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The global nature of the pandemic, along with its great intensity and prolonged duration, will fundamentally alter the business landscape through changing trade flows, asset prices and consumption patterns. The outpouring of whammy ‘Corona Bug’ a public health crunch, an undetectable foe, jolted the attention of the world population towards the strictness that postured the economic vulnerability in almost all the macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, headline inflation, unemployment rate, investment, current account balance and a measure of political risk which affected nook-n-corner of the world clock in terms of its demand-supply dynamic disruptions. This exploratory study is an attempt to explore the need of the efforts is to put in place a comprehensive action plan and put in the best efforts to implement the plan.

As cells encounter adverse environmental conditions, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress or nutrient deprivation, they trigger stress response pathways to protect themselves until transient stresses have passed. Inhibition of translation is a key component of such cellular stress responses and mounting evidence has revealed the importance of a class of tRNA-derived small RNAs called tiRNAs in this process. The most potent of these small RNAs are those with the capability of assembling into tetrameric G-quadruplex (G4) structures. However, the mechanism by which these small RNAs inhibit translation has yet to be elucidated. Here we show that eIF4G, the major scaffolding protein in the translation initiation complex, directly binds G4s and this activity is required for tiRNA-mediated translation repression. Targeting of eIF4G results in an impairment of 40S ribosome scanning on mRNAs leading to the formation of eIF2α-independent stress granules. Our data reveals the mechanism by which tiRNAs inhibit translation and demonstrates novel activity for eIF4G in the regulation of translation.

The production of ribosomes is an energy-intensive process owing to the intricacy of these massive macromolecular machines. Each human ribosome contains 80 ribosomal proteins and four non-coding RNAs. Accurate assembly requires precise regulation of protein and RNA subunits. In response to stress, the integrated stress response (ISR) rapidly inhibits global translation. How rRNA is coordinately regulated with the rapid inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis is not known. Here, we show that stress specifically inhibits the first step of rRNA processing. Unprocessed rRNA is stored within the nucleolus, and when stress resolves, it re-enters the ribosome biogenesis pathway. Retention of unprocessed rRNA within the nucleolus aids in the maintenance of this organelle. This response is independent of the ISR or inhibition of cellular translation but is independently regulated. Failure to coordinately control ribosomal protein translation and rRNA production results in nucleolar fragmentation. Our study unveils how the rapid translational shut-off in response to stress coordinates with rRNA synthesis production to maintain nucleolar integrity.

This paper presents a performance comparison of sampled hysteresis current control and predictive current control techniques during dynamic operating conditions in voltage source inverter (VSI) based applications. Mathematical analysis of both the methods are presented for current control application for tracking non-sinusoidal current. In particular, active power filter (APF) has been used for compensating reactive and harmonic component of load current. The performance of the current control techniques are compared for shunt current tracking of the APF based on the THD of the grid current and reference current tracking response time. The simulation work is performed in the Matlab/Simulink environment.

Human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causative pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic, exerts a massive health and socioeconomic crisis. The virus infects alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AT2s), leading to lung injury and impaired gas exchange, but the mechanisms driving infection and pathology are unclear. We performed a quantitative phosphoproteomic survey of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived AT2s (iAT2s) infected with SARS-CoV-2 at air-liquid interface (ALI). Time course analysis revealed rapid remodeling of diverse host systems, including signaling, RNA processing, translation, metabolism, nuclear integrity, protein trafficking, and cytoskeletal-microtubule organization, leading to cell cycle arrest, genotoxic stress, and innate immunity. Comparison to analogous data from transformed cell lines revealed respiratory-specific processes hijacked by SARS-CoV-2, highlighting potential novel therapeutic avenues that were validated by a high hit rate in a targeted small molecule screen in our iAT2 ALI system., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • SARS-CoV-2 infection in induced lung cells is characterized by phosphoproteomics • Analysis of response reveals host cell signaling and protein expression profile • Comparison to studies in undifferentiated cell lines shows unique pathology in iAT2s • Systems-level predictions find druggable pathways that can impede viral life cycle, Hekman et al. describe how a layer of primary stem cells (iAT2s) recapitulating lung biology responds to infection with SARS-CoV-2. They compare their work to previous studies with immortalized cell lines. Their data predict what effect the virus has on a lung cell and which drugs may slow infection.

The identification of RNAs that are recognized by RNA-binding proteins (RNA-BPs) using techniques such as “Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation” (CLIP) has revolutionized the genome-wide discovery of RNA-BP RNA targets. Among the different versions of CLIP that have been developed, the use of photoactivable nucleoside analogs incorporated into cellular RNA has resulted in high efficiency photoactivable ribonucleoside-enhanced CLIP (PAR-CLIP). Nonetheless, PAR-CLIP has not yet been applied in prokaryotes. To determine if PAR-CLIP can be used in prokaryotes, we determined suitable conditions for the incorporation of 4-thiouridine (4SU), a photoactivable nucleoside, into E. coli RNA, and for the isolation of crosslinked RNA. Applying this technique to Hfq, a well-characterized regulator of small RNA (sRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) interactions, we showed that PAR-CLIP identified most of the known sRNA targets of Hfq, as well as functionally relevant sites of Hfq-mRNA interactions at nucleotide resolution. Based on our findings, PAR-CLIP represents an improved method to identify both the RNAs and the specific regulatory sites that are recognized by RNA-BPs in prokaryotes.

In the earliest ages people's commercial activities were predominantly based upon direct haggle system and subsequently, the keeping of records wasn't a part of commercial entities. Later on, in production activities, people started using some initial inputs thus, trifling prerequisite of estimation and transactions in monetary term was realized that helped to originate the coins and alternative currencies. Most of the transactions were wiped out of money, and principles of transactions upon credit terms became a part of business activities, recording of transactions became a compulsion to know the amount were outstanding to him by his customers and what as owing by him to his creditors. Now the day’s commercial activities have reached at its advanced stage. In any form of business two categories of resources are used; active resources and inactive resources. A business cannot be operated without human resource. Human resource also be called as active resource as it uses the non-active resource and makes it doable to the most effective utilization of that inactive resource (Ojha 2013). We can understand that in contemporary production troposphere the indispensability of human resource has been reduced up to a great extent but still without a minimum quantity and quality of human resource, a business cannot be operated. Hence, the human resource will continuously have greater degree of favorable position over the inactive resources. This paper is an effort to explore prevailing practices of HRA in hospitality industry of Dhofar region in Sultanate of Oman by applying reformed Lev & Schwartz model. KEYWORDS: active resources, inactive resources, human resources, HRS, hospitality industries, Lev & Schwartz model

DEAD-box proteins (DBPs) are RNA remodeling factors associated with RNA helicase activity that are found in nearly all organisms. Despite extensive studies on the mechanisms used by DBPs to regulate RNA function, very little is known about how DBPs themselves are regulated. In this work, we have analyzed the expression and regulation of DeaD/CsdA, the largest of the DBPs in Escherichia coli (E. coli). We show that deaD transcription initiates 838 nt upstream of the start of the coding region. We have also found that DeaD is autoregulated through a negative feedback mechanism that operates both at the level of deaD mRNA stability and Rho-dependent transcription termination, and this regulation is dependent upon its mRNA 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR). These findings suggest that DeaD might be regulating the conformation of its own mRNA through its RNA helicase activity to facilitate ribonuclease and Rho access to its 5′ UTR.

Background: Breast cancer is arising as the most common cancer among women. Axillary lymph node status is considered as one of the most important predictors of survival in breast cancer and a very important component to the staging system. The tumors under the skin have abundant access to the dermal lymphatic and have an increased chance of metastasizing to draining lymph nodes. Aim of the Study: To evaluate whether distance of tumor to skin can be considered as a predictor for lymph node metastasis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study on all operated cases of infiltrating mammary carcinoma from January 2013 to December 2016. Both lumpectomy and mastectomy specimens with invasive carcinoma component were included in the study. The distance of the tumor was measured from the base of the epidermis of the skin to the anterior margin of the tumor on gross examination or microscopically the closest invasive carcinoma component. The distance was measured, tabulated, and correlated with the nodal status on axillary node dissection. Also, compared are the other parameters such as size, site, and grade of the tumor. Results:: Out of 200 patients enrolled, positive nodes were seen in 67.5% (135) of cases, of which tumor with distance from skin

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity ranks in the top three types of all cancer in the India. The diagnosisof it is basically clinical and bioptic, preoperative imaging is crucial for tumor staging that helps to decide appropriate therapeutic strategy and indicate prognosis. Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in staging of oral cavity cancers and to correlate the results with clinical and pathological data. Methodology: This was a prospective study of 60 patients of oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) where MRI was performed preoperatively to determine the tumor staging, tumor thickness, infiltration of surrounding structures and bone invasion. These findings were correlated with final pathological staging. Results: Accurate correlation of T stages (TNM system) was obtained in 51 out of 60 cases on MRI. One lesion was classified as T2 on MRI but was found to be T4 on histopathology as MRI failed to detect subtle infiltration of the cortical bone. The accuracy of clinical data in T stage evaluation was 62 % (K- 0.470), however the MRI accuracy found to be 82 % (k 0.740). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MRI in the detection of mandibular involvement were 94.1%, 60% and 81.5%, respectively. Conclusion: MRI plays an important role in the evaluation of oral cavity carcinomas. MRIaccurately demonstrates the tumor size, depth of invasion, bone marrow involvement, perineural spread and lymphnode metastasis which are essential for treatment planning.

Background- Bone marrow is an important site for metastasis in cases of non hematological malignancies and is routinely performed to stage the disease or to rule out metastasis in suspected cases.. Purpose- Purpose of the study is to evaluate bone marrow in cases of solid tumors and also to enumerate the types of tumors metastasizing to marrow at our institute. Methods- This was a retrospective study and clinical and laboratory data were retrieved from case files and laboratory records. All the case where bone marrow aspirate was performed to rule out metastasis or for staging were included along with those cases where patient presented to us with hematological abnormalities and diagnosed to have a metastasis in marrow. Results- Out of total 758 cases of total bone marrow performed, 89 were performed in proven cases of non hematological malignancies of which 31 showed tumor deposits. While in two cases metastatic deposits were first seen in marrow aspirate. Most common tumor metastasizing to marrow at our institute was adenocarcinoma of lung followed by breast and small cell carcinoma of lung. In pediatric age group most common tumor was Ewing’s sarcoma followed by rhabdomyosarcoma. Most common peripheral smear abnormality seen was thrombocytopenia followed by anemia and leukoerythroblastic blood picture. Conclusion- Bone marrow aspiration is an easy, rapid and sensitive technique to determine metastasis of solid tumors in bone marrow and can be performed in hematological abnormalities to rule out any metastasis in otherwise unsuspected cases.

Objective: To study the role of Field staining in scrape smears for intraoperative cytological (IOC) diagnosis. Specimens were assessed for categorizing among benign and malignant lesions, lymph node status, and adequacy of surgical cut margins as per specimen. Technique, adequacy, and quality were assessed along with comparison of cytological diagnosis with final histopathological diagnosis obtained on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. Study Design: A prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 1 year from November 2016 to October 2017 in the Department of Pathology of our Institute. Results: 50 cases were studied, and scrape smears were stained with Field stain. Results were satisfactory in terms of adequacy and attaining the objectives of the study. A diagnostic accuracy of 98% was observed with an average turnaround time of 5 min. A single case of low-grade glioma was found to be discordant. Conclusions: Use of Field staining for intraoper­ative cytological assessment of surgical specimens has 98% concordance with the final histopathological diagnosis and achieved the aim of the study. With its low costs, easy availability, short turnaround time, and simple technique, it will be helpful in IOC as an alternative to present techniques especially in financially constrained settings.

Background: Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare neoplasm arising from follicular dendritic cells of germinal centers. The most common site of origin is lymph nodes and it may mimic a variety of tumors at that location, including carcinomas and sarcomas. Diagnosis is frequently missed on cytology as there are very few case reports describing the cytological characteristics of the lesion. Even on histology, a high degree of suspicion is required for an appropriate diagnosis. Case: A 60-year-old male presented with a gradually increasing left submandibular mass that had been present for 3 months. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed, showing many clusters as well as scattered epithelioid cells with spindled to oval nuclei, nuclear pleomorphism, grooves, inclusions, and uniformly dispersed mature lymphocytes throughout the smears. The diagnosis of FDCS was suspected and was confirmed on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: FNAC can be a cheap, easy, and helpful tool in obtaining a diagnosis of FDCS as there are few characteristic cytological features that are better recognized than histology.

The ability to identify RNAs that are recognized by RNA-binding proteins (RNA-BPs) using techniques such as “Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation” (CLIP) has revolutionized the genome-wide discovery of RNA targets. Among the different versions of CLIP developed, the incorporation of photoactivable nucleoside analogs into cellular RNA has proven to be especially valuable, allowing for high efficiency photoactivable ribonucleoside-enhanced CLIP (PAR-CLIP). Although PAR-CLIP has become an established technique for use in eukaryotes, it has not yet been applied in prokaryotes. To determine if PAR-CLIP can be used in prokaryotes, we first investigated whether 4-thiouridine (4SU), a photoactivable nucleoside, can be incorporated into E. coli RNA. After determining 4SU incorporation into RNA, we developed suitable conditions for crosslinking of proteins in E. coli cells and for the isolation of crosslinked RNA. Applying this technique to Hfq, a well-characterized regulator of small RNA (sRNA) - messenger RNA (mRNA) interactions, we showed that PAR-CLIP identified most of the known sRNA targets of Hfq. Based on our results, PAR-CLIP represents an improved method to identify the RNAs recognized by RNA-BPs in prokaryotes.

Brown tumor (BT) is caused by altered metabolism of calcium resulting from hyperparathyroidism (primary or secondary). The most common cause of hyperparathyroidism is isolated parathyroid adenoma (PA), and the most common symptoms are hypercalcemia related. BT is considered as a late manifestation of PA and usually diagnosed after surgical treatment of the bony lesion. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a cheap, easy, and less traumatic procedure and should be performed in all lesions wherever possible as unnecessary surgeries may be avoided. We here report a rare case of PA presenting primarily as BT and diagnosed on FNAC.

Although the importance of working with young men to transform traditional gender norms has been widely acknowledged, programmes for young men remain sparse in highly gender stratified settings such as India, and those that have been implemented have not reached those in rural areas and those out-of-school. Drawing on data from a cluster randomised controlled trial with panel surveys, of a gender-transformative life skills education and sports-coaching programme conducted among young men aged 13-21 who were members of youth clubs, this paper examines the extent to which it transformed the gender role attitudes of young men and instilled in them attitudes rejecting violence against women and girls. The intervention succeeded in changing gender role attitudes and notions of masculinity, attitudes about men's controlling behaviours over women/girls, attitudes about men's perpetration of violence on a woman/girl and perceptions about peer reactions to young men acting in gender-equitable ways. Effects were particularly significant among young men who attended regularly, underscoring the importance of regular attendance in such programmes.

Introduction: Brain tumors are rare compared to other fatal and life-diminishing diseases and its incidence is increasing. The objective is to study the lateral ventricular tumors with reference to age groups, gender, anatomical location, the histopathological features including the histological grades, and the clinico- radio- pathological correlation of the above cases. Methodology: Retrospective analysis of tumors of the lateral ventricle of the CNS diagnosed in the department of Neuropathology at a tertiary care and referral hospital, from January 2001 to June 2009. Results: Average Incidence of primary lateral ventricular tumor was 1.6%, that tumor involve the left lateral ventricle (46.3%) more commonly than the right lateral ventricle (29.9%). Commonest tumors in our study were the Neuronal and mixed glioneuronal tumors [31%]. 78.1% of the lateral ventricular tumors were correctly diagnosed on radiology. Conclusion: Commonest tumors were Neuronal and mixed glioneuronal tumors. Most of the tumors belonged to low WHO grade. Fairly good correlation was found between radiological and histopathological diagnosis.

Background: Since the introduction of image guided brush cytology in the mid1970s, the utilization of this technique has proliferated. So, currently it is the most frequently performed procedure in interventional radiology. Depending on the site of lesion, the diagnostic yield is 80%-95% and the complication rate is less than 2%. Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in the pathology department, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Cytology database were searched for all patients undergoing endoscopic guided brush cytology sampling of gastrointestinal lesions during the twenty six month period January 2009 to March 2011. A total of 200 cases identified where endoscopic guided brush cytology of gastrointestinal lesions was done and their cytology slides were retrieved and reviewed. Results: Cytological diagnosis proved to be effective in confirming the diagnosis as malignancy in 102 patients (56.3%) while 11 cases were reported as suspicious for malignancy, 19 cases (10.5%) were reported as inadequate or not suitable for opinion, 39 cases (21.5%) have been reported has negative for malignancy. Conclusion: Brush cytology is a safe, easy and rapid method of diagnosing gastric malignancies. It is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of gastric malignancies and should be considered as a routine method in combination with biopsy. Multiple repeated endoscopies are recommended in cases of positive cytology and negative biopsy to rule out or confirm malignancy.

Ribosome synthesis involves all three RNA polymerases which are co-ordinately regulated to produce equimolar amounts of rRNAs and ribosomal proteins (RPs). Unlike model organisms where transcription of rRNA and RP genes slows down during stress, in E. histolytica rDNA transcription continues but pre-rRNA processing slows down and unprocessed pre-rRNA accumulates during serum starvation. To investigate the regulation of RP genes under stress we measured transcription of six selected RP genes from the small- and large-ribosomal subunits (RPS6, RPS3, RPS19, RPL5, RPL26, RPL30) representing the early-, mid-, and late-stages of ribosomal assembly. Transcripts of these genes persisted in growth-stressed cells. Expression of luciferase reporter under the control of two RP genes (RPS19 and RPL30) was studied during serum starvation and upon serum replenishment. Although luciferase transcript levels remained unchanged during starvation, luciferase activity steadily declined to 7.8% and 15% of control cells, respectively. After serum replenishment the activity increased to normal levels, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of these genes. Mutations in the sequence -2 to -9 upstream of AUG in the RPL30 gene resulted in the phenotype expected of post-transcriptional regulation. Transcription of luciferase reporter was unaffected in this mutant, and luciferase activity did not decline during serum starvation, showing that this sequence is required to repress translation of RPL30 mRNA, and mutations in this region relieve repression. Our data show that during serum starvation E. histolytica blocks ribosome biogenesis post-transcriptionally by inhibiting pre-rRNA processing on the one hand, and the translation of RP mRNAs on the other.

Painting and English Literature depict different aspects of nature and human life. Each color in painting and each word in literature plays an important role in this depiction but a single color or a single word in a work of art is not an absolute entity. The color and the word gain their complete artistic appeal and symbolic significance in a painting or a work of literature when combined and arranged coherently with other colors and words. Great painters and literary writers have dexterity in selection of colors and words of apt meaning and intensity as well as an ability to create the right composition of colors and words to produce an integrated effect. Acclaimed painters and literary writers are gifted with a faculty to create new color and word compositions to deal with new subjects. They are able to do so because their creative faculty gets sufficient scope to work on unlimited combinations and arrangements of colors and words available in painting and literature. Color and word compositions in painting and literature perform the function of creating a bridge between the art and the art lover. Initially, the two compositions in these respective arts catch the art lover’s attention. Subsequently, a composition of colors of various shades and intensity in painting and a composition of words with varying shades of meaning and intensity in literature communicates the intended objective of the work of art to the art lover.

Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) arising from vascular channel are rare and more often arise from inferior vena cava and pulmonary arteries. Primary renal vein LMS are even rarer and occur predominantly in females with peak in fifth and sixth decade. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult because these are rare tumours and present with symptoms and radiological findings similar to Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). We report a case of 55-year-old female who presented with abdominal discomfort with radiology showing a renal mass with features of RCC, radical nephrectomy was done and resected tumour showed an attachment to the wall of renal vein with morphology resembling LMS.

The ribosomal RNA genes in Entamoeba spp. are located on extrachromosomal circular molecules. Unlike model organisms where rRNA transcription stops during growth stress, Entamoeba histolytica continues transcription; but unprocessed pre-rRNA accumulates during stress, along with a novel class of circular transcripts from the 5′-external transcribed spacer (ETS). To determine the fate of rRNA transcription during stage conversion between trophozoite to cyst we analyzed Entamoeba invadens, a model system for differentiation studies in Entamoeba. We characterized the complete rDNA transcription unit by mapping the ends of pre-rRNA and mature rRNAs. The 3′ end of mature 28S rRNA was located 321 nt downstream of the end predicted by sequence homology with E. histolytica. The major processing sites were mapped in external and internal transcribed spacers. The promoter located within 146 nt upstream of 5′ ETS was used to transcribe the pre-rRNA. On the other hand, a second promoter located at the 3′ end of 28S rDNA was used to transcribe almost the entire intergenic spacer into a long non coding (nc) RNA (>10 kb). Interestingly we found that the levels of pre-rRNA and long ncRNA, measured by northern hybridization, decreased initially in cells shifted to encystation medium, after which they began to increase and reached high levels by 72 h when mature cysts were formed. Unlike E. histolytica, no circular transcripts were found in E. invadens. E. histolytica and E. invadens express fundamentally different ncRNAs from the rDNA locus, which may reflect their adaptation to different hosts (human and reptiles, respectively). This is the first description of rDNA organization and transcription in E. invadens, and provides the framework for further studies on regulation of rRNA synthesis during cyst formation.

Entamoeba invadens is used as a model system to study trophozoite to cyst differentiation since Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis cannot encyst in culture. However, a system for introduction of cloned genes in E. invadens is not available. Here we report an electroporation-based method for transfection of E. invadens tophozoites and demonstrate the expression of firefly luciferase reporter gene driven from the E. invadens ribosomal protein L3 promoter. The efficiency of luciferase expression driven from the promoters of three different E. invadens genes (rpl3, rps10 and h2b) was tested and found to correlate with the in vivo expression levels of the respective gene. This system will permit the analysis of regulatory elements required for gene expression in E. invadens.

Objective: To analyze the cases diagnosed as myeloid sarcoma on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of lymph nodes. Study Design: Ten cases of lymph node aspirate diagnosed as myeloid sarcoma were analyzed. FNAC was performed as a routine outpatient procedure in all cases. Correlation with peripheral smear, bone marrow examination, flow cytometry and cytogenetics was done wherever possible. Results: Diagnosis of a hematologic malignancy, before fine-needle aspiration, was available in only 2 cases. All 10 cases showed eosinophilic precursors while five aspirates showed megakaryocytes with dysplastic forms. Of the 10 cases, 3 were diagnosed as acute myeloid leukemia, 3 as chronic myeloid leukemia, 1 case as juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, 1 case proved to be precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and 2 patients did not show blasts on peripheral blood smear but showed blasts, dysplastic megakaryocytes and eosinophilic precursors in the aspirate. Conclusion: Thorough workup to search for an underlying hematological malignancy should be done whenever dysplastic megakaryocytes and/or eosinophilic precursors are seen in lymph node aspirate.

Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum; it mostly occurs in immunocompromised individuals. Disseminated histoplasmosis may affect almost all systems. The lymph node is frequently involved in the reticuloendothelial dissemination. Histoplasmosis of the lymph node can mimic tuberculosis clinically and cytomorphologically. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an effective method for differentiating the two. The histoplasma yeast forms are small and usually intracellular and are likely to be overlooked in Papanicolaou (Pap)-stained smears. Air-dried Giemsa-stained smears can identify them easily and clearly because of their large size and bright purple-to-blue color as compared with fixed Pap-stained smears.We report 3 cases of lymph node histoplasmosis diagnosed on cytology seen over a period of 2 years.Lymph node FNAC is a rapid, cost-effective, reliable diagnostic toolfor histoplasmosis. It can obviate the need of surgical biopsy and hasten the initiation of treatment.

Background In the compact and haploid genome of Dictyostelium discoideum control of transposon activity is of particular importance to maintain viability. The non-long terminal repeat retrotransposon TRE5-A amplifies continuously in D. discoideum cells even though it produces considerable amounts of minus-strand (antisense) RNA in the presence of an active RNA interference machinery. Removal of the host-encoded C-module-binding factor (CbfA) from D. discoideum cells resulted in a more than 90 % reduction of both plus- and minus-strand RNA of TRE5-A and a strong decrease of the retrotransposition activity of the cellular TRE5-A population. Transcriptome analysis revealed an approximately 230-fold overexpression of the gene coding for the Argonaute-like protein AgnC in a CbfA-depleted mutant. Results The D. discoideum genome contains orthologs of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, Dicer-like proteins, and Argonaute proteins that are supposed to represent RNA interference pathways. We analyzed available mutants in these genes for altered expression of TRE5-A. We found that the retrotransposon was overexpressed in mutants lacking the Argonaute proteins AgnC and AgnE. Because the agnC gene is barely expressed in wild-type cells, probably due to repression by CbfA, we employed a new method of promoter-swapping to overexpress agnC in a CbfA-independent manner. In these strains we established an in vivo retrotransposition assay that determines the retrotransposition frequency of the cellular TRE5-A population. We observed that both the TRE5-A steady-state RNA level and retrotransposition rate dropped to less than 10 % of wild-type in the agnC overexpressor strains. Conclusions The data suggest that TRE5-A amplification is controlled by a distinct pathway of the Dictyostelium RNA interference machinery that does not require RNA-dependent RNA polymerases but involves AgnC. This control is at least partially overcome by the activity of CbfA, a factor derived from the retrotransposon’s host. This unusual regulation of mobile element activity most likely had a profound effect on genome evolution in D. discoideum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13100-015-0045-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In most organisms rDNA transcription ceases under conditions of growth stress. However, we have earlier shown that pre-rRNA accumulates during encystation in Entamoeba invadens. We labeled newly-synthesized rRNA during encystation, with [methyl- 3 H] methionine in the presence of chitinase to enable uptake of isotope. Incorporation rate reduced after 24 h, and then increased to reach levels comparable with normal cells. The label was rapidly chased to the ribosomal pellet in dividing cells, while at late stages of encystation the ratio of counts going to the pellet dropped 3-fold. The transcript levels of selected ribosomal protein genes also went down initially but went up again at later stages of encystation. This suggested that rRNA and ribosomal protein transcription may be coordinately regulated. Our data shows that encysting E. invadens cells accumulate transcripts of both the RNA and protein components of the ribosome, which may ensure rapid synthesis of new ribosomes when growth resumes.

Objective: To evaluate the role of squash cytology in rapid on-site adequacy checking (ROSAC) of image-guided gun biopsy and to determine its diagnostic accuracy at a tertiary cancer center. Study Design: This was a prospective study on 183 patients undergoing image-guided biopsy. Squash smears were prepared from biopsy cores and checked for adequacy by cytotechnologists. When adequate, more cores were sampled from the same area for histopathology. If inadequate, the procedure was repeated at the same sitting on a different area. The squash smears were reported by cytopathologists within 4 h after staining with conventional Papanicoloau stain. The results were compared with the final histopathology report. Results: The sampling was representative in 95.6% cases with concordance for adequacy in 97.3% cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of squash cytology for diagnosis of the lesion were 99.4, 92.7, 97.7 and 97.4%, respectively. Conclusions: Squash cytology is an ideal and cost-effective technique for ROSAC of image-guided biopsies, which ensures adequacy, avoids repeat procedures and prevents delay in diagnosis. It can be effectively performed by trained cytotechnologists in radiology clinics. Squash cytology is also a cost-effective tool offering rapid diagnosis which expedites planning of treatment.

Objective: To put forth the cytological features and diagnostic pitfalls of spontaneously infarcted breast lesions on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Study Design: We present 19 cases of spontaneously infarcted breast lesions encountered on FNAC over a 5-year period. Histological follow-up was correlated wherever available. Results: The majority of cases were seen in the second decade of life. The smears in all 19 cases were cellular. The cytomorphologic findings were scattered dyscohesive cells (n = 16), ghost cells (n = 11) and necrosis (n = 10). The dyscohesive cells were small and had a normal nuclear cytoplasmic ratio with pyknotic nuclei. The presence of viable epithelial cells or stromal fragments helped in the diagnosis of the primary breast lesion and was seen in all 19 cases. Cytology diagnoses were infarcted fibroadenoma (n = 11), infarcted breast lesion (n = 3), Phyllodes tumor (n = 2), papillary lesion (n = 2) and infarcted benign breast lesion (n = 1). Histopathology was available in 13 cases, 12 were concordant and 1 was inadequate for primary diagnosis. Conclusion: An infarcted breast lesion poses diagnostic difficulties on cytology. It needs to be differentiated from inflammatory lesions and malignancy. A cytopathologist should be aware of the entity and recognize its cytomorphologic features.

Amoebiasis is spread by the ingestion of dormant Entamoeba histolytica cysts. Intervention of encystation could break the transmission cycle, thereby reducing disease burden. The model system used to study trophozoite to cyst differentiation is Entamoeba invadens . Here we describe an electroporation-based method for stable transfection of E. invadens with a plasmid p Ei NEO-LUC containing the neomycin phosphotransferase gene under the control of E. invadens ribosomal protein gene S10 promoter. The plasmid also contains luciferase reporter gene expressed from the promoter of ribosomal protein gene L3. After electroporation, cells receiving the plasmid were selected by growth in 10 μg ml −1 G418 and stable lines were obtained in four to five weeks. The plasmid was replicated episomally to ∼10 copies per haploid genome. In the absence of drug selection 50% of the plasmid copies were lost in 9–10 days. In cells growing under drug selection the reporter gene was continuously expressed throughout the differentiation process from trophozoite to cyst and back, making this system suitable for analysis of genes involved in differentiation.

Background: Infantile digital fibromatosis (IDF) or inclusion body fibromatosis is a benign proliferation of fibroblastic and myofibroblastic cells. Its most common site is the digits of young children and it is named for the intracytoplasmic inclusions that are detected in lesional cells. Case: A two and a half-year-old male child presented with a single flesh-colored nodule on the dorsal aspect of his right little toe since the sixth month of life. FNAC from the lesion showed characteristic cytomorphological features of IDF. Conclusion: IDF is a rare lesion occurring in children or infants. There are many case reports describing histopathological features of IDF. To our knowledge, the typical inclusion bodies as cytomorphological findings in IDF have not been described in the literature. This is a rare case diagnosed on cytology and confirmed on histopathology.

Background: Decalcification of bone is a very important procedure in pathology especially in an oncology set up for proper staging, chemotherapy response or even in diagnosis of tumors. Objectives- To evaluate the use of tissue floatation bath (TFB) for rapid decalcification of mandibulectomy specimens in an oncology setup. Materials and Methods: Bony specimens received at pathology department were sliced using bone saw and then placed in 10% formalin at 45 0 C for 4 hours. These sections were then kept overnight in 10% nitric acid at 45 0 C in TFB for decalcification. Decalcification was checked manually next day morning and if decalcification is complete, and then the tissue transferred to tissue processor for routine tissue processing. Results: Decalcification in tissue floatation bath takes approximately 18-20 hours with better cytomorphological details as compared to routine decalcification process which takes around 7-8 days for complete decalcification. Conclusion: Tissue floatation bath is a common instrument available in all laboratories performing histopathological examination. Staining quality is comparable and time required for decalcification is improved as compared to routine decalcification technique. It can be used as an alternative to the more expensive microwave technique which requires additional instrument and space. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study using tissue floatation bath for rapid decalcification process. Keywords: Routine decalcification, Rapid Decalcification, Tissue floatation bath, Bone, Mandibulectomy