38 results on '"Samuel TJ"'
Search Results
2. Family Class Immigrants to Canada 1981-1984
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Samuel Tj
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education.field_of_study ,Geographic mobility ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Immigration ,Population ,Extended family ,Country of origin ,Acculturation ,Geography ,Marital status ,education ,Nuclear family ,Demography ,media_common - Abstract
This paper examines the adaptation of Family Class immigrants in Canada in the acquisition of language proficiency geographic mobility education and training government services used and sponsorship of other Family Class immigrants. The data were acquired in a 1983 telephone survey of 1400 immigrants in 5 metropolitan areas (Toronto Montreal Winnipeg Calgary and Vancouver). In the sample 1) 2/5 were male; 2) 40% were age 35 or over; 3) 69% of the men and 64% of the women reported good or excellent spoken English; and 4) the average family size varied by origin from 2.5 to 4.7 with the average being 3.9. Close to 75% from South Asia Central and South America the Middle East Africa and Western Europe and 50% from other parts of Europe had excellent or good fluency in spoken English. No ability to speak English was 3 times greater for immigrants aged 55-64 compared to those aged 18-24. More than 46% of the sample reported having taken classes in Canada that lasted more than 2 weeks. English courses predominated with occupational courses close behind followed by general education courses. In 68% of cases occupational courses helped immigrants improve their occupational ability. Immigrants perceived English courses to be slightly more helpful in finding employment (36%) than occupational courses (33%). 3/4 of the sample lived in the same dwelling as 12 months before; 23% had moved to a different dwelling in the same municipality. 2/3 moved to live in a better dwelling or neighborhood or because they bought a house. 4/5 of Family Class immigrants did not receive any services from Canada Employment Centres. Over 95% reported that a nuclear family member acted as their sponsor. The propensity to sponsor a relative varies by age sex marital status occupation income length of time in Canada number and type of relatives and country of origin. Their sponsorship rate is not higher than rates reported in other studies. The author concludes that contrary to popular beliefs Family Class immigrants are socially adapting to life in Canada rather rapidly.
- Published
- 1988
3. Energetic Basis of Recovered Ejection Fraction in Human Heart Failure.
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Goldenberg JR, Hays AG, Gabr RE, Schӓr M, Samuel TJ, Yanek LR, Gerstenblith G, Bottomley PA, and Weiss RG
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- Humans, Stroke Volume, Myocardium metabolism, Adenosine Triphosphate metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Heart Failure metabolism
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Disclosures None.
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- 2023
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4. Integration of longitudinal and circumferential strain predicts volumetric change across the cardiac cycle and differentiates patients along the heart failure continuum.
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Samuel TJ, Oneglia AP, Cipher DJ, Ezekowitz JA, Dyck JRB, Anderson T, Howlett JG, Paterson DI, Thompson RB, and Nelson MD
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- Humans, Stroke Volume, Predictive Value of Tests, Heart, Ventricular Function, Left, Heart Failure
- Abstract
Background: Left ventricular (LV) circumferential and longitudinal strain provide important insight into LV mechanics and function, each contributing to volumetric changes throughout the cardiac cycle. We sought to explore this strain-volume relationship in more detail, by mathematically integrating circumferential and longitudinal strain and strain rate to predict LV volume and volumetric rates of change., Methods: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging from 229 participants from the Alberta HEART Study (46 healthy controls, 77 individuals at risk for developing heart failure [HF], 70 patients with diagnosed HF with preserved ejection fraction [HFpEF], and 36 patients with diagnosed HF with reduced ejection fraction [HFrEF]) were evaluated. LV volume was assessed by the method of disks and strain/strain rate were assessed by CMR feature tracking., Results: Integrating endocardial circumferential and longitudinal strain provided a close approximation of LV ejection fraction (EF
Strain ), when compared to gold-standard volumetric assessment (EFVolume : r = 0.94, P < 0.0001). Likewise, integrating circumferential and longitudinal strain rate provided a close approximation of peak ejection and peak filling rates (PERStrain and PFRStrain , respectively) compared to their gold-standard volume-time equivalents (PERVolume , r = 0.73, P < 0.0001 and PFRVolume , r = 0.78, P < 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, each integrated strain measure differentiated patients across the HF continuum (all P < 0.01), with the HFrEF group having worse EFStrain , PERStrain , and PFRStrain compared to all other groups, and HFpEF having less favorable EFStrain and PFRStrain compared to both at-risk and control groups., Conclusions: The data herein establish the theoretical framework for integrating discrete strain components into volumetric measurements across the cardiac cycle, and highlight the potential benefit of this approach for differentiating patients along the heart failure continuum., (© 2023. Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.)- Published
- 2023
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5. Cognition and brain oxygen metabolism improves after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: A pilot study.
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Anwar N, Tucker WJ, Puzziferri N, Samuel TJ, Zaha VG, Lingvay I, Almandoz J, Wang J, Gonzales EA, Brothers RM, Nelson MD, and Thomas BP
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- Female, Humans, Adult, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Brain, Obesity, Cognition, Weight Loss, Oxygen, Bariatric Surgery
- Abstract
Objective: The primary objectives of this pilot study were to assess cognition and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO
2 ) consumption in people with severe obesity before (baseline), and again, 2- and 14-weeks after sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgery., Methods: Six people with severe/class 3 obesity (52 ± 10 years, five females, body mass index (BMI) = 41.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2 ), and 10 normal weight sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC) (48 ± 6 years, eight females, 22.8 ± 1.9 kg/m2 ). Global CMRO2 was measured non-invasively using MRI and cognition using the Integneuro testing battery., Results: Following a sleeve gastrectomy induced weight loss of 6.4 ± 2.5 kg (% total-body-weight-lost = 5.4) over two-weeks, cognition total scores improved by 0.8 ± 0.5 T-scores (p=0.03, 15.8% improvement from baseline). Weight loss over 14-weeks post-surgery was 15.4 ± 3.6 kg (% total-body-weight-lost = 13.0%) and cognition improved by 1.1 ± 0.4 (p=0.003, 20.6% improvement from baseline). At 14-weeks, cognition was 6.4 ± 0.7, comparable to 6.0 ± 0.6 observed in the HC group. Baseline CMRO2 was significantly higher compared to the HC (230.4 ± 32.9 vs. 177.9 ± 33.9 µmol O2 /100 g/min, p=0.02). Compared to baseline, CMRO2 was 234.3 ± 16.2 µmol O2 /100 g/min at 2-weeks after surgery (p=0.8, 1.7% higher) and 217.3 ± 50.4 at 14-weeks (p=0.5, 5.7% lower) after surgery. 14-weeks following surgery, CMRO2 was similar to HC (p=0.17)., Conclusion: Sleeve gastrectomy induced weight loss was associated with an increase in cognition and a decrease in CMRO2 observed 14-weeks after surgery. The association between weight loss, improved cognition and CMRO2 decrease should be evaluated in larger future studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Anwar, Tucker, Puzziferri, Samuel, Zaha, Lingvay, Almandoz, Wang, Gonzales, Brothers, Nelson and Thomas.)- Published
- 2022
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6. Myocardial ATP depletion detected noninvasively predicts sudden cardiac death risk in patients with heart failure.
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Samuel TJ, Lai S, Schär M, Wu KC, Steinberg AM, Wei AC, Anderson ME, Tomaselli GF, Gerstenblith G, Bottomley PA, and Weiss RG
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- Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Humans, Myocardium, Risk Factors, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Function, Left, Adenosine Triphosphate analysis, Death, Sudden, Cardiac etiology, Death, Sudden, Cardiac prevention & control, Heart Failure complications
- Abstract
BACKGROUNDSudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a worldwide public health problem in need of better noninvasive predictive tools. Current guidelines for primary preventive SCD therapies, such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), are based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), but these guidelines are imprecise: fewer than 5% of ICDs deliver lifesaving therapy per year. Impaired cardiac metabolism and ATP depletion cause arrhythmias in experimental models, but to our knowledge a link between arrhythmias and cardiac energetic abnormalities in people has not been explored, nor has the potential for metabolically predicting clinical SCD risk.METHODSWe prospectively measured myocardial energy metabolism noninvasively with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with no history of significant arrhythmias prior to scheduled ICD implantation for primary prevention in the setting of reduced LVEF (≤35%).RESULTSBy 2 different analyses, low myocardial ATP significantly predicted the composite of subsequent appropriate ICD firings for life-threatening arrhythmias and cardiac death over approximately 10 years. Life-threatening arrhythmia risk was approximately 3-fold higher in patients with low ATP and independent of established risk factors, including LVEF. In patients with normal ATP, rates of appropriate ICD firings were several-fold lower than reported rates of ICD complications and inappropriate firings.CONCLUSIONTo the best of our knowledge, these are the first data linking in vivo myocardial ATP depletion and subsequent significant arrhythmic events in people, suggesting an energetic component to clinical life-threatening ventricular arrhythmogenesis. The findings support investigation of metabolic strategies that limit ATP loss to treat or prevent life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and herald noninvasive metabolic imaging as a complementary SCD risk stratification tool.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT00181233.FUNDINGThis work was supported by the DW Reynolds Foundation, the NIH (grants HL61912, HL056882, HL103812, HL132181, HL140034), and Russell H. Morgan and Clarence Doodeman endowments at Johns Hopkins.
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- 2022
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7. Left Atrial Stiffness Index Independently Predicts Exercise Intolerance and Quality of Life in Older, Obese Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.
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Singleton MJ, Nelson MB, Samuel TJ, Kitzman DW, Brubaker P, Haykowsky MJ, Upadhya B, Chen H, and Nelson MD
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- Aged, Exercise Tolerance physiology, Humans, Obesity complications, Quality of Life, Stroke Volume physiology, Ventricular Function, Left, Cardiomyopathies, Heart Failure diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the fastest growing form of HF and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The primary chronic symptom in HFpEF is exercise intolerance, associated with reduced quality of life. Emerging evidence implicates left atrial (LA) dysfunction as an important pathophysiologic mechanism. Here we extend prior observations by relating LA dysfunction to peak oxygen uptake (peak VO
2 ), physical function (distance walked in 6 minutes [6MWD]) and quality of life (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire)., Methods and Results: We compared 75 older, obese, patients with HFpEF with 53 healthy age-matched controls. LA strain was assessed by magnetic resonance cine imaging using feature tracking. LA function was defined according to its 3 distinct phases, with the LA serving as a reservoir during systole, as a conduit during early diastole, and as a booster pump at the end of diastole. The LA stiffness index was calculated as the ratio of early mitral inflow velocity-to-early annular tissue velocity (E/e', by Doppler ultrasound examination) and LA reservoir strain. HFpEF had a decreased reservoir strain (16.4 ± 4.4% vs 18.2 ± 3.5%, P = .018), lower conduit strain (7.7 ± 3.3% vs 9.1 ± 3.4%, P = .028), and increased stiffness index (0.86 ± 0.39 vs 0.53 ± 0.18, P < .001), as well as decreased peak VO2 , 6MWD, and lower quality of life. Increased LA stiffness was independently associated with impaired peak VO2 (β = 9.0 ± 1.6, P < .001), 6MWD (β = 117 ± 22, P = .003), and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score (β = -23 ± 5, P = .001), even after adjusting for clinical covariates., Conclusions: LA stiffness is independently associated with impaired exercise tolerance and quality of life and may be an important therapeutic target in obese HFpEF., Registration: NCT00959660., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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8. Reduced myocardial perfusion is common among subjects with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a report from the WISE-CVD continuation study.
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Aldiwani H, Nelson MD, Sharif B, Wei J, Samuel TJ, Suppogu N, Quesada O, Cook-Wiens G, Gill E, Szczepaniak LS, Thomson LEJ, Tamarappoo B, Asif A, Shufelt C, Berman D, and Merz CNB
- Abstract
Aim: Women with evidence of ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) have an increased risk of major adverse cardiac events, including heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). To investigate potential links between INOCA and HFpEF, we examined pathophysiological findings present in both INOCA and HFpEF., Methods: We performed adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) in 56 participants, including 35 women with suspected INOCA, 13 women with HFpEF, and 8 reference control women. Myocardial perfusion imaging was performed at rest and with vasodilator stress with intravenous adenosine. Myocardial perfusion reserve index was quantified as the ratio of the upslope of increase in myocardial contrast at stress vs . rest. All CMRI measures were quantified using CVI42 software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc). Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression models, Fisher's exact tests, ANOVA, or Kruskal-Wallis tests., Results: Age ( P = 0.007), Body surface area (0.05) were higher in the HFpEF group. Left ventricular ejection fraction ( P = 0.02) was lower among the INOCA and HFpEF groups than reference controls after age adjustment. In addition, there was a graded reduction in myocardial perfusion reserve index in HFpEF vs . INOCA vs . reference controls (1.5 ± 0.3, 1.8 ± 0.3, 1.9 ± 0.3, P = 0.02), which was attenuated with age-adjustment., Conclusion: Reduced myocardial perfusion reserve appears to be a common pathophysiologic feature in INOCA and HFpEF patients.
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- 2022
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9. The Potential Role of Exercise Training and Mechanical Loading on Bone-Associated Skeletal Nerves.
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Negri S, Samuel TJ, and Lee S
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The spatial distribution, innervation, and functional role of the bone-associated skeletal nerves have been previously reported in detail. However, studies examining exercise-induced associations between skeletal nerves and bone metabolism are limited. This review introduces a potential relationship between exercise and the skeletal nerves and discusses how it can contribute to exercise-induced bone anabolism. First, the background and current understanding of nerve fiber types and their functions in the skeleton are provided. Next, the influence of exercise and mechanical loading on the skeletal nervous system is elaborated. Effective synthesis of recent studies could serve as an established baseline for the novel discovery of the effects of exercise on skeletal nerve density and bone anabolic activity in the future. Therefore, this review overviews the existing evidence for the neural control of bone metabolism and the potential positive effects of exercise on the peripheral skeletal nervous system. The influence of exercise training models on the relationships of sensory nerve signals with osteoblast-mediated bone formation and the increased bone volume provides the first insight on the potential importance of exercise training in stimulating positive adaptations in the skeletal nerve-bone interaction and its downstream effect on bone metabolism, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential in a variety of clinical populations.
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- 2021
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10. Diastolic dysfunction in women with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease: Mechanistic insight from magnetic resonance imaging.
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Samuel TJ, Wei J, Sharif B, Tamarappoo BK, Pattisapu V, Maughan J, Cipher DJ, Suppogu N, Aldiwani H, Thomson LEJ, Shufelt C, Berman DS, Li D, Bairey Merz CN, and Nelson MD
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- Female, Humans, Ischemia, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pulse Wave Analysis, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Function, Left, Coronary Artery Disease diagnostic imaging, Coronary Artery Disease epidemiology, Heart Failure, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left diagnostic imaging, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) is prevalent in women and is associated with increased risk of developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF); however, the mechanism(s) contributing to this progression remains unclear. Given that diastolic dysfunction is common in women with INOCA, defining mechanisms related to diastolic dysfunction in INOCA could identify therapeutic targets to prevent HFpEF., Methods: Cardiac MRI was performed in 65 women with INOCA and 12 reference controls. Diastolic function was defined by left ventricular early diastolic circumferential strain rate (eCSRd). Contributors to diastolic dysfunction were chosen a priori as coronary vascular dysfunction (myocardial perfusion reserve index [MPRI]), diffuse myocardial fibrosis (extracellular volume [ECV]), and aortic stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity [aPWV])., Results: Compared to controls, eCSRd was lower in INOCA (1.61 ± 0.33/s vs. 1.36 ± 0.31/s, P = 0.016); however, this difference was not exaggerated when the INOCA group was sub-divided by low and high MPRI (P > 0.05) nor was ECV elevated in INOCA (29.0 ± 1.9% vs. 28.0 ± 3.2%, control vs. INOCA; P = 0.38). However, aPWV was higher in INOCA vs. controls (8.1 ± 3.2 m/s vs. 6.1 ± 1.5 m/s; P = 0.045), and was associated with eCSRd (r = -0.50, P < 0.001). By multivariable linear regression analysis, aPWV was an independent predictor of decreased eCSRd (standardized β = -0.39, P = 0.003), as was having an elevated left ventricular mass index (standardized β = -0.25, P = 0.024) and lower ECV (standardized β = 0.30, P = 0.003)., Conclusions: These data provide mechanistic insight into diastolic dysfunction in women with INOCA, identifying aortic stiffness and ventricular remodeling as putative therapeutic targets., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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11. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and exercise intolerance in obese heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
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Samuel TJ, Kitzman DW, Haykowsky MJ, Upadhya B, Brubaker P, Nelson MB, Hundley WG, and Nelson MD
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- Aged, Case-Control Studies, Diastole, Echocardiography, Doppler, Exercise Test, Female, Heart Failure diagnostic imaging, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity diagnostic imaging, Oxygen Consumption, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left diagnostic imaging, Ventricular Pressure, Exercise Tolerance, Heart Failure physiopathology, Obesity physiopathology, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left physiopathology, Ventricular Function, Left
- Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that early left ventricular (LV) relaxation is impaired in older obese patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and related to decreased peak exercise oxygen uptake (peak V̇o
2 ). LV strain and strain rate were measured by feature tracking of magnetic resonance cine images in 79 older obese patients with HFpEF (mean age: 66 yr; mean body mass index: 38 kg/m2 ) and 54 healthy control participants. LV diastolic strain rates were indexed to cardiac preload as estimated by echocardiography derived diastolic filling pressures ( E/e' ), and correlated to peak V̇o2 . LV circumferential early diastolic strain rate was impaired in HFpEF compared with controls (0.93 ± 0.05/s vs. 1.20 ± 0.07/s, P = 0.014); however, we observed no group differences in early LV radial or longitudinal diastolic strain rates. Isolating myocardial relaxation by indexing all three early LV diastolic strain rates (i.e. circumferential, radial, and longitudinal) to E/e' amplified the group difference in early LV diastolic circumferential strain rate (0.08 ± 0.03 vs. 0.13 ± 0.05, P < 0.0001), and unmasked differences in early radial and longitudinal diastolic strain rate. Moreover, when indexing to E/e' , early LV diastolic strain rates from all three principal strains, were modestly related with peak V̇o2 ( R = 0.36, -0.27, and 0.35, respectively, all P < 0.01); this response, however, was almost entirely driven by E/e' itself, ( R = -0.52, P < 0.001). Taken together, we found that although LV relaxation is impaired in older obese patients with HFpEF, and modestly correlates with their severely reduced peak exercise V̇o2 , LV filling pressures appear to play a much more important role in determining exercise intolerance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a multimodal imaging approach to uncouple tissue deformation from atrial pressure, we found that left ventricular (LV) relaxation is impaired in older obese patients with HFpEF, but only modestly correlates with their severely reduced peak V̇o2 . In contrast, the data show a much stronger relationship between elevated LV filling pressures and exercise intolerance, refocusing future therapeutic priorities.- Published
- 2021
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12. Left ventricular circumferential strain and coronary microvascular dysfunction: A report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Coronary Vascular Dysfunction (WISE-CVD) Project.
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Tamarappoo B, Samuel TJ, Elboudwarej O, Thomson LEJ, Aldiwani H, Wei J, Mehta P, Cheng S, Sharif B, AlBadri A, Handberg EM, Petersen J, Pepine CJ, Nelson MD, and Bairey Merz CN
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- Coronary Circulation, Female, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Ischemia, Coronary Artery Disease diagnostic imaging, Coronary Artery Disease epidemiology, Myocardial Ischemia diagnostic imaging, Myocardial Ischemia epidemiology, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left diagnostic imaging, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left epidemiology
- Abstract
Aims: Women with ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) often have coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). Left ventricular (LV) circumferential strain (CS) is often lower in INOCA compared to healthy controls; however, it remains unclear whether CS differs between INOCA women with and without CMD. We hypothesized that CS would be lower in women with CMD, consistent with CMD-induced LV mechanical dysfunction., Methods and Results: Cardiac magnetic resonance (cMR) images were examined from women enrolled in the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation-Coronary Vascular Dysfunction Project. CS by feature tracking in INOCA women with CMD, defined as myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI) <1.84 during adenosine-stress perfusion cMR, was compared with CS in women without CMD. In a subset who had invasive coronary function testing (CFT), the relationship between CS and CFT metrics, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and cardiovascular risk factors was investigated. Among 317 women with INOCA, 174 (55%) had CMD measured by MPRI. CS was greater in women with CMD compared to those without CMD (23.2 ± 2.5% vs. 22.1 ± 3.0%, respectively, P = 0.001). In the subset with CFT (n = 153), greater CS was associated with increased likelihood of reduced vasodilator capacity (OR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.02-1.72, p = 0.03) and discriminated abnormal vs. normal coronary vascular function compared to CAD risk factors, LVEF and LV concentricity (AUC: 0.82 [0.73-0.96 95%CI] vs. 0.65 [0.60-0.71 95%CI], respectively, P = 0.007)., Conclusion: The data indicate that LV circumferential strain is related to and predicts CMD, although in a direction contrary with our hypothesis, which may represent an early sign of LV mechanical dysfunction in CMD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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13. Exercise intolerance and rapid skeletal muscle energetic decline in human age-associated frailty.
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Lewsey SC, Weiss K, Schär M, Zhang Y, Bottomley PA, Samuel TJ, Xue QL, Steinberg A, Walston JD, Gerstenblith G, and Weiss RG
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- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Exercise physiology, Female, Frailty physiopathology, Heart Failure metabolism, Heart Failure pathology, Humans, Lower Extremity pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Mitochondria metabolism, Mitochondria pathology, Muscle, Skeletal pathology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Phosphates metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Frail Elderly, Frailty metabolism, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism
- Abstract
BACKGROUNDPhysical frailty in older individuals is characterized by subjective symptoms of fatigue and exercise intolerance (EI). Objective abnormalities in skeletal muscle (SM) mitochondrial high-energy phosphate (HEP) metabolism contribute to EI in inherited myopathies; however, their presence or link to EI in the frail older adult is unknown.METHODSHere, we studied 3 groups of ambulatory, community-dwelling adults with no history of significant coronary disease: frail older (FO) individuals (81 ± 2.7 years, mean ± SEM), nonfrail older (NFO) individuals (79 ± 2.0 years), and healthy middle-aged individuals, who served as controls (CONT, 51 ± 2.1 years). Lower extremity SM HEP levels and mitochondrial function were measured with 31P magnetic resonance (MR) techniques during graded multistage plantar flexion exercise (PFE). EI was quantified by a 6-minute walk (6MW) and peak oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary testing (peak VO2).RESULTSDuring graded exercise, FO, NFO, and CONT individuals all fatigued at similar SM HEP levels, as measured by 31P-MR. However, FO individuals fatigued fastest, with several-fold higher rates of PFE-induced HEP decline that correlated closely with shorter exercise duration in the MR scanner and with 6MW distance and lower peak oxygen consumption on cardiopulmonary testing (P < 0.001 for all). SM mitochondrial oxidative capacity was lower in older individuals and correlated with rapid HEP decline but less closely with EI.CONCLUSIONSeveral-fold faster SM energetic decline during exercise occurs in FO individuals and correlates closely with multiple measures of EI. Rapid energetic decline represents an objective, functional measure of SM metabolic changes and a potential new target for mitigating frailty-associated physical limitations.FUNDINGThis work was supported by NIH R21 AG045634, R01 AG063661, R01 HL61912, the Johns Hopkins University Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center P30AG021334, and the Clarence Doodeman Endowment in Cardiology at Johns Hopkins.
- Published
- 2020
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14. Left atrial stiffness in women with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease: Novel insight from left atrial feature tracking.
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Zamani SK, Samuel TJ, Wei J, Thomson LEJ, Tamarappoo B, Sharif B, Bairey Merz CN, and Nelson MD
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- Adult, Aged, Biomechanical Phenomena, Case-Control Studies, Disease Progression, Female, Heart Atria physiopathology, Heart Failure diagnosis, Heart Failure physiopathology, Humans, Middle Aged, Myocardial Ischemia complications, Myocardial Ischemia physiopathology, Predictive Value of Tests, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Function, Left, Atrial Function, Left, Heart Atria diagnostic imaging, Heart Failure etiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Myocardial Ischemia diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Background: Women with signs and symptoms of ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) are at risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF); however, the mechanism for HFpEF progression remains unclear. Studies in INOCA have largely focused on left ventricular function. The left atrium serves an important role in maintaining transmitral flow, and is impaired in HFpEF; however, it remains unclear if left atrial function is impaired in INOCA., Hypothesis: Left atrial function is progressively worse in INOCA and HFpEF compared to controls., Methods: We compared 39 reference control subjects to 64 women with INOCA and 22 subjects with HFpEF. Left atrial strain was assessed by feature tracking using magnetic resonance cine images., Results: Peak left atrial strain was reduced in HFpEF compared to controls (22.9 ± 4.8% vs 25.9 ± 3.2%, P < .01), but similar in INOCA (24.8 ± 4.5%) compared to HFpEF and controls (P = .18). However, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was elevated in 33% of INOCA participants, suggesting that left atrial stiffness (LVEDP/LA strain) is elevated in a large portion of women with INOCA., Conclusions: Taken together, we interpret these data to support our working hypothesis that INOCA is a pre-HFpEF state, with left atrial stiffness preceding overt left atrial dysfunction; representing a putative therapeutic target to prevent HFpEF progression in this at-risk population., (© 2020 The Authors. Clinical Cardiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2020
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15. Impact of bariatric surgery on cerebral vascular reactivity and cognitive function: a non-randomized pilot study.
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Tucker WJ, Thomas BP, Puzziferri N, Samuel TJ, Zaha VG, Lingvay I, Almandoz J, Wang J, Gonzales EA, Brothers RM, and Nelson MD
- Abstract
Background: Bariatric surgery is an effective long-term weight loss strategy yielding improvements in neurocognitive function; however, the mechanism(s) responsible for these improvements remains unclear. Here, we assessed the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate whether cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR) is impaired in severely obese bariatric surgery candidates compared with normal weight healthy controls and whether CVR improves following bariatric surgery. We also investigated whether changes in CVR were associated with changes in cognitive function., Methods: Bariatric surgery candidates ( n = 6) were compared with normal weight healthy controls of a similar age ( n = 10) at baseline, and then reassessed 2 weeks and 14 weeks following sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgery. Young reference controls ( n = 7) were also studied at baseline to establish the range of normal for each outcome measure. Microvascular and macrovascular CVR to hypercapnia (5% CO
2 ) were assessed using blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI, and changes in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) cross-sectional area, respectively. Cognitive function was assessed using a validated neurocognitive software., Results: Compliance with the CVR protocol was high. Both macro- and micro-cerebrovascular function were highest in the young reference controls. Cognitive function was lower in obese bariatric surgery candidates compared with normal weight controls, and improved by 17% at 2 weeks and 21% by 14 weeks following bariatric surgery. To our surprise, whole-brain CVR BOLD did not differ between obese bariatric surgery candidates and normal weight controls of similar age (0.184 ± 0.101 vs. 0.192 ± 0.034 %BOLD/mmHgCO2 ), and did not change after bariatric surgery. In contrast, we observed vasoconstriction of the MCA during hypercapnia in 60% of the obese patients prior to surgery, which appeared to be abolished following bariatric surgery. Improvements in cognitive function were not associated with improvements in either CVR BOLD or MCA vasodilation after bariatric surgery., Conclusions: Assessing CVR responses to a hypercapnic challenge with MRI was feasible in severely obese bariatric patients. However, no changes in whole-brain BOLD CVR were observed following bariatric surgery despite improvements in cognitive function. We recommend that future large trials assess CVR responses to cognitive tasks (rather than hypercapnia) to better define the mechanisms responsible for cognitive function improvements following bariatric surgery., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2020.)- Published
- 2020
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16. Diastolic Stress Testing: Have You Considered Isometric Handgrip Echocardiography?
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Samuel TJ, Haykowsky MJF, Sarma S, and Nelson MD
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- Diastole, Echocardiography, Exercise Test, Hand Strength
- Published
- 2019
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17. Modelling positive consequences: Increased vegetable intakes following modelled enjoyment versus modelled intake.
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Appleton KM, Barrie E, and Samuel TJ
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- Child, Daucus carota, Female, Humans, Male, Zea mays, Diet, Healthy psychology, Eating psychology, Food Preferences psychology, Imitative Behavior, Pleasure
- Abstract
Objective: Modelling has previously been demonstrated to encourage healthy eating, but the importance of modelling the behaviour versus modelling the positive consequences of the behaviour is unknown. This work investigated the impact of modelling carrot intake (the behaviour) and modelling carrot enjoyment (the positive consequences) on subsequent liking and consumption of carrots and sweetcorn., Methods: 155 children aged 7-10 years were randomized to hear a story where fictional characters consumed a picnic with either: no mention of carrot sticks (control) (N = 45); mention of carrot sticks that all characters ate (modelling intake) (N = 60); or mention of carrot sticks that the characters like (modelling enjoyment) (N = 50). Carrot and sweetcorn liking and intake were measured before and after the story during a 5 min task., Results: Carrot liking and intake after a story were higher following the story modelling carrot enjoyment compared to the stories not modelling enjoyment (smallest β = 0.16, p = 0.05), and in those with higher pre-story carrot liking and intake (smallest β = 0.25, p < 0.01). Sweetcorn liking and intake after a story were associated with pre-story sweetcorn liking and intake (smallest β = 0.28, p < 0.01), and sweetcorn intake was lower following the story modelling carrot enjoyment compared to the stories not modelling enjoyment (β = -0.17, p = 0.04)., Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a role for modelling enjoyment to encourage vegetable liking and intake, although effects sizes were small. These findings also suggest a benefit from modelling the positive consequences of a behaviour for encouraging healthy food intake in children, while limited effects were found for modelling the behaviour itself., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Cardiac Structure and Function in Well-Healed Burn Survivors.
- Author
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Samuel TJ, Nelson MD, Nasirian A, Jaffery M, Moralez G, Romero SA, Cramer MN, Huang M, Kouda K, Hieda M, Sarma S, and Crandall CG
- Subjects
- Adult, Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Diseases diagnostic imaging, Case-Control Studies, Echocardiography, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Survivors, Texas, Burns physiopathology, Cardiovascular Diseases physiopathology
- Abstract
Long-term burn survivors have reduced aerobic capacity, placing them at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality. However, the exact mechanism contributing to a reduced aerobic capacity remains incompletely understood, but may be related to adverse cardiovascular remodeling. Therefore, it was hypothesized that well-healed burn survivors would exhibit adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling and impaired LV function. To test this hypothesis, 22 well-healed moderately burned individuals (age: 41 ± 14 years; BMI: 27.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2; male/female: 12/10; extent of burn: 37 ± 12 %BSA), 11 well-healed severely burned individuals (age: 43 ± 12 years; BMI: 29.5 ± 5.8 kg/m2; male/female: 8/3; extent of burn: 73 ± 11 %BSA), and 12 healthy, age-matched controls (age: 34 ± 9 years; BMI: 28.6 ± 5.2 kg/m2; male/female: 5/7) were enrolled in the study. All subjects were sedentary, performing less than 30 minutes of aerobic exercise per day, 3 days per week. LV morphology and function were assessed via cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. In contrast to the hypothesis, neither the presence nor severity of burn injury adversely affected LV morphology or function, when compared with equally sedentary nonburned controls. However, of note, LV mass of all three groups was in the lowest 5th percentile compared with normative values. Finally, group differences in LV morphology were largely explained by differences in aerobic capacity. Taken together, these data suggest a prior burn injury itself does not result in pathological remodeling of the LV and support a role for aerobic exercise training to improve cardiac function., (© American Burn Association 2019. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Diastolic Stress Testing Along the Heart Failure Continuum.
- Author
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Samuel TJ, Beaudry R, Sarma S, Zaha V, Haykowsky MJ, and Nelson MD
- Subjects
- Diastole, Echocardiography, Doppler, Exercise Tolerance, Hemodynamics, Humans, Ventricular Function, Left, Exercise Test methods, Hand Strength, Heart Failure diagnosis, Heart Failure physiopathology
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: This review summarizes recent developments highlighting the clinical utility of diastolic stress testing along the heart failure continuum., Recent Findings: Invasive hemodynamic assessment of cardiac filling pressures during physiological stress is the gold-standard technique for unmasking diastolic dysfunction. Non-invasive surrogate techniques, such as Doppler ultrasound, have shown excellent agreement with invasive approaches and are now recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. While cycle exercise is often advocated, recent evidence supports the use of isometric handgrip as a viable alternative stressor. Diastolic stress testing is a powerful tool to enhance detection of diastolic dysfunction, is able to differentiate between cardiac and non-cardiac pathology, and should be incorporated into routine clinical assessment.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Adaptation of myocardial twist in the remodelled athlete's heart is not related to cardiac output.
- Author
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Cooke S, Samuel TJ, Cooper SM, and Stöhr EJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Athletes, Blood Pressure physiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Heart Rate physiology, Humans, Hypoxia physiopathology, Male, Physical Endurance physiology, Running physiology, Ventricular Function, Left physiology, Young Adult, Adaptation, Physiological physiology, Cardiac Output physiology, Myocardial Contraction physiology, Stroke Volume physiology, Ventricular Remodeling physiology
- Abstract
New Findings: What is the central question of this study? What is the role of heart muscle function in the increased output of remodelled, larger hearts? What is the main finding and its importance? The greater stroke volume of endurance athletes is not associated with enhanced function of the heart muscle (i.e. left ventricular twist, torsion and twist-to-shortening) in normal and low-oxygen environments. These data indicate that, in the process of cardiac adaptation, left ventricular twist may play an important role that is not related to generating a larger output. Since enlarged hearts with low output can develop in disease, the present findings may influence the future interpretation of heart muscle function in patients., Abstract: Despite increased stroke volume (SV), 'athlete's heart' has been proposed to have a similar left ventricular (LV) muscle function - as represented by LV twist - compared with the untrained state. However, the underpinning mechanisms and the associations between SV/cardiac output and LV twist during exercise are unknown. We hypothesised that endurance athletes would have a significantly lower twist-to-shortening ratio (TwSR, a parameter that relates twist to the shortening of heart muscle layers) at rest, but significantly greater LV muscle function during exercise. Eleven endurance trained male runners and 13 untrained males were tested at rest and during supine cycling exercise in normoxia and hypoxia (increased cardiac output but unaltered SV). Despite the expected cardiac remodelling in endurance athletes, LV twist, torsion, TwSR, strain and strain rate ('LV systolic mechanics') did not differ significantly between groups (P > 0.05). Structural remodelling, as per relative wall thickness, and LV twist did not correlate (r
2 = 0.04, P = 0.33). In normoxia and hypoxia, exercise increased LV systolic mechanics in both groups (P < 0.001), but with different relationships to SV and cardiac output. Conversely to our hypothesis, hearts of different size had similar LV systolic mechanics, suggesting that similar twist, torsion and TwSR at rest and during exercise irrespective of cardiac output may be an important mechanism in healthy hearts. We hypothesise that the regulatory 'purpose' of LV twist may be related to the sensing of maximal cardiac myofibre stress, which may act as a biologically purposeful limiter to contraction., (© 2018 The Authors. Experimental Physiology © 2018 The Physiological Society.)- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Exercise cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a feasibility study and meta-analysis.
- Author
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Beaudry RI, Samuel TJ, Wang J, Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, and Nelson MD
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Positioning, Predictive Value of Tests, Proof of Concept Study, Reproducibility of Results, Supine Position, Young Adult, Exercise Test methods, Heart Ventricles diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Function, Left
- Abstract
Cardiac stress testing improves detection and risk assessment of heart disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the clinical gold-standard for assessing cardiac morphology and function at rest; however, exercise MRI has not been widely adapted for cardiac assessment because of imaging and device limitations. Commercially available magnetic resonance ergometers, together with improved imaging sequences, have overcome many previous limitations, making cardiac stress MRI more feasible. Here, we aimed to demonstrate clinical feasibility and establish the normative, healthy response to supine exercise MRI. Eight young, healthy subjects underwent rest and exercise cinematic imaging to measure left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. To establish the normative, healthy response to exercise MRI we performed a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis of existing exercise cardiac MRI studies. Results were pooled using a random effects model to define the left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volume responses. Our proof-of-concept data showed a marked increase in cardiac index with exercise, secondary to an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume. The change in stroke volume was driven by a reduction in end-systolic volume, with no change in end-diastolic volume. These findings were entirely consistent with 17 previous exercise MRI studies (226 individual records), despite differences in imaging approach, ergometer, or exercise type. Taken together, the data herein demonstrate that exercise cardiac MRI is clinically feasible, using commercially available exercise equipment and vendor-provided product sequences and establish the normative, healthy response to exercise MRI.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Athlete's Heart: Is the Morganroth Hypothesis Obsolete?
- Author
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Haykowsky MJ, Samuel TJ, Nelson MD, and La Gerche A
- Subjects
- Athletes, Cardiomegaly diagnosis, Echocardiography, Heart Ventricles diagnostic imaging, Humans, Cardiomegaly physiopathology, Exercise, Heart Ventricles physiopathology, Ventricular Function, Left physiology, Ventricular Function, Right physiology, Ventricular Remodeling
- Abstract
In 1975, Morganroth and colleagues reported that the increased left ventricular (LV) mass in highly trained endurance athletes versus nonathletes was primarily due to increased end-diastolic volume while the increased LV mass in resistance trained athletes was solely due to an increased LV wall thickness. Based on the divergent remodelling patterns observed, Morganroth and colleagues hypothesised that the increased "volume" load during endurance exercise may be similar to that which occurs in patients with mitral or aortic regurgitation while the "pressure" load associated with performing a Valsalva manoeuvre (VM) during resistance exercise may mimic the stress imposed on the heart by systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. Despite widespread acceptance of the four-decade old Morganroth hypothesis in sports cardiology, some investigators have questioned whether such a divergent "athlete's heart" phenotype exists. Given this uncertainty, the purpose of this brief review is to re-evaluate the Morganroth hypothesis regarding: i) the acute effects of resistance exercise performed with a brief VM on LV wall stress, and the patterns of LV remodelling in resistance-trained athletes; ii) the acute effects of endurance exercise on biventricular wall stress, and the time course and pattern of LV and right ventricular (RV) remodelling with endurance training; and iii) the value of comparing "loading" conditions between athletes and patients with cardiac pathology., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Diastolic stress testing: similarities and differences between isometric handgrip and cycle echocardiography.
- Author
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Samuel TJ, Beaudry R, Haykowsky MJ, Sarma S, and Nelson MD
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure physiology, Echocardiography methods, Exercise physiology, Exercise Test methods, Female, Heart Rate physiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ventricular Function, Left physiology, Ventricular Pressure physiology, Diastole physiology, Hand Strength physiology
- Abstract
Cycle echocardiography (CE) is recommended for noninvasive diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction but can be limited by respiratory and movement artifact. Isometric handgrip echocardiography (IHE) is also a robust diastolic discriminator, while avoiding the limitations associated with dynamic exercise. This study sought to compare these two diastolic stress testing approaches. Twelve elderly individuals were recruited from the community (age 71 ± 6 yr). Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and left ventricular (LV) diastolic function (via echocardiography) were assessed at rest and in response to 3 min of IHE at 40% of their maximal voluntary contraction, followed by 3 min of CE at 20 W. Both IHE and CE caused a significant increase in heart rate and blood pressure, leading to similar increases in myocardial oxygen demand. Both stressors also evoked a similar rise in the ratio between early LV mitral inflow velocity to early lateral annular velocity, a surrogate measure of LV filling pressure. The underlying mechanisms leading to these changes, however, were inherently different. IHE increased mean arterial pressure, and impaired myocardial relaxation, to a greater extent than CE. In contrast, CE augmented cardiac index, and increased early mitral filling velocity, to a great extent than IHE. In conclusion, for the first time, these data highlight several important similarities and differences between IHE and CE. That IHE avoids respiratory and movement artifact, while still serving as a robust diastolic discriminator, supports IHE as a strong alternative to CE for diastolic stress testing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to compare the diastolic stress response between isometric handgrip exercise and conventional cycle exercise. The data suggest that isometric handgrip echocardiography is comparable to conventional cycle echocardiography, both in terms of its hemodynamic challenge and global diastolic stress response. That isometric handgrip echocardiography eliminates both respiratory and movement artifact and is low cost and incredibly portable supports its integration into routine echocardiography exams.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Performance Limitations in Heart Transplant Recipients.
- Author
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Tucker WJ, Beaudry RI, Samuel TJ, Nelson MD, Halle M, Baggish AL, and Haykowsky MJ
- Subjects
- Cardiac Output, Humans, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Physical Endurance, Exercise Therapy, Heart innervation, Heart Transplantation rehabilitation, Oxygen Consumption
- Abstract
We hypothesize that the reduced peak aerobic power (peak V˙O2) after heart transplantation is due to impaired cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function, and its improvement with short-term (≤1 yr) exercise training is primarily due to favorable skeletal muscle adaptations. Furthermore, the increased peak V˙O2 with long-term (>2 yr) training is primarily mediated by cardiac (sympathetic) reinnervation.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Correcting Calcium Dysregulation in Chronic Heart Failure Using SERCA2a Gene Therapy.
- Author
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Samuel TJ, Rosenberry RP, Lee S, and Pan Z
- Subjects
- Animals, Dependovirus genetics, Genetic Therapy methods, Humans, Calcium metabolism, Heart Failure metabolism, Heart Failure therapy, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases metabolism
- Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease and is the leading cause of hospitalization for those over the age of 65, which is estimated to account for close to seventy billion dollars in healthcare costs by 2030 in the US alone. The successful therapies for preventing and reversing CHF progression are urgently required. One strategy under active investigation is to restore dysregulated myocardial calcium (Ca
2+ ), a hallmark of CHF. It is well established that intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are tightly regulated to control efficient myocardial systolic contraction and diastolic relaxation. Among the many cell surface proteins and intracellular organelles that act as the warp and woof of the regulatory network controlling intracellular Ca2+ signals in cardiomyocytes, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase type 2a (SERCA2a) undoubtedly plays a central role. SERCA2a is responsible for sequestrating cytosolic Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum during diastole, allowing for efficient uncoupling of actin-myosin and subsequent ventricular relaxation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the expression of SERCA2a is downregulated in CHF, which subsequently contributes to severe systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, restoring SERCA2a expression and improving cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling provides an excellent alternative to currently used transplantation and mechanical assist devices in the treatment of CHF. Indeed, advancements in safe and effective gene delivery techniques have led to the emergence of SERCA2a gene therapy as a potential therapeutic choice for CHF patients. This mini-review will succinctly detail the progression of SERCA2a gene therapy from its inception in plasmid and animal models, to its clinical trials in CHF patients, highlighting potential avenues for future work along the way., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Age-related microvascular dysfunction: novel insight from near-infrared spectroscopy.
- Author
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Rosenberry R, Munson M, Chung S, Samuel TJ, Patik J, Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, and Nelson MD
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Hyperemia metabolism, Male, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Vascular Diseases physiopathology, Young Adult, Age Factors, Microcirculation physiology, Oxygen metabolism, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared methods
- Abstract
New Findings: What is the central question of this study? Can near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived post-occlusion tissue oxygen saturation recovery kinetics be used to study age-related impairments in microvascular function? What is the main finding and its importance? Using a previously established 5 min cuff occlusion protocol, we found that NIRS-derived indices of microvascular function were markedly reduced in elderly compared with young participants. However, when we controlled for the absolute level of vasodilatory stimulus and matched the tissue desaturation level between groups, we found similar responses in young and elderly participants. Overall, these data highlight the important role NIRS can serve in clinical vascular biology, but also establish the need for assessing tissue ischaemia during cuff occlusion protocols. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has emerged as a promising tool to evaluate vascular reactivity in vivo. Whether this approach can be used to assess age-related impairments in microvascular function has not been tested. Tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) post-occlusion recovery kinetics were measured in two distinct age groups (<35 and >65 years of age) using NIRS placed over the flexor digitorum profundus. Key end-points included the following: (i) the desaturation rate during cuff occlusion; (ii) the lowest StO2 value obtained during ischaemia (StO2min); (iii) StO2 reperfusion rate; (iv) the highest StO2 value reached after cuff release (StO2max); and (v) the reactive hyperaemia area under the curve (AUC). At first, using a conventional 5 min cuff occlusion protocol, the elderly participants achieved a much slower rate of oxygen recovery (1.5 ± 0.2 versus 2.5 ± 0.2% s
-1 ), lower StO2max (85.2 ± 2.9 versus 92.3 ± 1.5%) and lower reactive hyperaemia AUC (2651.8 ± 307.0 versus 4940.0 ± 375.8% s-1 ). However, owing to a lower skeletal muscle resting metabolic rate, StO2min was also significantly attenuated in the elderly participants compared with the young control subjects (55.7 ± 3.5 versus 41.0 ± 3.4%), resulting in a much lower ischaemic stimulus. To account for this important difference between groups, we then matched the level of tissue ischaemia in a subset of young healthy participants by reducing the cuff occlusion protocol to 3 min. Remarkably, when we controlled for tissue ischaemia, we observed no differences in any of the hyperaemic end-points between the young and elderly participants. These data highlight the important role NIRS can serve in vascular biology, but also establish the need for assessing tissue ischaemia during cuff occlusion protocols., (© 2017 The Authors. Experimental Physiology © 2017 The Physiological Society.)- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Clarification on the role of LV untwisting in LV "relaxation" and diastolic filling.
- Author
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Samuel TJ and Stöhr EJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Diastole, Ventricular Function, Left
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Systolic and Diastolic Left Ventricular Mechanics during and after Resistance Exercise.
- Author
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Stöhr EJ, Stembridge M, Shave R, Samuel TJ, Stone K, and Esformes JI
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Blood Pressure physiology, Diastole physiology, Echocardiography, Humans, Male, Stroke Volume physiology, Systole physiology, Vascular Resistance physiology, Resistance Training, Ventricular Function, Left physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: To improve the current understanding of the impact of resistance exercise on the heart, by examining the acute responses of left ventricular (LV) strain, twist, and untwisting rate ("LV mechanics")., Methods: LV echocardiographic images were recorded in systole and diastole before, during and immediately after (7-12 s) double-leg press exercise at two intensities (30% and 60% of maximum strength, one-repetition maximum). Speckle tracking analysis generated LV strain, twist, and untwisting rate data. Additionally, beat-by-beat blood pressure was recorded and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and LV wall stress were calculated., Results: Responses in both exercise trials were statistically similar (P > 0.05). During effort, stroke volume decreased, whereas SVR and LV wall stress increased (P < 0.05). Immediately after effort, stroke volume returned to baseline, whereas SVR and wall stress decreased (P < 0.05). Similarly, acute exercise was accompanied by a significant decrease in systolic parameters of LV muscle mechanics (P < 0.05). However, diastolic parameters, including LV untwisting rate, were statistically unaltered (P > 0.05). Immediately after exercise, systolic LV mechanics returned to baseline levels (P < 0.05) but LV untwisting rate increased significantly (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: A single, acute bout of double-leg press resistance exercise transiently reduces systolic LV mechanics, but increases diastolic mechanics after exercise, suggesting that resistance exercise has a differential impact on systolic and diastolic heart muscle function. The findings may explain why acute resistance exercise has been associated with reduced stroke volume but chronic exercise training may result in increased LV volumes.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. India-born immigrants in Australia and Canada: a comparison of selected characteristics.
- Author
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Wilson WR and Samuel TJ
- Subjects
- Americas, Asia, Australia, Canada, Culture, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, India, North America, Pacific Islands, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Research, Demography, Emigration and Immigration, Ethnicity, Social Change, Transients and Migrants
- Abstract
"This article examines the Indian component of Asian immigration to Canada and Australia, reviews briefly the historical background of Indian immigration, discusses the characteristics of India-born immigrants and explores their social impact upon both nations. A comparative approach is adopted to highlight similarities and differences." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. An unusual family with precocious puberty.
- Author
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Samuel TJ, Grant DB, and Woodd-Walker RB
- Subjects
- Body Height, Child, Female, Follicle Stimulating Hormone blood, Humans, Luteinizing Hormone blood, Male, Menarche, Pedigree, Puberty, Precocious blood, Puberty, Precocious genetics
- Published
- 1995
31. Asian and Pacific migration: the Canadian experience.
- Author
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Samuel TJ
- Subjects
- Americas, Asia, Canada, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Economics, North America, Population, Population Dynamics, Social Change, Transients and Migrants, Acculturation, Emigration and Immigration, Public Policy, Socioeconomic Factors
- Abstract
"This article examines the characteristics of landed immigrants (permanent settlers) from Asia [to Canada] and explores their settlement, adaptation, and integration experience. Asian immigration has grown by leaps and bounds since the universalization of Canadian immigration policy. The skills content, capital inflow, and entrepreneurial impacts of Asian immigration have been significant. Generally speaking, Asian immigrants have adapted and integrated well. Yet access to Canadian territory as permanent residents, or access to Canadian citizenship, does not necessarily mean access to equal opportunity in the economy and society, though to a certain extent, Canada may have succeeded more than Australia.", (excerpt)
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The employment effects of immigration: a balance sheet approach.
- Author
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Samuel TJ and Conyers T
- Subjects
- Americas, Canada, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, North America, Population, Population Dynamics, Economics, Emigration and Immigration, Employment, Health Workforce, Socioeconomic Factors, Unemployment
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The labour market experiences of Canadian immigrants.
- Author
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Samuel TJ and Woloski B
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Americas, Canada, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Economics, Educational Status, Geography, Health Workforce, Language, North America, Population, Population Dynamics, Residence Characteristics, Sex Factors, Emigration and Immigration, Employment, Income, Population Characteristics, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Social Change, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Transients and Migrants, Unemployment
- Abstract
The economic adaptation of immigrants to Canada is analyzed using government data on the labor force and landed immigrants. In particular, the labor force experience of a sample of immigrants in Canada is examined and compared with that of a Canadian cohort with regard to length of unemployment and income. "Differences in unemployment and insurable earnings are examined by age, sex, immigrant category..., world area of last permanent residence, official language abilities, education, and region of residence." (summary in FRE, SPA), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Economic adaptation of refugees in Canada: experience of a quarter century.
- Author
-
Samuel TJ
- Subjects
- Americas, Canada, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Employment, Income, North America, Occupations, Population, Population Dynamics, Unemployment, Economics, Emigration and Immigration, Refugees, Socioeconomic Factors, Transients and Migrants
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. National recording systems and the measurement of international migration in Canada: an assessment.
- Author
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Samuel TJ, White PM, and Perreault J
- Subjects
- Americas, Canada, Censuses, Data Collection, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, North America, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Public Policy, Transients and Migrants, Emigration and Immigration, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Research, Research Design
- Published
- 1987
36. The development of India's policy of population control.
- Author
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Samuel TJ
- Subjects
- History of Medicine, Humans, India, Family Planning Services history
- Published
- 1966
37. Social factors affecting fertility in India.
- Author
-
Samuel TJ
- Published
- 1965
38. Population control in Japan: lessons for India.
- Author
-
Samuel TJ
- Published
- 1966
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