy. Characteristic length was found to be relatively sensitive to temperature. The Eu-Yb-Y garnets exhibit acceptable mobilities, good temperature stability and reasonable quality factors. The uniaxial anisotropy of these garnets is primarily growth-induced. The system is well suited for compositional "tailoring" to optimize specific desirable properties. Liquid phase epitaxy can be used to deposit Gd3Ga5012 spacing layers on magnetic garnet films and this arrangement possesses certain advantages over more conventional magnetic filmspacing layer combinations. However, it cannot be used if the magnetic film is to be ion implanted.

Published
1974

20. Mammals show faster recovery from capture and tagging in human-disturbed landscapes.

Author

Stiegler J, Gallagher CA, Hering R, Müller T, Tucker M, Apollonio M, Arnold J, Barker NA, Barthel L, Bassano B, Beest FMV, Belant JL, Berger A, Beyer DE Jr, Bidner LR, Blake S, Börner K, Brivio F, Brogi R, Buuveibaatar B, Cagnacci F, Dekker J, Dentinger J, Duľa M, Duquette JF, Eccard JA, Evans MN, Ferguson AW, Fichtel C, Ford AT, Fowler NL, Gehr B, Getz WM, Goheen JR, Goossens B, Grignolio S, Haugaard L, Hauptfleisch M, Heim M, Heurich M, Hewison MAJ, Isbell LA, Janssen R, Jarnemo A, Jeltsch F, Miloš J, Kaczensky P, Kamiński T, Kappeler P, Kasper K, Kautz TM, Kimmig S, Kjellander P, Kowalczyk R, Kramer-Schadt S, Kröschel M, Krop-Benesch A, Linderoth P, Lobas C, Lokeny P, Lührs ML, Matsushima SS, McDonough MM, Melzheimer J, Morellet N, Ngatia DK, Obermair L, Olson KA, Patanant KC, Payne JC, Petroelje TR, Pina M, Piqué J, Premier J, Pufelski J, Pyritz L, Ramanzin M, Roeleke M, Rolandsen CM, Saïd S, Sandfort R, Schmidt K, Schmidt NM, Scholz C, Schubert N, Selva N, Sergiel A, Serieys LEK, Silovský V, Slotow R, Sönnichsen L, Solberg EJ, Stelvig M, Street GM, Sunde P, Svoboda NJ, Thaker M, Tomowski M, Ullmann W, Vanak AT, Wachter B, Webb SL, Wilmers CC, Zieba F, Zwijacz-Kozica T, and Blaum N

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Male, Female, Locomotion physiology, Herbivory physiology, Animals, Wild physiology, Behavior, Animal physiology, Species Specificity, Mammals physiology, Ecosystem
Abstract

Wildlife tagging provides critical insights into animal movement ecology, physiology, and behavior amid global ecosystem changes. However, the stress induced by capture, handling, and tagging can impact post-release locomotion and activity and, consequently, the interpretation of study results. Here, we analyze post-tagging effects on 1585 individuals of 42 terrestrial mammal species using collar-collected GPS and accelerometer data. Species-specific displacements and overall dynamic body acceleration, as a proxy for activity, were assessed over 20 days post-release to quantify disturbance intensity, recovery duration, and speed. Differences were evaluated, considering species-specific traits and the human footprint of the study region. Over 70% of the analyzed species exhibited significant behavioral changes following collaring events. Herbivores traveled farther with variable activity reactions, while omnivores and carnivores were initially less active and mobile. Recovery duration proved brief, with alterations diminishing within 4-7 tracking days for most species. Herbivores, particularly males, showed quicker displacement recovery (4 days) but slower activity recovery (7 days). Individuals in high human footprint areas displayed faster recovery, indicating adaptation to human disturbance. Our findings emphasize the necessity of extending tracking periods beyond 1 week and particular caution in remote study areas or herbivore-focused research, specifically in smaller mammals., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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21. Roads constrain movement across behavioural processes in a partially migratory ungulate.

Author

Passoni G, Coulson T, Ranc N, Corradini A, Hewison AJM, Ciuti S, Gehr B, Heurich M, Brieger F, Sandfort R, Mysterud A, Balkenhol N, and Cagnacci F

Abstract

Background: Human disturbance alters animal movement globally and infrastructure, such as roads, can act as physical barriers that impact behaviour across multiple spatial scales. In ungulates, roads can particularly hamper key ecological processes such as dispersal and migration, which ensure functional connectivity among populations, and may be particularly important for population performance in highly human-dominated landscapes. The impact of roads on some aspects of ungulate behaviour has already been studied. However, potential differences in response to roads during migration, dispersal and home range movements have never been evaluated. Addressing these issues is particularly important to assess the resistance of European landscapes to the range of wildlife movement processes, and to evaluate how animals adjust to anthropogenic constraints., Methods: We analysed 95 GPS trajectories from 6 populations of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) across the Alps and central Europe. We investigated how roe deer movements were affected by landscape characteristics, including roads, and we evaluated potential differences in road avoidance among resident, migratory and dispersing animals (hereafter, movement modes). First, using Net Squared Displacement and a spatio-temporal clustering algorithm, we classified individuals as residents, migrants or dispersers. We then identified the start and end dates of the migration and dispersal trajectories, and retained only the GPS locations that fell between those dates (i.e., during transience). Finally, we used the resulting trajectories to perform an integrated step selection analysis., Results: We found that roe deer moved through more forested areas during the day and visited less forested areas at night. They also minimised elevation gains and losses along their movement trajectories. Road crossings were strongly avoided at all times of day, but when they occurred, they were more likely to occur during longer steps and in more forested areas. Road avoidance did not vary among movement modes and, during dispersal and migration, it remained high and consistent with that expressed during home range movements., Conclusions: Roads can represent a major constraint to movement across modes and populations, potentially limiting functional connectivity at multiple ecological scales. In particular, they can affect migrating individuals that track seasonal resources, and dispersing animals searching for novel ranges., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Published
2021
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22. Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore.

Author

Couriot O, Hewison AJM, Saïd S, Cagnacci F, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Linnell JDC, Mysterud A, Peters W, Urbano F, Heurich M, Kjellander P, Nicoloso S, Berger A, Sustr P, Kroeschel M, Soennichsen L, Sandfort R, Gehr B, and Morellet N

Subjects
Animals, Europe, Homing Behavior, Seasons, Deer, Herbivory
Abstract

Much research on large herbivore movement has focused on the annual scale to distinguish between resident and migratory tactics, commonly assuming that individuals are sedentary at the within-season scale. However, apparently sedentary animals may occupy a number of sub-seasonal functional home ranges (sfHR), particularly when the environment is spatially heterogeneous and/or temporally unpredictable. The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) experiences sharply contrasting environmental conditions due to its widespread distribution, but appears markedly sedentary over much of its range. Using GPS monitoring from 15 populations across Europe, we evaluated the propensity of this large herbivore to be truly sedentary at the seasonal scale in relation to variation in environmental conditions. We studied movement using net square displacement to identify the possible use of sfHR. We expected that roe deer should be less sedentary within seasons in heterogeneous and unpredictable environments, while migratory individuals should be seasonally more sedentary than residents. Our analyses revealed that, across the 15 populations, all individuals adopted a multi-range tactic, occupying between two and nine sfHR during a given season. In addition, we showed that (i) the number of sfHR was only marginally influenced by variation in resource distribution, but decreased with increasing sfHR size; and (ii) the distance between sfHR increased with increasing heterogeneity and predictability in resource distribution, as well as with increasing sfHR size. We suggest that the multi-range tactic is likely widespread among large herbivores, allowing animals to track spatio-temporal variation in resource distribution and, thereby, to cope with changes in their local environment.

Published
2018
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23. Susceptibilities of Yersinia pestis strains to 12 antimicrobial agents.

Author

Wong JD, Barash JR, Sandfort RF, and Janda JM

Subjects
Animals, Cefixime pharmacology, Ceftriaxone pharmacology, Cephalosporins pharmacology, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Yersinia pestis drug effects
Abstract

Ninety-two strains of Yersinia pestis recovered over a 21-year period were evaluated for susceptibility to traditional and newer antimicrobial agents. In vitro resistance was noted only against rifampin and imipenem (approximately 20% of strains). The most active compounds (MIC at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited) against Y. pestis were cefixime, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and trovafloxacin.

Published
2000
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