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Research methods and methodology are inherent in research whether it is in the form of a research paper, a dissertation or a book. This paper enables readers to choose how to select a particular research method, methodology, and research approach or research philosophy for a respective study. For this purpose, a presumptive study or hypothesis has been chosen as an example to employ research methods and methodology. For instance, the aim of a study is to investigate the corporate governance framework of Pakistan, to develop a board effectiveness model and to explore the role of institutional investors in order to make the execution of the code of corporate governance true sense. This paper presents the epistemological grounds of this study and the rationale for a qualitative exploratory study using an interpretative and descriptive approach to the enforcement mechanisms of corporate governance, the role and effectiveness of the board of directors and the part of institutional investors in the corporate sector of Pakistan. Furthermore, it provides details of the data collection and data analysis methods used for the said study, establishes the trustworthiness of the study and justifies the ethical considerations involved in the study. This paper would be a meaningful contribution to this existing knowledge, as the reader of this paper will be able to understand how to opt for a suitable methodology for a study.

Religion remains a significant source of intolerance, discrimination, and marginalization all across the world, despite efforts to eradicate it. In recent times, religious activities have fostered fear, suspicion, and other bad sentiments among their respective believers, rather than fostering unity and mutual tolerance. In the media, there is a common refrain claiming Islam is the cause of a string of terrorist incidents. Resultantly, various governments are anxious about and mistrust of Muslims (Islamophobia), and on the other side, a western phobia is on the increase. This paper systematically reviews the aspects of Islamophobia and western phobia that have repercussions for peace in the world and peaceful coexistence. According to the findings of the study, an increase in Islamophobic attacks and religious intolerance around the world has presented a grave risk to global concord and unity.

The perpetual reverberating maxim “Justice delayed is justice denied” has fragmentary implementation as mere fragment “justice delayed” is operating in Pakistan due to obstacles like intricate and protracted judicial and procedural processes in legal system of Pakistan that resultantly not only debars dispensation of expeditious justice but also makes the justice exorbitantly expensive. The paper by accentuating the causes of obstructive delays in justice demonstrates Alternative Dispute Resolution as a panacea for retrieval of inexpensive and expeditious justice in Pakistan. This paper explores that the existing laws of Pakistan on Alternative Dispute Resolution have slightest implementation; hence this paper is an endeavors to build judicious cognizance of Pakistani legal system for Alternative Dispute Resolution as the proper execution of Alternative Dispute Resolution techniques can change the fate of delayed justice in Pakistan.

Corporate Crime is a relatively new term associated with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The instant study tries to explain corporate crimes in nexus to CSR. It debates what international legal framework prohibits such crimes and how corporations commit violations of such international standards, any deviation from the standard may result in serious damage to society thus affect millions of lives e.g., the growing trend of child labor under hazardous conditions by a corporation. Through increased monitoring on child labor, innocent children can be saved from the havoc of child labor even reaching the level of slavery in some regions. This would help to reduce the number of children having hazardous workplace situation being unfairly compensated for their work.

The lack of legal instruments and regulations pertaining to the coordination of the arbitral awards and the decisions of courts highlights problems facing the implementation of arbitral awards in foreign jurisdictions.Since commercial arbitration is a discourse of international character which invariably involves parties from different jurisdictions, the case resultantly gives rise to issues such as conflict of laws, choice of laws and multiplicity of proceedings on the same cause of action. This situation allows parties to commence litigation at multiple forums, paving a way for issues like that of Lis Alibi Pendens to arise. This paper examines the principle of Lis Alibi Pendens in commercial arbitration and also assesses its application in different jurisdictions in general and in the context of Pakistan in particular. This article analyses existing cases and regulations on this subject and provides for an adequate level of understanding, certainty and reliability which is required by the parties in commercial arbitration. It also expounds on ambiguities and complex issues in order to equip policy makers and practitioners to better understand such concerns.

This article encompasses an analysis of provisions of NAB 1999 on the touchstone of their conformity with the injunctions of the Quran and Sunnah. The argument advanced in this respect is based on Article 203(d) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, under which FSC is vested with the power of examining and deciding questions of law tainted to be contrary to the injunctions of the Quran and Sunnah. Arguments made in this paper challenge Section 9(a)(iv) and Section 14(c) and (d) which are not in consonance with the injunctions of Islam, as appeared in the Quran and Sunnah. Pakistan's Islamic identity necessitates such questions pertaining to un-Islamic provisions in the laws of Pakistan always yielded debates and different opinions of scholars. Analysis of the NAB ordinance and its provisions discussed in the paper, which does not conform to the injunctions of Islam would inform and invoke legislators to reform legislation in Pakistan.

The coronavirus has jeopardized the life of human creatures worldwide. Its vulnerability has instigated health and financial debacle consequentially has agitated international relations. Many medicinal and health care challenges have been suffered by several states that not only deteriorated standards of health but quivered the stability of highest attainable standards of health. The study elucidates causes of these challenges and their emancipation in the light of the implementation of Human Rights. The article also scrutinizes whether China is responsible for spread of Coronavirus under International Law or if International Law has the power to impose liability on China for the spread of the pandemic. For that purpose, this piece reads the relevant provision of International Law. The article quantitatively explores research articles, various reports, and case laws. This quantitative research contributes that whenever the international law protocols will be violated aftermath of it would be devastating. In this way, the deaths caused that is the aftermath of the worldwide proliferation of Corona during the first and second waves of Corona are thoroughly studied.

Nature provides living creatures with the material resources to fill up their bio needs. From that point of inception, earth has been catering to the needs of homo-sapiens but, now, it has become worn out and exhausted because of the carelessness of its inhabitants and so requires vigorous attention. Many challenges are weathering upon her and various other health issues are also balancing out the natural phenomenon. To cure and wipe out the threats posed by diseases and challenges, the first and foremost step is to diagnose the issues and cure them by creating 4wthe awareness and making effective legislation. The diagnosis will lead towards remedies. The cure can best be served collectively, by strong legislation and effective mechanism. This research paper analyses environmental issues and examines the Laws dealing with them. The methodology used in this study is doctrinal employing an exploratory approach.

This study intends to analyze the socio-legal factors that influence the perpetuation of violence against women and identify what can be done to curtail this issue. For this purpose, an online cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted on Pakistani citizens through the snowball sampling technique. A total number of n=385 respondents (174 males and 211 females) participated in this study. Adapted items were validated using Chronbach Alpha 0.83 value and results were analyzed through frequency and percentage and Pearson correlation coefficient p and lt; 0.05 was applied to check the direction, magnitude and consistency between social factors, legal factors and perpetuation of violence against women to answer research questions of the study. Acquired responses indicated a significant positive relationship between social and legal factors in perpetuating violence against women in Pakistan. Hence this study concluded that the explanation of violence against women is a phenomenon that results due to both social and legal factors.

The major goal of this empirical study is to determine how undergraduate law students obtain legal knowledge. A survey research design was adopted, and a structured questionnaire was distributed through convenient sampling among the law students (n=257) of two participating public universities, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur and Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan. The questionnaire was first per-tested by two experts and then pilot-tested among the 15 respondents. The statistical package SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science V 23) is used to evaluate data, which is then displayed in tables with frequencies,means, modes, and percentages. Respondents frequently encountered Content, efficacy, and availability barriers, such as 'no access to full text once references are identified' (M= 3.67, SD= 3.388), 'doubt about the existence of relevant information (M=3.54, SD=2.451), 'it takes too long to find the answers' (M=3.66,SD=1.617), and 'it is easier to ask a colleague' (M=3.63, SD=1.221). The study concluded that the use of university law libraries among students is not popular. Only 4.6 Percent of students consider the law library as the first source of information when they face a difficult legal question.

Mental health refers to the mental capacity and ability to understand things rationally. Mental health is mostly disturbed when a person is caught up in any mental disorder in the form of depression or any serious mental health disease. A syndrome that affects the cognition of a person and affects his psychological and causes mental dis-functioning is called a mental disability. People living in the 21st century going through mental disabilities should be aware of their mental health rights and universally adopted principles for mentally disabled people. Following outdated and expired laws in the modern world cannot be the solution for the people of today's world. Hence new laws should be introduced, and the states where no legislation has been made should acknowledge disabled people equally as the normal people have status in society.

Purpose Efficient corporate governance is always important to safeguard the interest of all the stakeholders in the business environment. Therefore, this study focuses on the investigation of the relationship between accounting information systems (AIS) and corporate governance in the textile sector of Pakistan. The textile sector is the backbone of the Pakistani economy and has an important contribution toward the gross domestic product and as well as exports of the country. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected from the finance managers with the sample size of 300 firms of All Pakistan textile mills association, self-delivery and collection method used. Both descriptive and inferential statistics used to analyze data through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 23. Findings The findings of this study proved that AIS has a significant impact on corporate governance. It is important from the management point of view to record the daily transaction in a better way with the use of a specific system and every member uses the computerized system to accomplish their tasks in the organization. Originality/value The textile industry is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. The study conducted in this paper by primary data and drawing original contributions in the existing literature. Moreover, the findings of this study are going to have considerable theoretical and practical implications for the market.

The Sufi saints, Ulemas and Mashaikhs always had an important place in the history of mankind. These Sufi saints belong to different tariqas but their basic belief has been same and that is “oneness of Allah”. A tariqa is a school of thought or a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices with the intention of seeking the ultimate truth. The history of Moinuddin Chishti, the Sufi saint of Ajmer is much mired in mythology. Therefore, it is often infuriating to shift fact from friction. Loveable and the legends declare Moinuddin Chishti a great saint, many are curious to know why he is considered to be so. This paper explores why Moinuddin Chisti is considered greater above all in the Chishti tariqa. In addition to this, this paper also explores the socio-legal services of Moinuddin Chishti for Muslim world generally and for Rajasthan particularly.

Corporate boards have gained remarkable significance over the past few years due to the efforts of various scholars who explored the positives of corporate boards in the context of governance of companies. This paper investigates the effectiveness of corporate boards in stimulating corporate governance, generating shareholder value and examining physiognomies that affect good governance practices. The intention is to explore: how principles of corporate governance can be stimulated to be more effective and efficient; what attributes of corporate governance may influence the performance of corporate boards for satisfying the shareholder expectations. The methodology used for this paper is qualitative and employs an inductive approach along with exploratory and analytical philosophy. The findings of this paper emphasize the fair appointment process for directors and to increase the number of external directors in corporate boards; so that the significant issues of companies could be discussed properly and finalized timely.

Purpose This paper aims to analyse a current theme of international interest regarding the increasing role of institutional investors in corporate governance. The role of institutional investors is getting elevated in world’s corporate market day by day due to their large shareholdings and having expertise in investment matters. However, their role and importance has not yet been accepted and explored in Pakistan. Therefore, this paper fills this gap and explores their role in Pakistan’s corporate governance by using a comparative study as to the role of institutional investors in the UK’s corporate governance. This paper identifies the failures of corporate governance in Pakistan and explores how institutional investors can help to overcome these issues. Design/methodology/approach This research paper uses a comparative approach based on documentary analysis. It conducts a comparative study of the role of institutional investors and the related code of corporate governance in Pakistan with that of the UK. It analyses the existing studies and the data relating to the role of institutional investors in Pakistan’s corporate governance and formulate recommendations to enhance the role of institutional investors for the betterment of corporate governance practices in Pakistan. Findings This paper finds that the role of institutional investors in Pakistan’s corporate governance is under-developed and the fund industry is immature. Though there is a considerable scope for them to work in Pakistan’s business market and play their role in the development of corporate governance in the listed companies of Pakistan. For this purpose, the guidance can be taken form the “Combined Code of the UK”. A number of recommendations have been formulated through which the role of institutional investors can be enhanced for the development of corporate governance practices in the business market of Pakistan. Originality/value This paper analyses the role of institutional investors in Pakistan to formulate recommendations through which this role may be enhanced for the development of corporate governance principles and practices in Pakistan. This paper fills a gap in the existing literature relating to the role of institutional investors in Pakistan, as there is a dearth of research in Pakistan concerning this issue. Further, it contributes to the on-going debate on the increasing role of institutional investors in corporate governance more widely.