Search

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that has been noted over the years due to the increasing number of cases in pediatric patients, with community infectious origin. The number of clinical cases since 2018 has been increasing progressively to the present, which is worrying due to its consequences in the future. The treatment is mainly based on Vancomycin, Clindamycin and Linezolid, obtaining mostly positive results, however, the bioavailability of the drug in the focus of the infection and the age of the patient makes the use of these antibiotics difficult. This work analyzes 6 relevant studies for presenting a community infectious origin, patient age, treatment and the impact of signs and symptoms in contrast to mortality presented in the last 5 years to obtain an updated view of the course of the disease and the considerations therapeutic. The limitation of the spread of the infection is denoted mainly by hygiene control. Therefore, the implementation of good hygienic habits in hospitals and childcare centers can prevent infectious diseases caused by opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms.

El estudio se realizó en la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, con el objetivo determinar que herramientas y técnicas de enseñanza utilizar en las clases para el logro de un aprendizaje significativo y cooperativo. Se utilizaron métodos de investigación bibliográficos y estadísticos para tabular las encuestas realizadas. Se determinó como resultado que dentro de las Herramientas utilizadas por los docentes, están las estrategias para el logro de un aprendizaje significativo, las estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje, en general se comprobó que la utilizan el 60% de la muestra, el 50% utilizan técnicas de enseñanza, como mapas cognitivos, cuadros sinópticos y la lluvia de ideas el 75 % que es la que más usan por el propio interactuar con los estudiantes con el método de elaboración conjunta, el de búsqueda parcial y las estrategias grupales por la realización de prácticas y trabajos en equipos que realizan el 60 % de la muestra, por lo que se refleja las dificultades que existen para el logro de un aprendizaje significativo, cooperativo en los estudiantes.

PURPOSE: Neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) fusions may act as an oncogenic driver in thyroid carcinomas. Given their low frequency, clinical, pathological, and molecular data on these patients and their responses to targeted therapies are limited. METHODS: This is an observational retrospective study conducted at a single high-volume cancer center in the United States. Data were retrospectively collected from medical records. RESULTS: We included 65 patients (37 adult, 28 pediatric) with an NTRK fusion–positive thyroid carcinoma (24 NTRK1 , 41 NTRK3), of which 54 were papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), four poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTC), and seven anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATC). In PTC, an extensive follicular growth pattern was seen in 22 (41%) patients. In adults, NTRK3 fusions were 3 times more frequent (nine NTRK1 , 28 NTRK3), whereas in pediatric patients their frequencies were similar (15 NTRK1 , 13 NTRK3 ; P =.021). In patients with PDTC/ATC treated with larotrectinib, we detected four emergent solvent front mutations (three NTRK3 G623R, one NTRK1 G595R) causing resistance to drug and disease progression. Three of them (two ATC, one PDTC) received second-line selitrectinib on a clinical trial. Partial responses were seen in all three patients, but both patients with ATC progressed within a year. CONCLUSION: NTRK1 / 3 fusions are seen in PTC, PDTC, and ATC, and a follicular growth pattern was observed in a high proportion of cases. In patients treated with larotrectinib, NTRK solvent front mutations are the main resistance mechanism, frequently occurring in PDTC/ATC. Responses to single-agent TRK inhibitor are short-lived in patients with ATC; thus, these drugs should be used with caution in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer mortality accounting for 90% of cancer deaths. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving metastasis is rudimentary. Results We perform whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing, methylation microarray, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on 8 pairs of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) primary tumors and matched distant metastases. Furthermore, we analyze published WES data from 35 primary NSCLC and metastasis pairs, and transcriptomic data from 4 autopsy cases with metastatic NSCLC and one metastatic lung cancer mouse model. The majority of somatic mutations are shared between primary tumors and paired distant metastases although mutational signatures suggest different mutagenesis processes in play before and after metastatic spread. Subclonal analysis reveals evidence of monoclonal seeding in 41 of 42 patients. Pathway analysis of transcriptomic data reveals that downregulated pathways in metastases are mainly immune-related. Further deconvolution analysis reveals significantly lower infiltration of various immune cell types in metastases with the exception of CD4+ T cells and M2 macrophages. These results are in line with lower densities of immune cells and higher CD4/CD8 ratios in metastases shown by IHC. Analysis of transcriptomic data from autopsy cases and animal models confirms that immunosuppression is also present in extracranial metastases. Significantly higher somatic copy number aberration and allelic imbalance burdens are identified in metastases. Conclusions Metastasis is a molecularly late event, and immunosuppression driven by different molecular events, including somatic copy number aberration, may be a common characteristic of tumors with metastatic plasticity.

El presente artículo científico tiene como objetivo describir las estrategias de comunicación utilizadas actualmente en el periodismo deportivo realizando, además, una comparación con las utilizadas en el pasado. Para lo cual se identificaron los medios de comunicación más utilizados y/o con mayor aceptación para promover el deporte; así como, se describió el estilo de los narradores deportivos más destacados en la ciudad de Guayaquil, especialmente, y algunos referentes a nivel nacional. La metodología fue de tipo descriptiva y documental haciendo una revisión de artículos científicos, textos bibliográficos y medios electrónicos, tales como portales de noticas, blog, páginas web y redes sociales. La información recolectada permite afirmar, que el periodismo deportivo que se realiza en estos tiempos se caracteriza por hacer uso del espectáculo o show para diferenciarse unos de otros narradores, al compararse con el estilo de los narradores de hace 20 o 30 años, los de ahora demuestran falta de profesionalismo y poco conocimiento de los temas culturales y sociales, además de mostrar un dejo hacia la lectura y la cultura general. Las estrategias de comunicación actuales resaltan el deporte como un espectáculo lucrativo, más allá de la importancia de esta disciplina en el desarrollo humano y social de un país.

Radiation therapy for abdominal tumors is challenging because the small intestine is exquisitely radiosensitive. Unfortunately, there are no FDA-approved therapies to prevent or mitigate GI radiotoxicity. The EGLN protein family are oxygen sensors that regulate cell survival and metabolism through the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Our group has previously shown that stabilization of HIF2 through genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of the EGLNs mitigates and protects against GI radiotoxicity in mice by improving intestinal crypt stem cell survival. Here we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which HIF2 confers GI radioprotection. We developed duodenal organoids from mice, transiently overexpressed non-degradable HIF2, and performed bulk RNA sequencing. Interestingly, HIF2 upregulated known radiation modulators and genes involved in GI homeostasis, including Wnt5a. Non-canonical Wnt5a signaling has been shown by other groups to improve intestinal crypt regeneration in response to injury. Here we show that HIF2 drives Wnt5a expression in multiple duodenal organoid models. Luciferase reporter assays performed in human cells showed that HIF2 directly activates the WNT5A promoter via a hypoxia response element. We then evaluated crypt regeneration using spheroid formation assays. Duodenal organoids that were pre-treated with recombinant Wnt5a had a higher cryptogenic capacity after irradiation, compared to vehicle-treated organoids. Conversely, we found that Wnt5a knockout decreased the cryptogenic potential of intestinal stem cells following irradiation. Treatment with recombinant Wnt5a prior to irradiation rescued the cryptogenic capacity of Wnt5a knockout organoids, indicating that Wnt5a is necessary and sufficient for duodenal radioprotection. Taken together, our results suggest that HIF2 radioprotects the GI tract by inducing Wnt5a expression.

El carcinoma basocelular (CB) es el cáncer cutáneo no melanoma más común. Está muy relacionado con una alta exposición solar siendo más frecuente en región facial y cuello. Esta lesión no suele hacer metástasis, pero detectarlo en etapas tempranas eleva mucho el porcentaje de éxito del tratamiento, y un porcentaje de sobrevida muy bueno.

El melanoma es el tercer cáncer de piel más común y agresivo de todas las neoplasias cutáneas de incidencia creciente en nuestro país relacionado con la fotoexposicion, fototipo de piel I y factores genéticos, siendo su diagnóstico vital en etapa temprana para poder aspirar a una tasa elevada de sobrevida. Metodología: reporte de casos en donde se revisaron los archivos de biopsia con diagnostico de melanoma en el periodo de julio del 2014 a julio del 2019 de la consulta externa de dermatología del Hospital Teodoro Maldonado Carbo en Guayaquil, Ecuador. Resultado: se obtuvo 22 biopsias con diagnóstico de melanoma maligno, con un pico de reporte en el año 2018 (45.45%). Se observó más frecuente en el sexo masculino con el 77% y el grupo de edad que más casos aportó fue de 70-79 años con 32%. La región topográfica más afectada fue en miembros inferiores representando el 55% de casos. El Índice de Breslow promedio fue de 2,15mm, el nivel de invasión de Clark II fue el más reportado con 21% y el subtipo histológico más encontrado fue melanoma de extensión superficial con 55%. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos se relacionan con una incidencia en aumento a nivel mundial en los últimos años, consideramos oportuno fomentar medidas de fotoproteccion en la comunidad para disminuir la incidencia de casos de melanoma.

Human cancer cells typically harbour multiple chromosomal aberrations, nucleotide substitutions and epigenetic modifications that drive malignant transformation. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pilot project aims to assess the value of large-scale multi-dimensional analysis of these molecular characteristics in human cancer and to provide the data rapidly to the research community. Here we report the interim integrative analysis of DNA copy number, gene expression and DNA methylation aberrations in 206 glioblastomas--the most common type of adult brain cancer--and nucleotide sequence aberrations in 91 of the 206 glioblastomas. This analysis provides new insights into the roles of ERBB2, NF1 and TP53, uncovers frequent mutations of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase regulatory subunit gene PIK3R1, and provides a network view of the pathways altered in the development of glioblastoma. Furthermore, integration of mutation, DNA methylation and clinical treatment data reveals a link between MGMT promoter methylation and a hypermutator phenotype consequent to mismatch repair deficiency in treated glioblastomas, an observation with potential clinical implications. Together, these findings establish the feasibility and power of TCGA, demonstrating that it can rapidly expand knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer.