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Objectives: The primary objective of our study was to systematically review all available prospective cohort studies which investigated the association of soy food intake and incident fracture risk. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases for relevant studies up to June 2021. Synthesis: Of 695 records, a total of 5 cohort studies were included in the current systematic review. Two studies that were performed in China evaluated hip fracture while 2 studies that were done in Singapore evaluated any kind of fractures. The other study was conducted in Japan and evaluated osteoporosis fractures. All studies used a face-to-face interview to assess the dietary intake of soy foods. All 5 cohort studies were determined to be of high quality. One study considered soy food as a part of a vegetables-fruit-soy food dietary pattern. Others reported the association of dietary intake of soy foods with the risk of fractures. Conclusion: The evidence from prospective cohort studies was suggestive for a protective role of soy foods, alone or within a dietary pattern, in the risk of incident fracture among Asian women, particularly for those in early menopause and those who used fermented soy products. But for men, the association was not significant. However, more cohort studies, including non-Asian populations, are required to confirm this association fully.

Objective Recent studies have shown that increased dietary inflammatory index (DII) score or consumption of pro-inflammatory foods can lead to increased waist circumference (WC) as well as triglyceride (TG) concentrations in obese people. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between DII and hypertriglyceridemic waist circumference phenotype (HTGWCP) in women with overweight and obesity. Results There was a positive significant correlation between DII and HTGWCPs. In other words, with an increase in DII score or higher consumption of pro-inflammatory foods, the odds of having abnormal phenotypes including; enlarged waist normal TG (EWNT) (OR = 2.85, 95% CI 1.02 to 7.98, P for trend = 0.04), normal waist enlarged TG (NWET) (OR = 5.85, 95% CI 1.1 to 31.11, P for trend = 0.03) and enlarged waist enlarged TG (EWET) (OR = 3.13, 95% CI 0.95 to 10.27, P for trend = 0.05) increase compared to normal waist normal TG (NWNT) phenotype. In conclusion; increasing DII scores can increase abnormal phenotypes and therefore may increase WC and TG levels in overweight and obese women.

Abstract. Objective(s): Cardio-metabolic risk factors are becoming a global health concern. To address this problem, one of the proposed ways is to focus on phytochemical-rich foods consumption. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the results of observational studies (cohorts, case-control, and cross-sectional) that investigated the association between dietary phytochemical index (PI) as a new index for evaluating phytochemical-rich food intake and various risk factors of cardio-metabolic disorders. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive systematic review through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The literature search was performed up to August 2021 with no publication year restriction on observational studies investigating the association between PI and cardiometabolic risk factors on adults and children. A random-effect meta-analysis was used. Results: Overall, 16 articles (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort) were eligible for this systematic review and 8 studies with 99771 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Random effect meta-analysis showed that adherence to higher dietary PI decrease the odds of abdominal obesity (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.88, I2: 84.90), generalized obesity (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.98, I2: 68.10), hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.89, I2: 0.00), hypertension (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.99, I2: 7.02), and MetS (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.88, I2: 84.90). However, results considering the associations between dietary PI with glycemic indices, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were not significant (p

Objective Equivocal association the contribution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the well-accepted role of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) on bioavailability of 25(OH)D or its independent roles, has led to possible association of the VDBP in glucose metabolism. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships among 25(OH)D, VDBP, glucose/insulin metabolism and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Blood samples were collected from 236 obese and overweight women. VDBP and 25(OH)D levels, and biochemical parameters were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An impedance fat analyzer was utilized to acquire the body composition. Results Using the multivariate linear regression, a reverse relationship was observed between VDBP and (HOMA-IR), such that women with higher VDBP displayed lower insulin resistance. The relationship was independent of age, body mass index, standardized energy intake and physical activity (p = 0.00). No significant relationship between 25(OH)D levels, FBS, body composition or insulin resistance were observed (p > 0.2). Current study observed that higher level of VDBP may be associated with lower levels of insulin and HOMA-IR, thus the evaluation of VDBP in diverse population groups seems to have significant clinical value in evaluating the prevalence of DM or early stage of glucose intolerance.

Purpose Low Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR), as a risk factor for obesity, can be affected by many factors. Indeed, genetic and environmental factors are variables taken into account when predicting RMR, and may contribute to a high inter-individual variance. Besides the well-known causes of obesity, researchers have demonstrated the contribution of gut microflora in obesity and energy expenditure. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to compare the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of, Prevotellaceae, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, bifidobactrium spp, lactobacillus spp, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli in two groups of people with normal and low RMR in overweigh/obese women in Iran. Results The abundance of F. prausnitzii (p>0.001), B. fragilis (P= 0.02), and Firmicutes phylum (P= 0.02) were significantly higher in the controls compared to the cases, and showed significant positive association with RMR, (β = 1.29 ×10−5, P=0.01), (β = 4.13 ×10−6, p= 0.04), and (β = 7.76 ×10−1, p= 0.01), respectively. Regarding Lactobacilus, the results showed a significant positive association with RMR (β = 1.73 ×10−4, p= 0.01). Conclusion Intestinal microbiota may be associated with host metabolism. Therefore, future work should investigate, using clinical trials, the impact of manipulating gut microflora to positively influence energy expenditure.

Background Unhealthy dietary patterns are the most important modifiable risk factors for obesity and overweight. This study aimed to examine the relationship between Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) and resting metabolic rate (RMR), mediated by inflammatory factors, in overweight and obese women. Methods A total of 404 women, aged 18–48 years, were included in the cross-sectional study. DPI was calculated using the 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements, RMR, and blood biomarkers were assessed using standard protocols. Results There was marginally significant association between adherence to DPI and RMR status in the crude model (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 0.94–2.11, P = 0.09). After adjusting for potential confounders, a significant association was seen between the DPI and increase RMR.per.kg (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 0.98–7.82, P = 0.05). Our results indicated that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) had a mediatory effect on the association between RMR and DPI (P > 0.05). Indeed, it was shown that, PAI-1, TGF-β, and MCP-1 destroyed the significance of this association and could be considered as mediating markers. However, no mediating effect was observed for high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP). Conclusions Adherence to DPI can improve the RMR by reducing levels of inflammatory markers, and may be considered as a treatment for obesity. However, more long-term studies are recommended.

Mood disorders such as anxiety, depression, stresses, and low sleep quality are common among overweight/obese women. The relation of vitamin D and its blood carrier, vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), to mental health is still unknown. This study aimed to examine the relation of serum 25(OH)D and VDBP to mental health measures including depression, anxiety, stress and sleep quality of overweight/obese women.This cross-sectional study included a total of 265 overweight/obese women in Tehran, Iran, from 2016 to 2017. The 21-question version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to evaluate mental health and sleep quality of participants, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D was assessed using the radioimmunoassay method and VDBP was evaluated with the use of ELISA. Associations were tested by logistic regression analysis.In the crud analysis, higher serum 25(OH)D was marginally related to decreased odds of stress, but, women with higher VDBP levels had a marginal increased risk for depression. After adjustment for age, educational level, physical activity, body mass index and dietary energy intake, higher serum 25(OH)D was significantly related to a 42% decreased odds of stress (OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.28-0.99, p = 0.04), while, women with higher VDBP levels had an increased risk for depression (OR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.002-3.42, p = 0.04). Serum vitamin D and VDBP were not significantly related to other indices of mental health.Higher serum vitamin D was related to decreased odds of stress but higher VDBP was related to increased odds of depression.

Abstract. Background and aims: Substantial evidence have linked low grade inflammation with the pathophysiology of chronic diseases and psychological impairment. An integral component underlying the link is pro-inflammatory diet. While sleeping is another significant contributor, few studies have addressed the relationship between the sleep quality and inflammatory cascade with the dietary quality as a moderator. The current study assesses the relation between inflammatory potential of the diet and sleep quality in Iranian obese and overweight women. Method: A total of 219 obese and overweight adult women were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. A standard 147-item food‐frequency‐questionnaire was used to record the dietary intakes; then, the dietary inflammatosry index (DII) was derived from the result-consolidated questionnaires. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was utilized to withdraw the sleep quality and quantity. Results: The mean (±standard deviation) age, body mass index, and PSQI of individuals were 36.49 (8.38) years, 31.04 (4.31) kg/m2, and 5.78(3.55), respectively. Patients in the highest DII quartile were the ones with the higher consumption of pro-inflammatory food, and, ~58% of participants who were in the higher quartile had a sleep disturbance status. Results revealed an inverse relationship between sleep quality and DII in the crude model (β=−0.17, p=0.01) as well as full‐adjusted model (β=0.24, p

Although epidemiological studies have discerned the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease in the general population, the possible mechanisms for this association are not well understood. We sought to examine the association between urinary metabolites of PAHs and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and blood pressure in adults, by conducting a meta-analysis of observational studies. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science, up to July 2021, for observational studies that investigated the association between urinary metabolites of PAHs and CVDs and blood pressure in adults. Nine prospective studies, including 27,280 participants, were included. Based on overall pooled results, there was a significant positive association between all types of urinary metabolites of PAH and blood pressure (OR: 1.32; 95%, CI: 1.19 to 1.48, p

Nutrient patterns have been associated with an increased risk for chronic disease. Evidence to confirm a direct relationship between nutrient patterns and obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) throughout population-based differences including cultural contexts add complexity is not well established yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between nutrient patterns and MetS among overweight and obese Iranian women.Three hundred and sixty obese and overweight women (25 BMI 40) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Dietary intake of 19 nutrients was evaluated by a semi-quantitative standard food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). MetS was determined by abdominal obesity 88 (cm) in females, Triglycerides ≥ 150 (mg/dL), dyslipidemia (HDL 50 mg/dL), systolic blood pressure 130/85 (millimeters), and glucose 100 (mg/dL). Body composition was assessed by a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer, InBody 770 scanner. Principle components analysis was applied and four nutrient patterns were identified as following: Pattern 1 (thiamin, iron, carbohydrate, zinc, niacin, protein, magnesium, phosphorus, riboflavin), represented the carbo-vitamin group. Lipid group was showed in pattern 2 (PUFAs, MUFA, vitamin E, trans fatty acids, and Pattern 3 (beta-carotene, vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C) represented the anti-oxidant group, finally Pattern 4 was the indicator of the milk group (vitamin D, calcium).A significant positive association was observed between the anti-oxidant group and obesity (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.09-1.8; P = 0.01). No relationship between other nutrient pattern and MetS was observed.The nutrient patterns that are highly loading of beta-carotene, vitamin K, vitamin A, and vitamin C in nutrient patterns may be associated to higher risk of obesity in overweight and obese Iranian women.Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Aims: Recent studies have shown that increased dietary inflammatory index (DII) score or consumption of pro-inflammatory foods can lead to increased waist circumference (WC) as well as triglyceride (TG) concentrations in obese people. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between DII and hypertriglyceridemic waist circumference phenotype (HTGWCP) in overweight and obese women. Methods: This study was performed on 226 obese women aged from 18 to 48 years. We evaluated DII score by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of 147 items. Biochemical parameters were measured and anthropometric assessments were performed. Results: There was a positive significant correlation between DII and HTGWCPs. In other words, with an increase in DII score, the odds of having abnormal phenotypes including; enlarged waist normal TG (EWNT) (OR=2.85, 95% CI=1.02 to 7.98, P for trend=0.04) , normal waist enlarged TG (NWET) (OR=5.85, 95% CI=1.1 to 31.11, P for trend=0.03), enlarged waist enlarged TG (EWET) (OR=3.13, 95% CI=0.95 to 10.27, P for trend=0.05) increase compared to normal waist normal TG (NWNT) phenotype.Conclusion: Increasing DII scores can increase abnormal phenotypes so may increase WC and TG levels in overweight and obese women.

Background: There are few studies which have shown inconsistent results regarding the associations between dietary acid load (DAL) and the risk of cancer. This study aimed to examine the association between DAL and prostate cancer (PC) risk among Iranian population. Methods: One hundred and twenty participants (60 controls and 60 newly diagnosed PC patients) engaged in a hospital-based case-control study. Validated 160-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess usual dietary intakes. DAL was calculated using potential renal acid load (PRAL) and the net endogenous acid production (NEAP). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios. Results: Both PRAL (OR=5.44; 95% CI= (2.09-14.17)) and NEAP (OR=4.88; 95% CI= (2.22-13.41)) were associated with increased risk of PC in crude model. After adjusting for potential confounders (energy intake, smoking, physical activity, ethnicity, job, education, and some drugs usage) compared to the first category, being in the third category of PRAL (OR=3.42; 95% CI= (1.11-8.65)) and NEAP (OR=3.88; 95% CI= (1.26-9.55)) was associated with increased risk of PC. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that DAL could be associated with increased risk of PC. However, further prospective studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are needed to confirm these findings.

Aim The associations between types of dietary protein intake and child anthropometric measurements have not been fully studied. Therefore, we examined dietary protein pattern in relation to anthropometric indicators among 6-year-old children. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study of 788 randomly selected children from health centres in Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire completed by the mothers. Anthropometric measurements were based on standard protocols. Principle component analysis was performed to identify different dietary protein patterns. We used multivariate logistic regression to evaluate how these patterns were associated with child anthropometry. Results Three dietary protein patterns were identified: pattern 1 (rich in red and processed meats, dairy products and eggs), pattern 2 (rich in fish and poultry) and pattern 3 (rich in soy and legumes). After adjusting for potential confounders (energy intake, socioeconomic status and physical activity), being in the third compared to the first tertiles of pattern 2 was associated with increased (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09-2.27; P = .01) and decreased (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.32-0.92; P = .02) risk of overweight/obesity and underweight/wasting, respectively. There was no association between other dietary patterns and risk of overweight/obesity or underweight/wasting. Conclusions The present study showed inverse association between the fish/white meat pattern and underweight/wasting and also a positive association between higher fish/white meat protein intake and higher risk of overweight/obesity. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.