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1. Time series of freshwater macroinvertebrate abundances and site characteristics of European streams and rivers

Author

Welti, E, Bowler, D, Sinclair, J, Altermatt, F, Alvarez-Cabria, M, Amatulli, G, Angeler, D, Archambaud, G, Arrate Jorrin, I, Aspin, T, Azpiroz, I, Baker, N, Banares, I, Barquin Ortiz, J, Bodin, C, Bonacina, L, Bonada, N, Bottarin, R, Canedo-Arguelles, M, Csabai, Z, Datry, T, de Eyto, E, Dohet, A, Domisch, S, Dorflinger, G, Drohan, E, Eikland, K, England, J, Eriksen, T, Evtimova, V, Feio, M, Ferreol, M, Floury, M, Forcellini, M, Forio, M, Fornaroli, R, Friberg, N, Fruget, J, Garcia Marquez, J, Georgieva, G, Goethals, P, Graca, M, House, A, Huttunen, K, Jensen, T, Johnson, R, Jones, J, Kiesel, J, Larranaga, A, Leitner, P, L'Hoste, L, Lizee, M, Lorenz, A, Maire, A, Manzanos Arnaiz, J, Mckie, B, Millan, A, Muotka, T, Murphy, J, Ozolins, D, Paavola, R, Paril, P, Penas Silva, F, Polasek, M, Rasmussen, J, Rubio, M, Sanchez Fernandez, D, Sandin, L, Schafer, R, Schmidt-Kloiber, A, Scotti, A, Shen, L, Skuja, A, Stoll, S, Straka, M, Stubbington, R, Timm, H, Tyufekchieva, V, Tziortzis, I, Uzunov, Y, van der Lee, G, Vannevel, R, Varadinova, E, Varbiro, G, Velle, G, Verdonschot, P, Verdonschot, R, Vidinova, Y, Wiberg-Larsen, P, Haase, P, Welti E. A. R., Bowler D. E., Sinclair J. S., Altermatt F., Alvarez-Cabria M., Amatulli G., Angeler D. G., Archambaud G., Arrate Jorrin I., Aspin T., Azpiroz I., Baker N. J., Banares I., Barquin Ortiz J., Bodin C. L., Bonacina L., Bonada N., Bottarin R., Canedo-Arguelles M., Csabai Z., Datry T., de Eyto E., Dohet A., Domisch S., Dorflinger G., Drohan E., Eikland K. A., England J., Eriksen T. E., Evtimova V., Feio M. J., Ferreol M., Floury M., Forcellini M., Forio M. A. E., Fornaroli R., Friberg N., Fruget J. -F., Garcia Marquez J. R., Georgieva G., Goethals P., Graca M. A. S., House A., Huttunen K. -L., Jensen T. C., Johnson R. K., Jones J. I., Kiesel J., Larranaga A., Leitner P., L'Hoste L., Lizee M. -H., Lorenz A. W., Maire A., Manzanos Arnaiz J. A., Mckie B., Millan A., Muotka T., Murphy J. F., Ozolins D., Paavola R., Paril P., Penas Silva F. J., Polasek M., Rasmussen J., Rubio M., Sanchez Fernandez D., Sandin L., Schafer R. B., Schmidt-Kloiber A., Scotti A., Shen L. Q., Skuja A., Stoll S., Straka M., Stubbington R., Timm H., Tyufekchieva V. G., Tziortzis I., Uzunov Y., van der Lee G. H., Vannevel R., Varadinova E., Varbiro G., Velle G., Verdonschot P. F. M., Verdonschot R. C. M., Vidinova Y., Wiberg-Larsen P., Haase P., Welti, E, Bowler, D, Sinclair, J, Altermatt, F, Alvarez-Cabria, M, Amatulli, G, Angeler, D, Archambaud, G, Arrate Jorrin, I, Aspin, T, Azpiroz, I, Baker, N, Banares, I, Barquin Ortiz, J, Bodin, C, Bonacina, L, Bonada, N, Bottarin, R, Canedo-Arguelles, M, Csabai, Z, Datry, T, de Eyto, E, Dohet, A, Domisch, S, Dorflinger, G, Drohan, E, Eikland, K, England, J, Eriksen, T, Evtimova, V, Feio, M, Ferreol, M, Floury, M, Forcellini, M, Forio, M, Fornaroli, R, Friberg, N, Fruget, J, Garcia Marquez, J, Georgieva, G, Goethals, P, Graca, M, House, A, Huttunen, K, Jensen, T, Johnson, R, Jones, J, Kiesel, J, Larranaga, A, Leitner, P, L'Hoste, L, Lizee, M, Lorenz, A, Maire, A, Manzanos Arnaiz, J, Mckie, B, Millan, A, Muotka, T, Murphy, J, Ozolins, D, Paavola, R, Paril, P, Penas Silva, F, Polasek, M, Rasmussen, J, Rubio, M, Sanchez Fernandez, D, Sandin, L, Schafer, R, Schmidt-Kloiber, A, Scotti, A, Shen, L, Skuja, A, Stoll, S, Straka, M, Stubbington, R, Timm, H, Tyufekchieva, V, Tziortzis, I, Uzunov, Y, van der Lee, G, Vannevel, R, Varadinova, E, Varbiro, G, Velle, G, Verdonschot, P, Verdonschot, R, Vidinova, Y, Wiberg-Larsen, P, Haase, P, Welti E. A. R., Bowler D. E., Sinclair J. S., Altermatt F., Alvarez-Cabria M., Amatulli G., Angeler D. G., Archambaud G., Arrate Jorrin I., Aspin T., Azpiroz I., Baker N. J., Banares I., Barquin Ortiz J., Bodin C. L., Bonacina L., Bonada N., Bottarin R., Canedo-Arguelles M., Csabai Z., Datry T., de Eyto E., Dohet A., Domisch S., Dorflinger G., Drohan E., Eikland K. A., England J., Eriksen T. E., Evtimova V., Feio M. J., Ferreol M., Floury M., Forcellini M., Forio M. A. E., Fornaroli R., Friberg N., Fruget J. -F., Garcia Marquez J. R., Georgieva G., Goethals P., Graca M. A. S., House A., Huttunen K. -L., Jensen T. C., Johnson R. K., Jones J. I., Kiesel J., Larranaga A., Leitner P., L'Hoste L., Lizee M. -H., Lorenz A. W., Maire A., Manzanos Arnaiz J. A., Mckie B., Millan A., Muotka T., Murphy J. F., Ozolins D., Paavola R., Paril P., Penas Silva F. J., Polasek M., Rasmussen J., Rubio M., Sanchez Fernandez D., Sandin L., Schafer R. B., Schmidt-Kloiber A., Scotti A., Shen L. Q., Skuja A., Stoll S., Straka M., Stubbington R., Timm H., Tyufekchieva V. G., Tziortzis I., Uzunov Y., van der Lee G. H., Vannevel R., Varadinova E., Varbiro G., Velle G., Verdonschot P. F. M., Verdonschot R. C. M., Vidinova Y., Wiberg-Larsen P., and Haase P.

Abstract

Freshwater macroinvertebrates are a diverse group and play key ecological roles, including accelerating nutrient cycling, filtering water, controlling primary producers, and providing food for predators. Their differences in tolerances and short generation times manifest in rapid community responses to change. Macroinvertebrate community composition is an indicator of water quality. In Europe, efforts to improve water quality following environmental legislation, primarily starting in the 1980s, may have driven a recovery of macroinvertebrate communities. Towards understanding temporal and spatial variation of these organisms, we compiled the TREAM dataset (Time seRies of European freshwAter Macroinvertebrates), consisting of macroinvertebrate community time series from 1,816 river and stream sites (mean length of 19.2 years and 14.9 sampling years) of 22 European countries sampled between 1968 and 2020. In total, the data include >93 million sampled individuals of 2,648 taxa from 959 genera and 212 families. These data can be used to test questions ranging from identifying drivers of the population dynamics of specific taxa to assessing the success of legislative and management restoration efforts.

Published
2024

3. The recovery of European freshwater biodiversity has come to a halt

Author

Haase, P, Bowler, D, Baker, N, Bonada, N, Domisch, S, Garcia Marquez, J, Heino, J, Hering, D, Jahnig, S, Schmidt-Kloiber, A, Stubbington, R, Altermatt, F, Alvarez-Cabria, M, Amatulli, G, Angeler, D, Archambaud-Suard, G, Jorrin, I, Aspin, T, Azpiroz, I, Banares, I, Ortiz, J, Bodin, C, Bonacina, L, Bottarin, R, Canedo-Arguelles, M, Csabai, Z, Datry, T, de Eyto, E, Dohet, A, Dorflinger, G, Drohan, E, Eikland, K, England, J, Eriksen, T, Evtimova, V, Feio, M, Ferreol, M, Floury, M, Forcellini, M, Forio, M, Fornaroli, R, Friberg, N, Fruget, J, Georgieva, G, Goethals, P, Graca, M, Graf, W, House, A, Huttunen, K, Jensen, T, Johnson, R, Jones, J, Kiesel, J, Kuglerova, L, Larranaga, A, Leitner, P, L'Hoste, L, Lizee, M, Lorenz, A, Maire, A, Arnaiz, J, Mckie, B, Millan, A, Monteith, D, Muotka, T, Murphy, J, Ozolins, D, Paavola, R, Paril, P, Penas, F, Pilotto, F, Polasek, M, Rasmussen, J, Rubio, M, Sanchez-Fernandez, D, Sandin, L, Schafer, R, Scotti, A, Shen, L, Skuja, A, Stoll, S, Straka, M, Timm, H, Tyufekchieva, V, Tziortzis, I, Uzunov, Y, van der Lee, G, Vannevel, R, Varadinova, E, Varbiro, G, Velle, G, Verdonschot, P, Verdonschot, R, Vidinova, Y, Wiberg-Larsen, P, Welti, E, Haase P., Bowler D. E., Baker N. J., Bonada N., Domisch S., Garcia Marquez J. R., Heino J., Hering D., Jahnig S. C., Schmidt-Kloiber A., Stubbington R., Altermatt F., Alvarez-Cabria M., Amatulli G., Angeler D. G., Archambaud-Suard G., Jorrin I. A., Aspin T., Azpiroz I., Banares I., Ortiz J. B., Bodin C. L., Bonacina L., Bottarin R., Canedo-Arguelles M., Csabai Z., Datry T., de Eyto E., Dohet A., Dorflinger G., Drohan E., Eikland K. A., England J., Eriksen T. E., Evtimova V., Feio M. J., Ferreol M., Floury M., Forcellini M., Forio M. A. E., Fornaroli R., Friberg N., Fruget J. -F., Georgieva G., Goethals P., Graca M. A. S., Graf W., House A., Huttunen K. -L., Jensen T. C., Johnson R. K., Jones J. I., Kiesel J., Kuglerova L., Larranaga A., Leitner P., L'Hoste L., Lizee M. -H., Lorenz A. W., Maire A., Arnaiz J. A. M., McKie B. G., Millan A., Monteith D., Muotka T., Murphy J. F., Ozolins D., Paavola R., Paril P., Penas F. J., Pilotto F., Polasek M., Rasmussen J. J., Rubio M., Sanchez-Fernandez D., Sandin L., Schafer R. B., Scotti A., Shen L. Q., Skuja A., Stoll S., Straka M., Timm H., Tyufekchieva V. G., Tziortzis I., Uzunov Y., van der Lee G. H., Vannevel R., Varadinova E., Varbiro G., Velle G., Verdonschot P. F. M., Verdonschot R. C. M., Vidinova Y., Wiberg-Larsen P., Welti E. A. R., Haase, P, Bowler, D, Baker, N, Bonada, N, Domisch, S, Garcia Marquez, J, Heino, J, Hering, D, Jahnig, S, Schmidt-Kloiber, A, Stubbington, R, Altermatt, F, Alvarez-Cabria, M, Amatulli, G, Angeler, D, Archambaud-Suard, G, Jorrin, I, Aspin, T, Azpiroz, I, Banares, I, Ortiz, J, Bodin, C, Bonacina, L, Bottarin, R, Canedo-Arguelles, M, Csabai, Z, Datry, T, de Eyto, E, Dohet, A, Dorflinger, G, Drohan, E, Eikland, K, England, J, Eriksen, T, Evtimova, V, Feio, M, Ferreol, M, Floury, M, Forcellini, M, Forio, M, Fornaroli, R, Friberg, N, Fruget, J, Georgieva, G, Goethals, P, Graca, M, Graf, W, House, A, Huttunen, K, Jensen, T, Johnson, R, Jones, J, Kiesel, J, Kuglerova, L, Larranaga, A, Leitner, P, L'Hoste, L, Lizee, M, Lorenz, A, Maire, A, Arnaiz, J, Mckie, B, Millan, A, Monteith, D, Muotka, T, Murphy, J, Ozolins, D, Paavola, R, Paril, P, Penas, F, Pilotto, F, Polasek, M, Rasmussen, J, Rubio, M, Sanchez-Fernandez, D, Sandin, L, Schafer, R, Scotti, A, Shen, L, Skuja, A, Stoll, S, Straka, M, Timm, H, Tyufekchieva, V, Tziortzis, I, Uzunov, Y, van der Lee, G, Vannevel, R, Varadinova, E, Varbiro, G, Velle, G, Verdonschot, P, Verdonschot, R, Vidinova, Y, Wiberg-Larsen, P, Welti, E, Haase P., Bowler D. E., Baker N. J., Bonada N., Domisch S., Garcia Marquez J. R., Heino J., Hering D., Jahnig S. C., Schmidt-Kloiber A., Stubbington R., Altermatt F., Alvarez-Cabria M., Amatulli G., Angeler D. G., Archambaud-Suard G., Jorrin I. A., Aspin T., Azpiroz I., Banares I., Ortiz J. B., Bodin C. L., Bonacina L., Bottarin R., Canedo-Arguelles M., Csabai Z., Datry T., de Eyto E., Dohet A., Dorflinger G., Drohan E., Eikland K. A., England J., Eriksen T. E., Evtimova V., Feio M. J., Ferreol M., Floury M., Forcellini M., Forio M. A. E., Fornaroli R., Friberg N., Fruget J. -F., Georgieva G., Goethals P., Graca M. A. S., Graf W., House A., Huttunen K. -L., Jensen T. C., Johnson R. K., Jones J. I., Kiesel J., Kuglerova L., Larranaga A., Leitner P., L'Hoste L., Lizee M. -H., Lorenz A. W., Maire A., Arnaiz J. A. M., McKie B. G., Millan A., Monteith D., Muotka T., Murphy J. F., Ozolins D., Paavola R., Paril P., Penas F. J., Pilotto F., Polasek M., Rasmussen J. J., Rubio M., Sanchez-Fernandez D., Sandin L., Schafer R. B., Scotti A., Shen L. Q., Skuja A., Stoll S., Straka M., Timm H., Tyufekchieva V. G., Tziortzis I., Uzunov Y., van der Lee G. H., Vannevel R., Varadinova E., Varbiro G., Velle G., Verdonschot P. F. M., Verdonschot R. C. M., Vidinova Y., Wiberg-Larsen P., and Welti E. A. R.

Abstract

Owing to a long history of anthropogenic pressures, freshwater ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to biodiversity loss 1. Mitigation measures, including wastewater treatment and hydromorphological restoration, have aimed to improve environmental quality and foster the recovery of freshwater biodiversity 2. Here, using 1,816 time series of freshwater invertebrate communities collected across 22 European countries between 1968 and 2020, we quantified temporal trends in taxonomic and functional diversity and their responses to environmental pressures and gradients. We observed overall increases in taxon richness (0.73% per year), functional richness (2.4% per year) and abundance (1.17% per year). However, these increases primarily occurred before the 2010s, and have since plateaued. Freshwater communities downstream of dams, urban areas and cropland were less likely to experience recovery. Communities at sites with faster rates of warming had fewer gains in taxon richness, functional richness and abundance. Although biodiversity gains in the 1990s and 2000s probably reflect the effectiveness of water-quality improvements and restoration projects, the decelerating trajectory in the 2010s suggests that the current measures offer diminishing returns. Given new and persistent pressures on freshwater ecosystems, including emerging pollutants, climate change and the spread of invasive species, we call for additional mitigation to revive the recovery of freshwater biodiversity.

Published
2023

6. Data for 'Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems' (1.0) [Data set]

Author

Mammola, S., Meierhofer, M.B., Borges, P.A.V., Colado, R., Culver, D.C., Deharveng, L., Delić, T., Di Lorenzo, T., Dražina, T., Ferreira, R.L., Fiasca, B., Fišer, C., Galassi, D.M.P., Galassi, L., Gerovasileiou, V., Griebler, C., Halse, S., Howarth, F.G., Isaia, M., Johnson, J.S., Komerički, A., Martínez, A., Milano, F., Moldovan, O.T., Nanni, V., Nicolosi, G., Niemiller, M.L., Pallarés, S., Pavlek, M., Piano, E., Pipan, T., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Santangeli, A., Schmidt, Susanne Isabel, Wynne, J.J., Zagmajster, M., Zakšek, V., Cardoso, P., Mammola, S., Meierhofer, M.B., Borges, P.A.V., Colado, R., Culver, D.C., Deharveng, L., Delić, T., Di Lorenzo, T., Dražina, T., Ferreira, R.L., Fiasca, B., Fišer, C., Galassi, D.M.P., Galassi, L., Gerovasileiou, V., Griebler, C., Halse, S., Howarth, F.G., Isaia, M., Johnson, J.S., Komerički, A., Martínez, A., Milano, F., Moldovan, O.T., Nanni, V., Nicolosi, G., Niemiller, M.L., Pallarés, S., Pavlek, M., Piano, E., Pipan, T., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Santangeli, A., Schmidt, Susanne Isabel, Wynne, J.J., Zagmajster, M., Zakšek, V., and Cardoso, P.

Abstract

Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of

Published
2022

7. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems

Author

Mammola, S., Meierhofer, M.B., Borges, P.A.V., Colado, R., Culver, D.C., Deharveng, L., Delić, T., Di Lorenzo, T., Dražina, T., Ferreira, R.L., Fiasca, B., Fišer, C., Galassi, D.M.P., Galassi, L., Gerovasileiou, V., Griebler, C., Halse, S., Howarth, F.G., Isaia, M., Johnson, J.S., Komerički, A., Martínez, A., Milano, F., Moldovan, O.T., Nanni, V., Nicolosi, G., Niemiller, M.L., Pallarés, S., Pavlek, M., Piano, E., Pipan, T., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Santangeli, A., Schmidt, Susanne Isabel, Wynne, J.J., Zagmajster, M., Zakšek, V., Cardoso, P., Mammola, S., Meierhofer, M.B., Borges, P.A.V., Colado, R., Culver, D.C., Deharveng, L., Delić, T., Di Lorenzo, T., Dražina, T., Ferreira, R.L., Fiasca, B., Fišer, C., Galassi, D.M.P., Galassi, L., Gerovasileiou, V., Griebler, C., Halse, S., Howarth, F.G., Isaia, M., Johnson, J.S., Komerički, A., Martínez, A., Milano, F., Moldovan, O.T., Nanni, V., Nicolosi, G., Niemiller, M.L., Pallarés, S., Pavlek, M., Piano, E., Pipan, T., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Santangeli, A., Schmidt, Susanne Isabel, Wynne, J.J., Zagmajster, M., Zakšek, V., and Cardoso, P.

Abstract

Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of

Published
2022

11. Characterization of the Iberian saline streams

Author

Paula Arribas, Gutierrez-Canovas, C., Abellan, P., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Picazo, F., Velasco, J., and Millan, A.

Subjects
Estado de conservación, Salinity, Macroinvertebrates, Conservation status, Characterization, Sistemas lóticos, Salinidad, Ecología, Caracterización, Macroinvertebrados, Lotic systems
Abstract

Los ecosistemas acuáticos salinos son especialmente habituales en las regiones de clima árido y semiárido del planeta. Así, en España, se concentran muchos de los ambientes salinos europeos. La salinidad supone un factor limitante, por ello es frecuente encontrar en estos medios una baja riqueza de grupos taxonómicos y especies. Sin embargo, los organismos que ocupan estos ecosistemas presentan un alto grado de singularidad, lo que les hace ser mecedores de medidas de gestión y conservación. Los ecotipos de ríos mediterráneos establecidos hasta hoy para la implementación de la Directiva Marco del Agua, no contemplan la diversidad de los ríos salinos presentes en España, al estar todos incluidos en el tipo ramblas o ríos mediterráneos muy mineralizados. Por tanto, resulta imprescindible llevar a cabo una tipificación específica de estos ambientes en la Península Ibérica que reconozca su diversidad. En este trabajo se identificaron tipos de ríos salinos en función de sus comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos y de variables abióticas. Así, a partir de la clasificación biótica, se obtuvieron tres tipos de ríos salinos que se caracterizan por presentar comunidades de macroinvertebrados, especialmente de coleópteros acuáticos, bien definidas según la salinidad de sus aguas: ríos hiposalinos (3-20 g/l), ríos meso-hipersalinos (>20-100 g/l) y ríos hipersalinos extremos (>100 g/l). La tipificación abiótica, con la incorporación de variables de presión antropogénica, reflejó una clasificación de los ríos salinos ibéricos en función de su estado de degradación más que por las características físicas y ambientales de estos sistemas. Del análisis conjunto de las variables bióticas y abióticas resultaron tres tipos de ríos con un buen estado de conservación (de referencia) y tres tipos de ríos degradados. The aquatic saline ecosystems are very frequent in arid and semiarid regions of the world. Thus in Spain, there are the most of the European saline water bodies. The salinity is a limiting factor, therefore in these communities the taxonomic richness is low but, the singularity degree of the saline organisms is high. For this reason it is necessary to give them specific measures of management and conservation. However, the diversity of the Spanish saline streams has not contemplated in the ecotypes of Mediterranean streams that the European Water Framework Directive establishes. For this, it is essential to implement a specific characterization of these systems in Iberian Peninsula. In this study, we have used biotic and abiotic variables to identify types of saline streams. Thus, using biotic variables we have differentiated between three kinds of saline streams because they have different macroinvertebrates communities, especially of water beetles: low saline streams (3-20 g/l), medium-high saline streams (>20-100 g/l) and very high saline streams (>100 g/l). The abiotic characterization has classified the saline streams based more on conservation status than on physical and environmental variables. The analysis with both types of variables has distinguished six groups of saline streams: three kinds with a good conservation status and three kinds of degraded. Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado a través del Proyecto I+D+I ref: CGL2006-04159/BOS.

12. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems.

Author

Mammola S, Meierhofer MB, Borges PAV, Colado R, Culver DC, Deharveng L, Delić T, Di Lorenzo T, Dražina T, Ferreira RL, Fiasca B, Fišer C, Galassi DMP, Garzoli L, Gerovasileiou V, Griebler C, Halse S, Howarth FG, Isaia M, Johnson JS, Komerički A, Martínez A, Milano F, Moldovan OT, Nanni V, Nicolosi G, Niemiller ML, Pallarés S, Pavlek M, Piano E, Pipan T, Sanchez-Fernandez D, Santangeli A, Schmidt SI, Wynne JJ, Zagmajster M, Zakšek V, and Cardoso P

Subjects
Caves, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Ecology, Fresh Water, Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Abstract

Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate meta-analytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness., (© 2022 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.)

Published
2022
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