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Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of sonomammography in diagnosis of BIRADS ≥4 suspicious breast lesions taking histopathology as gold standard. Design of the Study: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Study Settings: This study was carried out at Department Of Diagnostic Radiology And Diagnostic Imaging Combined Military Hospital, Lahore from January 2017 to June 2017. Material and Methods: A total of 190 patients of age 30-70 years, presenting with palpable breast lesions with BIRAD ≥4 undergoing biopsy under local anesthesia were included. Patients with already diagnosed with breast cancer and recurrent breast lesion were excluded. Then all patients were undergone USG by using a high-resolution unit (PLM703AT) with a linear array probe centered at 7, 5 MHz, along with mammography using mamomet 3000 NOVA SIEMENS, General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee. Patients were labeled as positive or negative. Sonomammography findings were correlated with histopathological findings. Results of the Study: In 117 sonomammography positive patients, 107 (True Positive) had malignant breast lesions and 08 (False Positive) had benign on histopathology findings. Among, 75 sonomammography negative patients, 06 (False Negative) had malignant breast lesions on histopathology whereas 69 (True Negative) had benign lesions on histopathology. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of sonomammography in diagnosis of BIRADS ≥4 suspicious breast lesions taking histopathology as gold standard was 94.69%, 89.61%, 93.04%, 92.0% and 92.63% respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that diagnostic accuracy of sonomammography in diagnosis of BIRADS ≥4 suspicious breast lesions is quite high. Keywords: Breast lesions, malignant, sonomammography, sensitivity.

Plant heat stress response is a multi-factorial trait that is precisely regulated by the complex web of transcription factors from various families that modulate heat stress responsive gene expression. Global warming due to climate change affects plant growth and development throughout its life cycle. Adds to this, the frequent occurrence of heat waves is drastically reducing the global crop yield. Molecular plant scientists can help crop breeders by providing genetic markers associated with stress resistance. Plant heat stress response (HSR), however, is a multi-factorial trait and using a single stress resistance trait might not be ideal to develop thermotolerant crops. Transcription factors participate in regulation of plant biological processes and environmental stress responses. Recent studies have revealed that plant HSR is precisely regulated by the complex web of transcription factors from various families. These transcription factors enhance plant heat stress tolerance by regulating the expression level of several stress-responsive genes independently or in cross talk with different other transcription factors. This review explores how signaling pathways triggered by heat stress are regulated by multiple transcription factor families. To our knowledge, we for the first time analyze the role of major transcription factor families in plant HSR along with their regulatory mechanisms. In the end, we will also discuss the potential of emerging technologies to improve thermotolerance in plants.

We summarize recent studies focusing on the molecular basis of plant heat stress response (HSR), how HSR leads to thermotolerance, and promote plant adaptation to recurring heat stress events. The global crop productivity is facing unprecedented threats due to climate change as high temperature negatively influences plant growth and metabolism. Owing to their sessile nature, plants have developed complex signaling networks which enable them to perceive changes in ambient temperature. This in turn activates a suite of molecular changes that promote plant survival and reproduction under adverse conditions. Deciphering these mechanisms is an important task, as this could facilitate development of molecular markers, which could be ultimately used to breed thermotolerant crop cultivars. In current article, we summarize mechanisms involve in plant heat stress acclimation with special emphasis on advances related to heat stress perception, heat-induced signaling, heat stress-responsive gene expression and thermomemory that promote plant adaptation to short- and long-term-recurring heat-stress events. In the end, we will discuss impact of emerging technologies that could facilitate the development of heat stress-tolerant crop cultivars.

Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for detection of Achilles tendinopathy by taking surgical findings as gold standard. Design of the Study: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Study Settings: This study was carried out at Department Of Diagnostic Radiology And Diagnostic Imaging Combined Military Hospital, Lahore from 23rd December 2017 to 22nd June 2018. Material and Methods: A total of 70 patients of age 20-70 years, of either gender presenting with severe pain and swelling in area of Achilles tendon were included. Patients with heel pain having concurrent heel ulcer, eczematous changes or calcaneal fractures, muscular dystrophy and previous surgery were excluded. All the patients were then underwent ultrasonography and findings were noted for presence or absence of Achilles tendinopathy. Each Ultrasonographic finding were compared with surgical findings. Results of the Study: Mean age was 41.24 ± 10.34 years. Out of these 70 patients, 46 (65.71%) were male and 24 (34.29%) were females with male to female ratio of 1.9:1. In USG positive patients, 40 (True Positive) had Achilles tendinopathy and 04 (False Positive) had no Achilles tendinopathy on surgical findings. Among, 26 USG negative patients, 03 (False Negative) had Achilles tendinopathy on surgical findings whereas 23 (True Negative) had no Achilles tendinopathy on surgical findings. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for detection of Achilles tendinopathy by taking surgical findings as gold standard was 93.02%, 85.19%, 90.91%, 88.46% and 90.0% respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for detection of Achilles tendinopathy is quite high. Keywords: Achilles tendinopathy, ultrasonography, sensitivity.

Vehicle make and model recognition (VMMR) is a vital task in applications like intelligent parking systems, driver assistance systems, and automated toll collection. Accurate implementation of VMMR becomes challenging due to the similar appearance of different vehicle models. In this paper, we proposed a VMMR framework based on deep feature extraction from VGG16 convolutional neural network (CNN) model, followed by the feature reduction and classification. First, deep features were extracted from the image of the vehicle through the FC-6 layer of VGG16 CNN. Next, the Genetic Algorithm was applied to identify best-describing features and reduce feature dimensions. Finally, a reduced feature vector was supplied to support vector machines classifier to distinguish among various make and models of vehicle images using 5-fold cross-validation. The proposed technique obtained an average accuracy of 98.22%, sensitivity of 94.57%, and specificity of 96.86%. A comparative analysis with state-of-the-art methods shows significant improvement of the proposed model.

INTRODUCTION: Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world with the highest recurrence rate of all malignancies. Cystoscopy, cytology and biopsy are the main diagnostic tests. Many recent studies have found that diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) on MRI can be a useful test in assessing the severity of bladder cancer with significantly strong compliance with the histopathological diagnosis of cystoscopic biopsy. Therefore, DWI can be used for preoperative diagnosis of cancer stage, and therefore can help in the proper planning of treatment. Although controversy has emerged in current literature, this study did not require publication at local level. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of agreement between DW1 and histopathology for ‘T’ staging of urinary bladder cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted at CMH Lahore from July 2018 to July 2019; included 100 patients aged 20 to 70 years diagnosed with bladder cancer. DWI MR was made for T-Staging. Histopathology of cystoscopic biopsy has been recognized as the gold standard. " RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged from 35 to 70 years, and the average was 57.56 ± 9.79 years. The study group included 82 (82.0%) men and 18 (18.0%) women. The male to female ratio was 4.6: 1. ADC values ranged from 0.60 × 10–3 mm2 / s to 1.50 × 10–. On average 1.07 ± 0.28 × 10-3 mm2 / s at 3 mm2 / s. MRI diagnosis included stages T1, T2, T3 and T4 in 57 (57.0%), 22 (22.0%), 15 (15.0%) and 6 (6.0%) patients, while the true diagnosis in histopathology was T1, T2. T3 and stage T4 in 58 (58.0%), 21 (21.0%), 15 (15.0%) and 6 (6.0%) patients. The frequency of agreement between DWI and T on MRI was 80.0%. There was a significant correlation between DWI and T staging in MR in histopathology (kappa = 0.665, p CONCLUSION: The frequency of agreement between DWI and T MRI bladder cancer stage was 80.0%. There was a significant correlation between DWI and T staging in MR in histopathology (kappa = 0.665, p KEYWORDS: bladder cancer, T-grade assessment, diffusion-weighted images, magnetic resonance imaging, cystoscopic biopsy, compliance.

In nature, plants are exposed to a multitude of recurring stress events that negatively influence their growth and development, ultimately reduce productivity. Consequently, during the long-term evolutionary process, plants have evolved sophisticated ways to not only acclimate to such events but also “memorize” exposure to previous stress, a process described as priming. Importantly, priming enables plants to survive the otherwise lethal stress event. Although the immediate responses of plants to heat stress have long been studied. The knowledge of priming effects and memory storage mechanisms have only started to get unraveled. The heat stress memory at the somatic level is mediated in part by both the epigenetic and chromatin-based modifications, and both the histone modifications and nucleosome occupancy are associated with it. The present review discusses the recent progress made in understanding heat stress-induced transcriptional memory in plants with a focus on Arabidopsis thaliana.

In industrial process control, fluid level control is one of the most basic aspects. Many control methods such as on-off, linear and PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) were developed time by time and used for precise controlling of fluid level. Due to flaws of PID controller in non-linear type processes such as inertial lag, time delay and time varying etc., there is a need of alternative design methodology that can be applied in both linear and non-linear systems and it can be execute with fuzzy concept. By using fuzzy logic, designer can realize lower development cost, superior feature and better end product. In this paper, level of fluid in tank is control by using fuzzy logic concept. For this purpose, a simulation system of fuzzy logic controller for fluid level control is designed using simulation packages of MATLAB software such as Fuzzy Logic Toolbox and Simulink. The designed fuzzy logic controller first takes information about inflow and outflow of fluid in tank than maintain the level of fluid in tank by controlling its output valve. In this paper, a controller is designed on five rules using two-input and one-output parameters. At the end, simulation results of fuzzy logic based controller are compared with classical PID controller and it shows that fuzzy logic controller has better stability, fast response and small overshoot.

Background Medical Infrared Imaging (MII) is an investigative method that can be potentially used in emergency care to non-invasively detect thermal signatures associated with change in blood flow. We have developed a protocol for the use of MII in the Emergency Department (ED) and shown that it is feasible. To derive initial data for sample size calculations, we performed an exploratory study in patients with fever and sepsis. Methods The Leicester MII protocol was used to image the temperature patterns along the arm among three patient groups (control, fever and sepsis) of a total 56 patients. Anatomical markers were used to divide this gradient into upper arm, forearm, hand and finger regions. Variations in measurements within and between these regions were described. Results The thermal gradient down the arm was successfully extracted in all patients. The distribution of values in each region of the arm was described in control, fever and sepsis patients. There was a significant gradient between upper arm and finger in controls (2.75, p < 0.0001), but no gradient in fever (p = 0.944) or sepsis (p = 0.710). This was reflected in the finger/arm difference, which was of -2.74°C (±3.50) in controls, -0.39C (±2.48) in fever, and -1.80°C (±3.09) in sepsis. Conclusions This study found different thermal gradients along the arm in control and febrile groups, and defined the degree of individual variation. It is likely that the difference between upper arm temperature and finger temperature (representing the temperature gradient down the arm) may be more useful than absolute measurements in future studies.