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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: In Chile, approximately one in three children under 6 years of age reported overweight/obese, while one in four children in elementary school suffer from obesity. There is a paucity of population-based information on the influence of childhood eating behavior on anthropometric measures related to obesity. To assess the association between eating behavior scores and Body Mass Index (BMI) z-scores in 7-10-year-old Chilean children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 1058 children aged 7-10 (51% girls) from the 'Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study' (GOCS). Direct measures of weight and height were used to compute BMI z-scores according to World Health Organization (WHO) curves. Children were classified as normal weight (-1 < 1 s.d.), overweight (1 < 2 s.d.) and obese ([greater than or equal to]2 s.d.). Eating behavior scores were measured through the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), previously adapted and validated for Chilean children. Multiple linear regressions were carried out using BMI z-score as the outcome and eating behavior scores as explanatory variables. All models were adjusted by age and gender. RESULTS: BMI z-scores were positively associated with pro-intake scores in the subscales 'enjoyment of food', 'emotional overeating' and 'food responsiveness' (P < 0.0001). Contrary to other studies, 'desire for drinks' scores were also associated with BMI z-scores (P < 0.0001). In contrast, food-avoidant 'satiety responsiveness', 'slowness in eating' and 'food-fussiness' scores were negatively associated with BMI z-scores (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We found a significant relationship between eating behavior scores and BMI z-scores in Chilean children, showing that BMI in 7-10-year-old Chilean children is positively associated with pro-intake eating behavior scores and negatively associated with anti-intake eating behavior scores. The identification of specific eating behaviors patterns related to obesity will provide important information for the implementation of prevention programs for this disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2016) 70, 925-928; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.18; published online 13 April 2016, INTRODUCTION Obesity is the result of overeating behaviors coupled with sedentary habits. In Chile, 33% of children under 6 years of age in primary health care reported overweight/obese, (1) while [...]

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth performance and digestive function. In trial 1, 144 Holstein steer calves (119 kg of initial BW) were used in a 340-d trial. Treatments were (DM basis) 1) control (no antibiotic); 2) 16 mg/kg of virginiamycin; 3) 22.5 mg/kg of virginiamycin; and 4) 28 mg/kg of monensin. Calves received a steam-flaked corn-based growing diet for the first 112 d and thereafter were fed a finishing diet from d 112 until slaughter. Steers were divided into 2 BW groups (lighter-half and heavierhalf), and assigned within groups to 24 pens (6 steers/ pen). Virginiamycin did not affect (P > 0.20) ADG, but increased 340-d G:F (linear; P = 0.02) and dietary NE (linear; P = 0.04). Improvements in dietary NE were most pronounced during the final 116 d of the feeding period (linear; P = 0.04) that comprised the hot summer months (June through September). Monensin did not affect (P > 0.20) growth performance or dietary NE. Although average initial BW of the lighterhalf and heavier-half BW groups differed by only 4 kg, the heavier BW group had greater HCW (13 kg, P = 0.02), LM area (5.4%, P = 0.01), ADG (4.3%, P = 0.02), G:F (2.3%, P = 0.08), and dietary NE (3.2%. P = 0.01) than the lighter BW group. In trial 2, 4 Holstein steers (269 [+ or -] 3.5 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate treatment effects on digestion. Virginiamycin did not affect (P > 0.20) ruminal digestion of OM, NDF, starch, and N, and microbial efficiency, but tended to linearly increase (P = 0.09) ruminal N efficiency (nonammonia N flow to the small intestine/N intake). Likewise, virginiamycin did not affect (P > 0.20) postruminal or total tract digestion of OM, starch, NDF, and N. Compared with the control diet, monensin depressed total tract digestion of OM (4.2%, P = 0.03) and NDF (29.5%, P = 0.02). There were no treatment effects (P > 0.20) on ruminal pH, or ruminal lactate and total VFA molar concentration. Virginiamycin increased ruminal molar proportion of acetate (quadratic; P = 0.04) and estimated methane production (quadratic; P = 0.07), and decreased propionate molar proportion (quadratic; P = 0.09). Monensin did not affect (P > 0.20) ruminal VFA molar proportions or estimated methane production. We concluded that virginiamycin supplementation can enhance feedlot growth-performance and dietary energetic efficiency of calf-fed Holstein steers. Key words: cattle, Holstein, performance, virginiamycin doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-1959

La investigación se realizó en la Granja Experimental Río Suma, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí. Para evaluar la emergencia de los hijos se utilizaron todos los cormos y para las variables de crecimiento 300 hijos, en un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. La emergencia de los hijos se evaluó a través del tiempo cada 7 días, se analizó utilizando la metodología de medidas repetidas en el tiempo a través del procedimiento MIXED (SAS). Posterior a los 65 dds los hijos de plátano ‘Barraganete’ están en condiciones de ser sembrados en el sitio definitivo.

Las manchas foliares de Sigatoka negra (SN) representan el problema fitopatológico y mayor limitante para la producción de plátanos. Se evaluó el manejo de Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) en plátano ‘Hartón’ (Musa AAB) en el Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. La investigación se realizó en el Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. En tres fincas sin y con riego. Sembradas a 2m x 3m (1667 plantas·ha-1). Semanalmente se realizó cirugía y deshoje e inspeccionaron las plantas utilizando preaviso biológico o estado evolutivo. Se seleccionaron 10 plantas·lote-1, se ubicaron las hojas 3, 4 y 5 (H3, H4 y H5), para determinar el grado de severidad en las hojas antes indicadas y se clasificó como leve, alto o severo. En la finca ubicada en FJP-CE sin riego se observó la mayor severidad de SN en las hojas 3, 4 y 5 al realizar solo siete aplicaciones de fungicidas; C-LPG presentó la menor severidad de SN en la hoja3 el control representó el 21,3% de los costos de producción. En C-EA que tuvo riego subarbóreo H3, H4 y H5 presentaron valores de severidad un poco más elevados que la anterior en H3. Los rendimientos fueron de 17 t·ha-1. El manejo de SN debe seguir enfocado en la integración de procedimientos culturales y químicos, con ello se disminuyen las aplicaciones de fungicidas, se incrementan los rendimientos y disminuye el deterioro ambiental

Sigatoka negra (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), es la enfermedad de mayor importancia en el cultivo de musáceas; disminuye el área foliar en las plantas, su control es con fungicidas a través de aplicaciones aéreas. El manejo de SN, depende de varios dos factores: el monitoreo y la rotación de los grupos químicos, tales como: DMIs, QoIs, APs, SDHI, guanidinas, N-fenilcarbamatos y multisitios. En el estudio se evaluaron el efecto de cuatro fungicidas, de forma in vitro sobre micelios de M. fijiesis, obtenidos en zonas de lindero (AI) y centro (BI), incubados en contenedores de plásticos de 500 mL, desinfectadas en agua destilada más gasa estéril de las haciendas El Playón, Mega Impulso. Los medios PDA solo y PDA más fungicidas, la investigación tuvo como objetivo, analizar la sensibilidad in vitro de los micelios a aplicaciones de fungicidas comerciales después de 10, 20 y 30 dds, en PDA solo y PDA más fungicidas. Los resultados al cuantificar la sensibilidad in vitro hubo una inhibición del 100% de los micelios tanto para T1 (Epoxiconazole + Tridemorf) a dosis 1:1 ppm; T2 (Espiroxamina + Pirimetanil) a dosis de 1:1 ppm; T3 (Difeconazol + Tridemorf) a dosis de 1:1 ppm y T4 (Fempropimorf + Pirimetanil) a dosis de 5:1 ppm. Los micelios en medio PDA solo, 30 dds en El Playón promediaron de 20,5 mm en AI y para la zona de BI alcanzó 21,4 mm; en Mega Impulso creció 21,1 mm en (BI) y 20,2 mm en (AI).

Con el objetivo de mejorar la eficiencia de uso del agua en la agricultura, debido a que en este sector se consumen grandes cantidades de agua y, una gran cantidad de esta, es consumo no beneficioso; se estableció un ensayo en el campo experimental de la Universidad Técnica de Machala, Ecuador, sembrando 1200 m2 de maíz híbrido, distribuido en bloques completamente al azar, con 12 unidades experimentales. Los tratamientos fueron riego por goteo subsuperficial a 10 (T1), 20 (T2) y 30 (T3) cm de profundidad y cuatro repeticiones. Hubo diferencias estadísticas para todas las variables evaluadas (P

El banano (Musa sp.) es un fruto tropical con alto consumo mundial por su calidad, beneficios nutricionales y vida en anaquel. Sus hojas son afectadas por Sigatoka negra (SN, Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet), disminuyendo fotosíntesis y rendimiento. Se evaluó la aplicación de fungicidas orgánicos sobre la severidad de Sigatoka negra en el cultivo de banano. El ensayo se realizó en Fumipalma, S.A., provincia del Guayas, Ecuador. Se utilizaron plantas del cv. Williams, sembradas a 3m x 2,5m (1333 plantas·ha-1). Las aplicaciones se iniciaron en plantas con 12-14 hojas, en las hojas 1 (H1) y 2 (H2), en la parte derecha de la nervadura central (metodología single leaf test; SLT). Se utilizó un diseño de experimentos en bloques completos al azar con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó la evolución de la enfermedad (%, Fumipalma S.A.) hasta 35 días después de la aplicación, área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad (AUDPC) en H1 y H2. La evolución de la enfermedad en H1 en SLT, estuvo entre 16,60-50,00%; la menor la presentó Progranic cinnacar y el testigo con el mayor valor. El índice de severidad (AUDPC) presentó diferencias estadísticas con valores entre 217,4-556,1. El área afectada estuvo entre 27,50-56,25%. El AUDPC presentó diferencias estadísticas significativas, el testigo fue más afectado. La aplicación de fungicidas orgánicos genera control sobre SN, el porcentaje de área afectada y el índice de severidad de la enfermedad en el testigo fue mayor. En H2 la severidad de la enfermedad fue mayor que en H1

Objective: Identifying when and how often decisions are made based on high-quality evidence can inform the development of evidence-based treatment plans and care pathways, which have been shown to improve quality of care and patient safety. Evidence to guide decision-making, national guidelines and clinical pathways for many conditions in pediatric orthopedic surgery are limited. This study investigated decision-making rationale and quantified the evidence supporting decisions made by pediatric orthopedic surgeons in an outpatient clinic., Design/setting/participants/intervention(s)/main Outcome Measure(s): We recorded decisions made by eight pediatric orthopedic surgeons in an outpatient clinic and the surgeon's reported rationale behind the decisions. Surgeons categorized the rationale for each decision as one or a combination of 12 possibilities (e.g. 'Experience/anecdote,' 'First principles,' 'Trained to do it,' 'Arbitrary/instinct,' 'General study,' 'Specific study')., Results: Out of 1150 total decisions, the most frequent decisions were follow-up scheduling, followed by bracing prescription/removal. The most common decision rationales were 'First principles' (n = 310, 27.0%) and 'Experience/anecdote' (n = 253, 22.0%). Only 17.8% of decisions were attributed to scientific studies, with 7.3% based on studies specific to the decision. As high as 34.6% of surgical intervention decisions were based on scientific studies, while only 10.4% of follow-up scheduling decisions were made with studies in mind. Decision category was significantly associated with a basis in scientific studies: surgical intervention and medication prescription decisions were more likely to be based on scientific studies than all other decisions., Conclusions: With increasing emphasis on high value, evidence-based care, understanding the rationale behind physician decision-making can educate physicians, identify common decisions without supporting evidence and help create clinical care pathways in pediatric orthopedic surgery. Decisions based on evidence or consensus between surgeons can inform pathways and national guidelines that minimize unwarranted variation in care and waste. Decision support tools and aids could also be implemented to guide these decisions., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

BACKGROUNDFecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) in adults and children, but donor stool samples are currently screened for only a limited number of potential pathogens. We sought to determine whether putative procarcinogenic bacteria (enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Escherichia coli harboring the colibactin toxin) could be durably transmitted from donors to patients during FMT.METHODSStool samples were collected from 11 pediatric rCDI patients and their respective FMT donors prior to FMT as well as from the patients at 2-10 weeks, 10-20 weeks, and 6 months after FMT. Bacterial virulence factors in stool DNA extracts and stool cultures were measured by quantitative PCR: Bacteroides fragilis toxin (bft), Fusobacterium adhesin A (fadA), and Escherichia coli colibactin (clbB).RESULTSFour of 11 patients demonstrated sustained acquisition of a procarcinogenic bacteria. Whole genome sequencing was performed on colony isolates from one of these donor/recipient pairs and demonstrated that clbB+ E. coli strains present in the recipient after FMT were identical to a strain present in the donor, confirming strain transmission. Conversely, 2 patients exhibited clearance of procarcinogenic bacteria following FMT from a negative donor.CONCLUSIONBoth durable transmission and clearance of procarcinogenic bacteria occurred following FMT, suggesting that additional studies on appropriate screening measures for FMT donors and the long-term consequences and/or benefits of FMT are warranted.FUNDINGCrohn's & Colitis Foundation, the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the National Cancer Institute, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Colorectal adenocarcinoma originating in intestinal glandular structures is the most common form of colon cancer. In clinical practice, the morphology of intestinal glands, including architectural appearance and glandular formation, is used by pathologists to inform prognosis and plan the treatment of individual patients. However, achieving good inter-observer as well as intra-observer reproducibility of cancer grading is still a major challenge in modern pathology. An automated approach which quantifies the morphology of glands is a solution to the problem. This paper provides an overview to the Gland Segmentation in Colon Histology Images Challenge Contest (GlaS) held at MICCAI'2015. Details of the challenge, including organization, dataset and evaluation criteria, are presented, along with the method descriptions and evaluation results from the top performing methods., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)