Search

Usually, aerospace components are subjected to high demanding operating conditions in terms of mechanical and thermal stresses. The structural integrity of these components is assured by the use of high strength and temperature-resistant materials such as Inconel alloys. However, these alloys are known to have low thermal conductivity, which makes it difficult to extract heat from inside the component. Copper-based alloys are widely used in the aerospace field due to their high thermal conductivity, high strength, good ductility and corrosion resistance. A 3D multi-material Inconel 718 – Copper solution was produced by laser powder bed fusion to be applied on a rocket engine wall aiming to improve its heat extraction ability. This approach combines high strength Inconel 718 and high thermal conductivity Copper in a single part, produced at once. The individual Inconel 718 and Copper zones and interface transition zone features were assessed in terms of metallurgical bonding and mechanical behaviour. This 3D multi-material Inconel 718 – Copper solution seems to be a promising approach since the two materials have a well-defined interface with no substantial defects. Inconel 718 and Copper seems to be capable to maintain its most important individual properties, high strength and high thermal conductivity.

The magnitude of facilitation by shelter-building engineers on community structure is expected to be greater when they increase limited resources in the environment. We evaluated the influence of local environmental context on the colonisation of leaf shelters by arthropods in a Mexican evergreen tropical rainforest. We compared the species richness and abundance of arthropods (total and for different guilds) colonising artificially rolled leaves in habitats differing in understory heterogeneity (forest edge > old-growth forests > living fences). Arthropod abundance of the most representative arthropod taxa (i.e., Araneae, Blattodea, Collembola and Psocoptera) colonising the rolled leaves was greater at forest edge, a trend also observed for average arthropod abundance, and for detritivore and predator guilds. In addition, fewer arthropod species and individuals colonised the rolled leaves in the living fence habitat, a trend also observed for most arthropod guilds. As forest edge is expected to have a greater arthropod diversity and stronger density-dependent interactions, a greater limitation of refuges from competitors or predators may have determined the higher colonisation of the rolled leaves in this habitat. Our results demonstrate that local environment context is an important factor that affects the colonisation of arthropods in leaf shelters.

Plastic injection molding is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. However, although it presents numerous advantages, the costs associated with the mold and machine are high and, therefore, this process is only profitable for mass production. Moreover, the reduction in the cycle time, more specifically the cooling time, has been a never-ending challenge since it has a direct influence on production costs. This study is focused on the production of 420 stainless steel-copper solutions by 3D multi-material laser powder bed fusion. This novel material’s design concept allows combining the high mechanical resistance of the steel alloy and the high thermal conductivity of the copper. The processing parameters and strategies as well as the transition zone between these materials are of the most challenging and important aspects both from a mechanical and metallurgical point of view. The obtained results show that this approach is effective to produce inserts of copper in a 420 stainless steel capable of improving the in-service conditions of a plastic injection mold, enhancing its performance and life., This work is supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) through the grant SFRH/BD/147460/2019 and the reference project UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020, and UIDB/00285/2020. Additionally, this work is co-financed by FEDER, through the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program (POCI), in the projects Add.Additive and MoedINOV, with the references POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024533 and POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033361, respectively.

In dentistry, clinicians mainly use dual-cured or light-cured resin-matrix cements to achieve a proper polymerization of the organic matrix leading to enhanced physical properties of the cement. However, several parameters can affect the polymerization of resin-matrix cements. The main aim of the present study was to perform a scoping review on the degree of conversion (DC) of the organic matrix, the polymerization, and the light transmittance of different resin-matrix cements used in dentistry. A search was performed on PubMed using a combination of the following key terms: degree of conversion, resin cements, light transmittance, polymerization, light curing, and thickness. Articles in the English language published up to November 2022 were selected. The selected studies’ results demonstrated that restorative structures with a thickness higher than 1.5 mm decrease the light irradiance towards the resin-matrix cement. A decrease in light transmission provides a low energy absorption through the resin cement leading to a low DC percentage. On the other hand, the highest DC percentages, ranging between 55 and 75%, have been reported for dual-cured resin-matrix cements, although the polymerization mode and exposure time also influence the DC of monomers. Thus, the polymerization of resin-matrix cements can be optimized taking into account different parameters of light-curing, such as adequate light distance, irradiance, exposure time, equipment, and wavelength. Then, optimum physical properties are achieved that provide a long-term clinical performance of the cemented restorative materials.

Oral Presentation held at 29th IAPD Congress, Maastricht, the Netherlands, June 14-17, 2023., Background: This in vitro study provides evidence of mechanical, mechanical fatigue, wear, abrasion, biological, anti-bacterial, adhesion, and color properties, of both a modified Peek-based composite (mPbc) and stainless steel (SS), to compare both materials for application in pediatric crowns. Methods: The following tests, representing different intra-oral conditions, were performed: Strength and elasticity/geometrical adaptability tests, representing crowns placement. Compression fatigue tests, representing 10 years chewing, in artificial saliva, under cyclic loads up to 400N(40kg), at 2Hz frequency. Wear tests in artificial saliva, under 2 Hz alternate movement, representing wear between tooth and hard food. Abrasion tests representing 10 years dental tooth brushing, in a slurry containing tooth paste. Biological compatibility, with fibroblasts, to assess acceptance of this material by gingiva. Anti-bacterial properties with a co-culture of Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Adhesion of mPbc to a cement, representing clinical placement of crowns to tooth and respective clinical protocol. Color, compared to natural tooth. Results: Results of all previous tests reveal that mPbc is superior to SS in almost all properties, if specific crown’s geometrical specifications and clinical protocol is followed. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, under some specific conditions, modified peek based composite crowns provide a substantial superior behavior than stainless steel, for application in pediatric crowns., This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia through reference projects UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020.

Silicone-Rubber (SR) is an elastomer prominently used in biomedical and medical devices, implants, and winter shoe industries because of its stability, durability, friction properties, biocompatibility, anti-bacterial, temperature resistance, and hypoallergenic characteristics. However, inherent hydrophobicity limits the use of SR as it cannot form a protective liquid layer for implants and medical devices while placed internally or externally and impairs tissue adhesion as well. Moreover, hydrophobicity reduces ice adhesion strength in the absence of capillary bridges and that makes winter shoe-soles more slippery. The physical and chemical solutions like oxidation, UV, plasma, corona discharge, gamma radiation, and Laser radiation grafting to turn SR into hydrophilic are either temporary or change the bulk properties of the compounds. We propose an innovative multifunctional SR composite incorporating zirconia and/or titania nanoparticles produced by roller mixing followed by hot compression moulding (pressure/heating vulcanisation). Subsequently, nature-inspired patterns like gecko or frog toepads are produced on SR compound by Laser-Surface-Texturing (LST) to expose the nanoparticles that attract water molecules. A parametric optimisation along with nano-powder percentage decides the wettability of the composite. A permanent superhydrophilic SR compound was produced that can be further used to increase ice adhesion to manufacture anti-slipping winter shoe-soles or other biomedical applications., This work was supported by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) national funds, under the national support to R&D units grant. The work is supported by the project “BioInSole-Multi-Functional Bioinspired Slip Resistant Shoe-Sole” under the reference UIDP/04436/2020 and Association for Innovation and Development from FCT (Caparica) (PTDC/EME-EME/7860/2O20). Vipin Richhariya also acknowledges FCT for his individual PhD scholarship through “Design and development of multifunctional surfaces to control friction behaviour in the presence of water” under the reference UI/BD/150939/2021.

Bacterial resistance is becoming more widespread due to healthcare and agriculture antibiotics' excessive use. Current solutions are focused on preventing biofilm formation with chemical surface coatings (antibiotics) that kill the bacteria once they arrive on the surface. This approach makes bacteria even more multi-drug resistant. Additionally, the use of contaminated shoe soles can impart microbial dissemination in a controlled atmosphere of the healthcare and food industries. This work proposes the design, fabrication, and characterization of a bio-inspired material with an active antibacterial surface through piezoelectric surface potentials for medical and footwear applications. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a lead-free piezoelectric (191pC/N) bioceramic without toxicological risk. BaTiO3 presents a direct piezoelectric effect as a response to deformation. Surface potentials are directly related to bacterial adhesion inhibition and bacterial rupture through cell membrane penetration and disruption. In this sense, composites with BaTiO3 particles and Polyether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) were produced at different percentages. The composites were mixed and hot pressed to produce samples for characterization through SEM and XRD analysis, along with bacterial adhesion with Gram-positive (Staphylococcus Aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a co-culture of both bacteria). Antibacterial properties of the functional surface are majorly dependent on material composition (percentages and phases) and process parameters (pressure and temperature)., This work was supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) Portugal through the individual grant 2021.09001.BD and the reference project UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020, and through the project BioInSole-Multi-Functional Bioinspired Slip Resistant Shoe-Sole with the grant number PTDC/EME-EME/7860/2020.

Burrow builders are often classified as ecosystem engineers because their digging activities regulate the availability of resources for other organisms. As antlion larvae prefer to construct their traps in bare sandy or loose soil, they could benefit from burrowing activities. We investigated the role of burrow builders as ecosystem engineers for antlions (Myrmeleontidae) in a tropical semideciduous forest in Mexico. The number of traps of antlion larvae was recorded on 30 sampling quadrats (45 cm) at the entrance of burrows (of unidentified builders) and on 30 paired off-burrow quadrats. Additionally, the percentage of bare soil was estimated for the 60 quadrats sampled. Of the 30 quadrats at the entrance of burrows, a total of 336 traps were recorded, with 21 (70%) of them having at least one trap, while for the 30 off-burrows quadrats, only two (6.6%) of them had traps, just three in total. The percentage of bare soil and the abundance of traps were significantly greater in quadrats at the entrance of burrows compared to quadrats without burrows. The abundance of traps at the entrance of burrows was positively affected by the percentage of bare soil. The few traps in the off-burrows quadrats suggested that, in addition to the limited bare soil, ground compactness probably limits the establishment of antlion larvae. Otherwise, when digging, burrow builders create small patches of bare sandy soils that are used by these insects. We concluded that the ecosystem engineering effect of burrow builders is an important structuring element for antlion populations in the tropical semideciduous forest studied.

Background: The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the methodologies, utilized stimulation parameters, and the main cellular outcomes obtained by in vitro studies that apply a light source on tenocyte cultures. Methods: The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to December 9, 2019 for in vitro studies that used light sources on tenocyte cultures. A 13-item checklist was used to assess methodological quality of the studies and the risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies tool. Results: Six studies were included. Tenocytes from the Achilles tendon were used by 83.3% of the studies, with 16.7% utilizing the deep digital flexor tendon, with cells in passage 2 to 5. Four studies used lasers and the other 2 used light-emitting diode or intense pulsed light, in wavelengths ranges from 530 to 1100 nm. The application of light to tenocytes resulted in positive effects reported by all studies, including an increase in cell proliferation and migration, and higher protein and gene expression of tendon biomarkers. Studies presented a lack of standardization on reporting light stimulation parameters and experimental methodologies, leading to low methodological quality. There was a high risk of selection, performance, detection, and reporting bias. Conclusions: All studies showed positive effects after light stimulation on tenocytes, regardless of the light source used. However, the lack of standardized data on light stimulation parameters, experimental setup, and the studies’ main limitations hindered representative conclusions and comparisons amongst studies’ main outcomes.

Apresentação efetuada em "Junior Euromat 2022", em Coimbra, 2022, This work was supported by FCT national funds, under the national support to R&D units grant, through the reference projects UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020, “BioInSole-Multi-Functional Bioinspired Slip Resistant Shoe-Sole” Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento da FCT (Caparica) (PTDC/EME-EME/7860/2020) , and Vipin Richhariya acknowledges FCT for his PhD scholarship through “Projeto e Desenvolvimento de Superfícies Multifuncionais para Controlo do Comportamento à Fricção na Presença de Água (UI/BD/150939/2021)”.

Implant-bone fixation loss can occur 10-15 years after surgery. This is related to bone resorption and consecutive biofilm formation in the generated gap, which could lead to tissues inflammation and implant loss [1]. Current solutions are focused on primary osseointegration for implant early survival rate. In long term, they lose effectiveness due to implant foreign body reaction once bone metabolism is challenged by a non-part of the body. Bone is composed of piezoelectric materials with production of biological electricity due to collagen deformation and displacement of the local electric field [2]. Barium titanate is a lead-free piezoelectric bioceramic without toxicological risk and absence of foreign body reactions that can mimic natural bone piezoelectricity and inhibit bacterial adhesion [3]. The focus of this work is design, produce, and characterize a smart, bio-inspired, and multi-functional composite material to improve implant long-term bone regeneration and antibacterial effect. In this sense, a composite with BaTiO3 particles and bioinert ZrO2 was produced. 5%BaTiO3-ZrO2 composites were mixed in isopropanol alcohol and ultrasonicated for total dispersion, followed by press (200MPa) and sintering technic (1300-1500ºC). The different samples were characterized with SEM (Fig1.(a)), that present two distinct phases, XRD analysis, and subjected to hydrothermal ageing (Fig1.(b)), to evaluate the stability of the tetragonal zirconia phase. After 5h of accelerated ageing (≈10 years), monoclinic phase is more evident with the sintering temperature increment, but always lower than 25%, staying in according with ISO 13356:200, promising to be promising a potential replacement material for implant applications., This work was supported by FCT national funds under the national support to R&D units grant, through the reference project UIDB/04436/2020, UIDP/04436/2020, FunImp POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030498 and through the grant 2021.09001.BD.

This study aims to enhance the multifunctional properties in top piston rings by adding magnetostrictive materials to reduce friction between them and the cylinder lining. The magnetostrictive effect will create mechanical deformations in piston rings, with consequent friction reduction. The present study consisted of a finite element analysis (FEA), using COMSOL Multiphysics® software, where both the amplitude of deformation and the reduction of the contact forces were analysed. These variables are useful to predict the ability to introduce mechanical vibrations in piston rings that can lead to the reduction of friction. The results showed a reduction of the contact force below 4%, and deformation amplitudes in the sliding plane of 6.50 μm and 3.20 μm, approximately, in the axial and circumferential directions, respectively. Those results are promising, enhancing the potential of smart materials and magnetostrictive effects to create mechanical vibrations and reduce friction in piston ring structures., (undefined)

The Plant Vigour Hypothesis states that herbivores preferentially feed on the most vigorous plants within a plant population and/or the most vigorous modules within a plant. The goal of this study was to evaluate how shoot size (as an indication of module vigour) affects leaf herbivory in the host plant Calotropis procera, an exotic xerophyte perennial milkweed shrub. We predicted that the proportion of leaf area removed by insect herbivores would be positively related to shoot size. Eight patches were selected containing a varied number of C. procera individuals (5, 8, 29, 31, 55, 79, 116, and 172 individuals/patch) in the Brazilian seasonally dry vegetation (Caatinga), of which five individuals were randomly selected for further analysis. From each individual, three to six shoots were randomly selected, measured and had their leaves collected, for a total of approximately 200 leaves per patch. At the regional scale, the proportion of leaf area removed was positively affected by shoot size. In addition, this pattern was also found for the majority of the studied patches (29, 31, 55, 116, and 172 individuals/patch). Among the insect herbivores associated with C. procera, larvae of Danaus spp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) were commonly observed feeding on all patches. These herbivores present a specialized behaviour to circumvent the presence of latex in the host leaves. Although more vigorous plant modules should be better defended compared with the less vigorous modules, Danaus species were able to bypass host defences, and feed on healthy, rapidly growing and vigorous plant modules of C. procera, hence causing more damage to these modules.

Cecropia (Urticaceae) trees continuously shed their old large leaves, which fall directly on the forest floor (ground stratum) or accumulate on the aboveground vegetation under Cecropia canopies (vegetation stratum). Since twig-nesting ants are expected to be more nest site limited in the higher forest strata than at ground level, we predict that richness, abundance, and colonization frequency of ant nests in Cecropia petioles are greater in the vegetation stratum when compared with ground stratum. During June 2019, fifteen trees of C. obtusifolia were sampled in a tropical rainforest, in Veracruz, Mexico. For each tree, we collected ten dry fallen petioles per stratum, for 300 petioles in total. We recorded 44 ant nests from 21 ant species. Forty-two nests were found in individual petioles, although in one case a single petiole housed two different ant species. Thirty-four (23%) petioles were colonized in the vegetation stratum and only nine (6%) in the ground stratum. At tree scale, ant nest richness and abundance were significantly greater in the vegetation stratum. Furthermore, frequency of petiole colonization per tree was greater in the vegetation stratum (14 trees; 93.3%) when compared with the ground stratum (5 trees; 33.3%). A stratified pattern of ant occupation in natural nesting sites was observed, supporting that twig-nesting ants are more nest site limited in the upper forest strata than at ground level. Because nesting sites are a limiting resource for arboreal twig-nesting ants, we suggest that Cecropia trees are key components of tropical forests that maintain arboreal ant diversity by promoting nesting sites through dry fallen petioles.

The road transport industry faces the need to develop its fleet for lower energy consumption, pollutants and CO2 emissions. Waste heat recovery systems with Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) can directly convert the exhaust heat into electric energy, aiding the electrical needs of the vehicle, thus reducing its dependency on fuel energy. The present work assesses the optimisation and evaluation of a temperature-controlled thermoelectric generator (TCTG) concept to be used in a commercial heavy-duty vehicle (HDV). The system consists of a heat exchanger with wavy fins (WFs) embedded in an aluminium matrix along with vapour chambers (VCs), machined directly into the matrix, that grant the thermal control based on the spreading of local excess heat by phase change, as proposed by the authors in previous publications and patents. The TCTG concept behaviour was analysed under realistic driving conditions. An HDV with a 16 L Diesel engine was simulated in AVL Cruise to obtain the exhaust gas temperature and mass flow rate for each point of two cycle runs. A model proposed in previous publications was adapted to the new fin geometry and vapour chamber configuration and used the AVL Cruise data as input. It was possible to predict the thermal and thermoelectric performance of the TCTG along the corresponding driving cycles. The developed system proved to have a good capacity for applications with highly variable thermal loads since it was able to uncouple the maximisation of heat absorption from the regulation of the thermal level at the hot face of the TEG modules, avoiding both thermal dilution and overheating. This was achieved by the controlled phase change temperature of the heat spreader, that would ensure the spreading of the excess heat from overheated to underheated areas of the generator instead of wasting excess heat. A maximum average electrical production of 2.4 kW was predicted, which resulted in fuel savings of about 2% and CO2 emissions reduction of around 37 g/km., This article was partially supported by projects COOLSPOT PTDC/EME-TED/7801/2020, UIDB/00481/2020 and UIDP/00481/2020 (Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation—TEMA) and UIDB/04077/2020 (MEchanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center—MEtRICs)— Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT); CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083 (Centro2020), Norte2020, Compete2020, under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through Portuguese national funds of FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) and the European Regional Development Fund.

Introduction: In recent years, resin-matrix composite materials have revealed a fast technological improvement for dental applications. However, there are still some drawbacks related to the chemical composition, polymerization, and mechanical properties of resin-matrix composites with consequences in long-term clinical success. Objective: This study aimed to perform a narrative review regarding the effects of inorganic fillers on the organic matrix polymerization of resin-matrix composites. Materials and Methods: A search was performed in PubMed using relevant related key terms related to the chemical composition, properties and polymerization of resin matrix composites. Relevant studies published between 2001 and 2021 were selected. Results: The studies included in the present research provided relevant information on the chemical composition and properties of resin composites and polymerization factors, including the time, wavelength mode, and equipment. Studies have reported that silica and silicate nano-scale particles improve light transmission through resin-matrix composites and the degree of conversion of monomers in the organic matrix. Micrometric particles with a high refractive index can decrease the degree of conversion of monomers in the organic matrix. Conclusion: The polymerization of resin-matrix composites is affected by light scattering due to the type of inorganic particles and the differences in refractive indexes of inorganic and organic contents., Introdução: Nos últimos anos, as resinas compostas têm sido melhoradas em termos tecnológicos, permitindo o alcance de melhores prognósticos na medicina dentária. Entretanto, subsistem algumas limitações relacionadas com a composição química e as propriedades das resinas compostas com consequências no sucesso clínico a longo prazo. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre a influência da componente inorgânica na polimerização da matriz orgânica das resinas compostas usadas para restauração dentária. Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada na plataforma PubMed utilizando termos de pesquisa relacionados com a composição química, propriedades e a polimerização das resinas compostas, para seleção de artigos relevantes ao tema. Resultados: Os estudos identificados reportam diferentes fatores relacionados com a polimerização incluindo modo, tempo, equipamento e a composição química das resinas compostas. Os estudos indicam que partículas nanométricas à base de sílica ou silicatos promovem uma maior transmissão de luz à matriz orgânica o que favorece a polimerização do material. Por outro lado, partículas micrométricas com um alto índice de refração podem diminuir o grau de conversão dos monómeros da matriz orgânica. Conclusão: A polimerização das resinas compostas é afetada pela dispersão da luz, devido ao tamanho das partículas inorgânicas e aos índices de refração da componente orgânica e inorgânica. De fato, um maior controlo da composição química e do tamanho de partículas inorgânicas aumenta o grau de polimerização das resinas compostas.

The Program for Biodiversity Research (PPBio) is an innovative program designed to integrate all biodiversity research stakeholders. Operating since 2004, it has installed long-term ecological research sites throughout Brazil and its logic has been applied in some other southern-hemisphere countries. The program supports all aspects of research necessary to understand biodiversity and the processes that affect it. There are presently 161 sampling sites (see some of them at Supplementary Appendix), most of which use a standardized methodology that allows comparisons across biomes and through time. To date, there are about 1200 publications associated with PPBio that cover topics ranging from natural history to genetics and species distributions. Most of the field data and metadata are available through PPBio web sites or DataONE. Metadata is available for researchers that intend to explore the different faces of Brazilian biodiversity spatio-temporal variation, as well as for managers intending to improve conservation strategies. The Program also fostered, directly and indirectly, local technical capacity building, and supported the training of hundreds of undergraduate and graduate students. The main challenge is maintaining the long-term funding necessary to understand biodiversity patterns and processes under pressure from global environmental changes. Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-03T12:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Program-for-Biodiversity-Research-2021.pdf: 4613827 bytes, checksum: 04b1875a6efdcba448fd73c1ecddf986 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

The plastic injection molding industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world since it produces a huge amount of plastic-based components of various types and sizes for the electronics, automotive, pharmaceutical, and aerospace industries [1,2]. However, although it presents numerous advantages (high dimensional and geometric precision, repeatability, and adaptability to a wide range of materials), the costs associated with the mold and machine are high and, therefore, this process is only profitable for mass production. Thus, a fast process is required in order to quickly amortize the initial costs. In this sense, the reduction in the cycle time, more specifically the cooling time (~70 % of the cycle), has been a never-ending challenge, since it has a direct influence on the production costs [3]. Several solutions have been implemented to solve this problem, namely the use of conformal cooling channels and high thermal conductive inserts [4,5]. In particular, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) has been used in the fabrication of components with high geometric complexity for cooling systems in industrial heat transfer cases, namely in plastic injection molding industry [5]. Steel alloys are frequently used for the fabrication of plastic injection molds due to the excellent combination of essential characteristics required. 420 stainless steel is one of the steels most used due to its high strength, hardness, and corrosion properties. However, one of the main drawbacks is its low thermal conductivity (25 W/m.K), which makes it difficult to cool the mold after the injection cycle [6]. Therefore, copper and its alloys have been used in mold inserts due to high thermal conductivity (~400 W/m.K). However, pure copper is a very soft and ductile material, and therefore it is not a good option in the production of the mold’s core and cavity [4]. A suitable and high-advanced manufacturing strategy is necessary for combining dissimilar materials in the same part and thus, combine unique properties not possible to obtain using single material’s solutions. In recent years, different studies about multi-material solutions produced by additive manufacturing have been reported in literature, 420SS-TiN, 420SS-Inconel 718, 420SS-300 maraging steel, H13 steel-copper, 316L stainless steel-C18400 alloy [7–11]. In this sense, this study is focused on the production of 420 stainless steel-copper solutions produced by 3D multi-material laser powder bed fusion for plastic injection molds. This novel material’s design concept allows combining the high mechanical resistance of the steel alloy and high thermal conductivity of the copper. The processing strategies and the transition between dissimilar materials is one of the most challenging and important aspects both from mechanical and metallurgical point of view., This work is supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) through the grant SFRH/BD/147460/2019 and the reference project UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020. Additionally, this work is supported by FCT with the reference project UIDB/00285/2020.

Currently, most aerospace components are under extreme operating conditions such as high fluid pressure, mechanical loads, and thermal stresses [1,2]. The structural integrity of the component is assured by the use of high strength and temperature resistant materials as well distinct cooling mechanisms [1,2]. Inconel 718 (Inc718) is usually used in aerospace components (e.g rocket engines) due to their resistance to oxidation (due to the presence of Ni and Cr) and because withstand high mechanical stress at high temperatures. However, one of the main drawbacks of Inconel alloys is their low thermal conductivity (~11 W/m.K) [3] which makes difficult heat extraction of the combustion chamber at high-temperature and pressure conditions as well as reduces its energy efficiency. Moreover, these alloys display low expansion at these temperatures and offer creep resistance [4]. In regeneratively cooled rocket engines, the choice of material, with high thermal conductivity leads to an increase in heat transfer rate and so thermal efficiency [5]. Pure Copper (Pure Cu) is an exceptional thermal conductor (about 397 W/m.K) [6], with resistance oxidization in fuel-rich non-corrosive gas mixtures. However, its reflectivity and thermal conductivity have been an obstacle when processing this powder by laser powder bed fusion [7]. Carlos [7] reported the production of Pure Copper specimens by LPBF with more than 50% porosity, with poor consolidation and low mechanical strength. The joining of different materials such as Inconel 718-16SS, Ti6Al4V-Inconel 718, TiBw/Ti6Al4V composites - Inconel 718 [8] multi-material solutions have been reported in the literature. Residual stresses and defects (such as cracks) on the interface have been the main obstacles when producing multi-material specimens by additive manufacturing processes [9,10]. This technology can be disruptive once by using optimized processing parameters and low solidification times, the diffusion phenomenon can be avoided, and consequently, the formation of fragile and undesirable intermetallic phases [11]. In this regard, this study explored the use of a new Multi-Material Laser Powder Bed Fusion system to combine two completely distinct materials (Inc718 and Pure-Cu) with unique and specific properties (high strength and high thermal conductivity, respectively) in one single multi-functional component for improving heat extraction of a rocket engine. 3D multi-material metal-based parts were produced by using a new home-made 3D Multi-Material-Selective-Laser-Melting (3DMMSLM) equipment developed at CMEMS (Center for Microelectromechanical Systems) at the University of Minho., This work was supported by FCT national funds, under the national support to R&D units grant, through the reference project SFRH/BD/148031/2019, UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020.

The construction of shelters on plants by arthropods might influence other organisms via changes in colonization, community richness, species composition, and functionality. Arthropods, including beetles, caterpillars, sawflies, spiders, and wasps often interact with host plants via the construction of shelters, building a variety of structures such as leaf ties, tents, rolls, and bags; leaf and stem galls, and hollowed out stems. Such constructs might have both an adaptive value in terms of protection (i.e., serve as shelters) but may also exert a strong influence on terrestrial community diversity in the engineered and neighboring hosts via colonization by secondary occupants. Although different traits of the host plant (e.g., physical, chemical, and architectural features) may affect the potential for ecosystem engineering by insects, such effects have been, to a certain degree, overlooked. Further analyses of how plant traits affect the occurrence of shelters may therefore enrich our understanding of the organizing principles of plant-based communities. This data set includes more than 1000 unique records of ecosystem engineering by arthropods, in the form of structures built on plants. All records have been published in the literature, and span both natural structures (91% of the records) and structures artificially created by researchers (9% of the records). The data were gathered between 1932 and 2021, across more than 50 countries and several ecosystems, ranging from polar to tropical zones. In addition to data on host plants and engineers, we aggregated data on the type of constructs and the identity of inquilines using these structures. This data set highlights the importance of these subtle structures for the organization of terrestrial arthropod communities, enabling hypotheses testing in ecological studies addressing ecosystem engineering and facilitation mediated by constructs. There are no copyright restrictions and please cite this paper when using the data in publications.

[Excerpt] 3-mol% Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal (3Y-TZP), a ceramic biomaterial, has been widely used in the dentistry field due to its biocompatibility, tooth-like color and mechanical properties [1]. Despite these advantages, its physical and mechanical properties tend to degrade as a result of a low-temperature aging process induced by its sensitivity to low-temperature degradation (LTD) when it is in contact with water that is already at human body temperature [2]. Because of this, many studies have been performed aiming at avoiding this phenomenon by replacing 3Y-TZP by 12 mol% ceria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (12Ce-TZP). Nevertheless, compared to 3Y-TZP, 12Ce-TZP has lower strength which is partly related to its larger grain size [3]. [...], This work was supported by FCT national funds, under the national support to R&D units grant, through the reference project UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020. Additionally, this work was also supported by FCT through the grant SFRH/BD/146324/2019.

Health care associated infections remain a worldwide devastating problem. Antibiotic bacterial resistance is becoming more widespread due to healthcare and agriculture anti-biotics excessive use [1]. Nowadays, 700000 human lives are taken each year due to anti-microbial resistant infections and, it is estimated an alarming number of 10 million deaths by 2050 [1]. When focusing to implant materials, this emergence is even more ac-centuated. Considering a normal bone resorption of 0.19 ± 0.39 mm per year and consecu-tive biofilm formation in the generated gap [2], that could lead to an implant surrounding tissues inflammation and consecutive implant loss [3]. Dental implants present a 26.6% failure after 20-year and more than 600000 knee implants replacements in U.S. per year with a $9 billion cost. Current solutions are focused on preventing the biofilm formation with chemical surface coatings (antibiotics) that kill the bacteria once arrive on the surface, emerging even more the multi-drug resistant strains of infectious diseases [4]. Recent works presented solutions for bacterial adhesion with material surface topographical modification targeting superhydrophobicity (anti-biofouling effects). However, this ap-proach is critical in water-immersed conditions [1]. The present research is focused on de-signing, producing, and characterizing a natural and non-antibiotic solution of a bio-inspired material with antibacterial functions, mimicking insect bactericidal surfaces, with the resource to a nanostructured contact killing mechanism. Additionally, a novel approach of piezoelectric surface potentials for biofilm formation is used [5]. Barium ti-tanate (BaTiO3) is a lead-free piezoelectric (191pC/N) bioceramic without toxicological risk. This material presents a direct piezoelectric effect as a response to deformation. Dif-ferent load conditions during chewing are exerted in the implants, leading to an au-to-sufficient piezoelectric stimulation. Surface potentials are directly related to bacterial adhesion inhibition, and to change the bacteria lipid bilayer membrane [6]. The permea-bility increases leading to cell membrane penetration and disruption, with consequently bacterial rupture [6]. In this sense, a composite with micro BaTiO3 particles (1.3µm) and PEEK (due to his high biocompatibility, already proved implant material potential and non-metallic ion release) were produced (1 wt%). The composites were mixed, hot pressed and laser texturized to produce surface topography targeting superhydrophobicity with bioinspired nano microstructures for bacterial adhesion inhibition and/or disruption of cellular structure. The implant materials were additionally poled in a silicon oil bath to orientate the surface potential in engineered directions to achieve the pretended solution. The material surface potential presents a major influence on wettability. The different samples were characterized with wettability measurement, SEM and XRD analysis, in order to evaluate the piezoelectric phase material phase. Primary studies on piezoelectric materials bacterial adhesion were evaluated with Gram-positive (Staphylococcus Aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) bacteria with an effective adhesion reduc-tion (compared with a bioinert material). The present solution can also be designed and engineered effectively non only for implant applications but also for exterior contact with skin. More than 280 million patients suffer from diabetes worldwide. It is estimated that 15-25% will develop diabetic foot ulceration (for example), which could lead to amputa-tion cases. 85% of the amputation cases were preceded by microbial infection [7], improv-ing even more the potential of this Bio-Inspired Material with Functions of Piezoelectric Stimulus for Antibacterial Effect., This work was supported by FCT-Portugal through the reference project BioInSole-Multi-Functional Bioinspired Slip Resistant Shoe-Sole, GRANT_NUMBER: PTDC/EME-EME/7860/2020, and FunImp POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030498.

Understanding the factors that influence the composition and structure of bee communities in natural habitats is critical for conservation and restoration efforts, mainly in disturbed ecosystems that are widely used for agricultural crop production, such as tropical dry forests (TDF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tree species composition and vegetation structure on the composition, abundance and species richness of eusocial and non-eusocial wild bee assemblages. Bees (19.909 individuals of 96 species) were collected in fifteen plots in different secondary succession stages in a TDF in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We found a positive relationship between tree community similarity and bee community similarity, for both eusocial and non-eusocial bees. Average tree height positively affected the abundance and species richness of eusocial bees, while the abundance of non-eusocial bees was negatively affected by tree species richness. Similar tree species composition and vegetation structure between plots at the same stage of secondary succession probably determined more similar bee communities than dissimilar tree communities. Most eusocial bee species are dependent on cavities in large trees to house their colonies, while most non-eusocial bees probably prefer open habitats because they provide a greater density and diversity of floral resources, and suitable areas for ground-nesting species. Since eusocial bees represented 94% of the individuals sampled, the conservation and restoration of mature forests is of primary importance in order to increase eusocial bee diversity, and the maintenance of these areas in the vicinity of agricultural systems is crucial to increase the ecosystem service of pollination.

Tropical dry forests are characterized by a pronounced dry season, when most trees shed their leaves, and a rainy season characterized by the production of new leaves. This study aimed to determine the effect of the first rains at the beginning of the rainy season on the insect herbivore fauna. We sampled 90 trees at the end of the dry season and 60 trees six days after the first rains using an entomological umbrella . Species richness and abundance of insect herbivores per tree was higher after the first rains. The results suggest a high synchrony between leaf production at the onset of the rainy season and the increase in insect herbivore diversity. Because young leaves are rich in nutrients and have a lower concentration of carbon-based defenses, many herbivore species in seasonal environments have their life cycles highly adjusted to the phenology of their host trees.

Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrytsal (Y-TZP) owing to its excellent mechanical properties, high degree of biocompatibility and attractive aesthetic properties have emerged as a popular dental biomaterial[1]–[4] Out of all zirconia system 3mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) have been used for monolithic crowns, inlays, onlays, dental posts and several other types of indirect restorations[5]. However zirconia is chemically inert and demands surface modification for strong bonding to its underlying substrate[6]–[11] It is highly crystalline in structure and is not readily etched with mineral acids. Several surface modification strategies have been employed so far for increasing adhesion of zirconia to its underlying substrate[12]– [14]. However there is so far no gold standard have been established for adhesion to zirconia. It also have weak adhesion when resin-matrix cements are used for bonding restorations. Air particle abrasion using Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica(SiO2) coated particles are popularly used for surface roughening and increasing bond strength. However they produces surface flaws and can be detrimental to longevity of restorations[14]–[16] Photo machining by the application of LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) offers an alternative due to its simplicity, flexibility, precision, and reproducibility and relatively low cost for increasing surface roughness and improving adhesion to zirconia[17]–[20] Therefore this study employed Nd:YAG laser for surface structuring and compared with conventional surface modification methods such as alumina blasting and compared the surface qualitatively as well as the resulting bond strengths are also compared, This study was supported by FCT national funds, under the national support to R&D units grant, through the reference project UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020. Additionally, this work was supported by POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031035_LaserMULTICER, CNPq-Brazil (CNPq/UNIVERSAL/421229/2018-7) and CAPES-HUMBOLDT Program (Grant number: 88881.197684/2018-01)

The development of surface textured designs has influence in primary stability of surgically placed implants since a textured surface allows to firmer mechanical link to the surrounding tissue. Laser technology has been investigated to develop new surface designs on green zirconia compacts by cold pressing. Nd:Yag laser were used to produce several strategies and different laser parameters (laser power, speed and laser passages) were tested to evaluate their impact on cavities geometry and depth. The surface texture designs were analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and regular geometries such as cavities or pillars were observed. The distance between lines have a strong impact on texturing quality and should be combined with optimum power and speed conditions. Regarding the optimized conditions, several surface textured patterns were created in both green and sintered zirconia compacts. This study allowed to conclude that only some texturing strategies are suitable to obtain high quality surface textured patterns. Otherwise, the remaining strategies are potential solutions for obtaining high quality machined structures (laser does not machine cavities but crosses the entire bulk). High strength zirconia scaffolds were machined by laser and CNC machining technologies and the two promising technologies were compared., This work is supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) through the grant SFRH/BD/148031/2019, the project UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluorescence of white zirconia immersed in coloring and fluorescence liquids subjected to glass infiltration and aging. Sixty zirconia discs were machined and divided into groups. Ten discs received no treated before sintering (NT group), ten discs were immersed in a coloring liquid (A2 group), and ten discs were immersed in a fluorescent liquid (F group). The other thirty discs were infiltrated by glass after the previous treatments (NT+I, A2+I, and F+I groups). The composition of the commercial liquids was characterized by X-Ray fluorescence. Diffuse reflectance and total fluorescence were evaluated before and after the aging protocol, made in autoclave for 4 hours at 134 °C. The X-Ray fluorescence analysis found a high concentration of Fe2O3 (80.7 at%) in the composition of the coloring liquid and of Bi2O3 (54.2 at%) and Cl (45.2 at%) in the fluorescence liquid. Greater reflectance was observed in the glass infiltrated groups, in particular NT+I and F+I. Fluorescence 3D maps of the groups submitted to immersion showed a higher total fluorescence than the NT group, except for the A2 group. The F group showed the highest fluorescence, being 12.8 times greater than the NT group. The fluorescence emission occurred in the region between 350 and 550 nm after an excitation between 290 and 360 nm. Regarding aging, the presence of the glass infiltrated layer protected the samples from hydrothermal degradation., This work was supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil [grant number 88881.119044/2016-01] ; and the Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal [UID/EEA/04436/2013 by FEDER funds, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006941 NORTE 01-0145-FEDER-000018] .

Global sustainability rests on a myriad of benefits provided by natural ecosystems that support human livelihoods and well-being, from biodiversity persistence to climate regulation. The undeniable importance of conserving tropical forests has drawn most of the conservation spotlight towards it. However, open ecosystems such as the Brazilian Campo Rupestre (rupestrian grassland), have been historically overlooked despite their high diversity and key associated ecosystem services. We highlight major current threats to the persistence of the Campo Rupestre emphasizing its ecological, social, cultural, geo-environmental, and economic importance. We call attention to the importance of the Campo Rupestre as a reservoir of biodiversity and ecosystem services and offer priority actions that resulted from discussions involving scientists, industry representatives, environmental managers, and other members of civil society. Proposed actions include efforts related to ecological restoration, sustainable ecotourism, protection of traditional ecological knowledge, identification of emerging research questions, and development of tailored public policies. Such issues are integrated into a framework that collectively represents a road map to safeguard the Campo Rupestre from further degradation and steer its historical overexploitation towards sustainable management. Safeguarding the future of non-forest biomes like this poses a challenge to current paradigms of nature conservation. By establishing priorities and guidelines, we propose an actionable plan, which we hope can support informed decision-making policy towards a sustainable use of the Campo Rupestre. Long Term Ecological Research PELD-CRSC-17 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas CNPq/MCTI Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo 2013/50155-0, 2010/51307-0, 2019/07773-1

Current climate change is disrupting biotic interactions and eroding biodiversity worldwide. However, species sensitive to drought, high temperatures and climate variability might persist in microclimatic refuges, such as leaf shelters built by arthropods. We conducted a distributed experiment across an 11,790 km latitudinal gradient to explore how the importance of leaf shelters for terrestrial arthropods changes with latitude, elevation and underlying climate. Our analyses revealed leaf shelters to be key facilitative elements for the diversity of arthropods. Predator diversity and overall biomass within shelters increased with local drought and temperature variability, regardless of latitude and elevation. In contrast, shelter usage by herbivores increased with abundance of predators on those same plants and in wetter climates. Projected increase in climatic variability and drought in certain geographic regions is therefore likely to enhance the importance of biotic refuges, especially for predators, in mitigating the impact of climate change on species persistence.

Calotropis procera is a xerophytic perennial milkweed shrub native to Asia and Africa, which currently is also widely distributed throughout the Brazilian Caatinga. C. procera is well defended against herbivores, especially with latex and toxic steroidal cardenolides. The goal of this study was to evaluate how patch size of this exotic host plant affect insect herbivory. Eight patches were selected containing a varied number of C. procera individuals (5, 8, 29, 31, 55, 79, 116, and 172 individuals/patch) in the Caatinga. Patches were divided into four categories according to the number of C. procera individuals: very small (5 and 8), small (29 and 31), intermediate (55 and 79), and large (116 and 172). The percentage of herbivory was greater in patch categories with more individuals. Among the herbivorous insects associated with C. procera, larvae of Danaus spp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) were commonly observed feeding on all patches. These herbivores present specialized behaviors to circumvent the presence of latex on the host leaves. Adult Danaus spp. females probably had higher probability to find large patches of C. procera, leaving a greater abundance of eggs and, consequently, increasing the herbivory by their larvae in these patches. In contrast to immigration tendency, emigration from large patches may be lower, because there is a higher probability of finding resources (e. g. suitable C. procera leaves) inside large patches compared with small patches. We conclude that patch size of the host plant C. procera is a major factor affecting herbivory.

The interaction between hemiparasites and their host plants is an important structuring mechanism for plant communities. The mistletoe Struthanthus flexicaulis (Loranthaceae) is widely distributed in the campo rupestre ecosystem and likely has an important role in structuring the communities of which its hosts are part. The main goals of this study were to investigate the effects of parasitism by S. flexicaulis on host plants in a degraded area of campo rupestre and to determine how parasitism affects characteristics of the structure of this plant community over time. We found that parasitized plants had smaller crowns and branch growth, and suffered lower mortality compared to non-parasitized plants. Parasitism by S. flexicaulis decreased dominance and increased the diversity and evenness of plants in the community over time. Parasitism leads to competition with the host for water and nutrients, which may decrease the performance of the host and, consequently, leading to host death. The high mortality of the most abundant plant species led to a restructured woody plant community. These results reinforce the importance of parasitic plants as key species for maintaining species diversity in plant communities.

Many arthropods modify parts of plants through the construction of domiciles or by consuming plant tissues that, after abandoned, can be used as shelter by other arthropods in a facilitating interaction process. We examined, for the first time, the potential of leaf-rolling mites to indirectly influence arthropod communities in natural forests by providing shelter sites. In early June 2019, we found a high density of leaves of Amphitecna tuxtlensis (Bignoniaceae) rolled by an undetermined leaf-rolling mite species in a tropical rainforest, in Mexico. We tested whether the species richness, abundance, and colonization frequency of arthropods was greater in rolled compared with expanded leaves. We collected 5 rolled leaves and 5 fully expanded leaves from 15 A. tuxtlensis trees (N = 150 sampled leaves) and recorded all arthropods on each leaf. We recorded 1421 arthropods from 67 unique morphospecies. We found 39 individuals from 23 morphospecies of arthropods in expanded leaves, and 1382 individuals from 56 morphospecies in rolled leaves. Ants were the most abundant and frequent group and utilized the rolled leaves mainly as nesting sites; 1260 ant individuals were found in 30 nests from three species. Arthropod species richness, abundance, and colonization frequency were greater in rolled leaves compared with expanded leaves. We concluded that the ecosystem engineering effect of leaf-rolling mites may be an important structuring element for arthropod communities on plants through an increase of high quality food resources and shelter sites for other arthropods, as well as nesting sites for ants.

Oncideres albomarginata chamela (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) is a stem-boring beetle that girdles branches of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) for oviposition. Many beetles opportunistically oviposit in these branches and larvae create cavities that are abandoned when the adults emerge. Our objective was to evaluate the role of wood-boring beetles in promoting ant nest cavities mediated by a twig-girdler engineer. We collected 120 abandoned branches that had been detached by O. albomarginata chamela , in a tropical dry forest, in Jalisco, Mexico. Sixty abandoned branches were placed in trees from February to April, and another sixty from August to October 2016. In order to test the effects of nest characteristics on ant species, we measured the diameter of each branch and the diameter of the ant nest entrance as explanatory variables, whereas the size of ant species was used as response variable. We found 49 nests of arboreal ants from 14 species. The body size of the ants nesting in the abandoned branches was positively correlated with the diameter of the nest entrance. Ants used abandoned branches mainly as polydomic nests. Our result confirms that ants partitioning resources according to the size of entrance holes made by wood-boring beetles in dead wood. Polydomic nests have been reported as a strategy to promote the colonization of new nesting sites and the reduction of intraspecific competition. We conclude that the ecosystem engineering carried out by the twig-girdler O. albomarginata chamela had extended effects on the arboreal ant community, that takes advantage of the cavities abandoned by wood-boring beetles for nesting, especially for polydomic nests.

The aim of this work was to perform a statistical analysis in order to assess how the tribological properties of a laser textured 316L stainless steel reinforced with CuCoBe - diamond composites are affected by diamond particles size, type of technology (laser sintering and hot pressing) and time of tribological test. The analysis started with the description of all response variables. Then, by using IBM® SPSS software, the Friedman’s test was used to compare how the coefficient of friction varied among samples in five-time points. From this test, results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the coefficient of friction mean values over the selected time points. Then, the two-samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used to test the effect of the diamond particles size and the type of technology on the mean of the coefficient of friction over time. The results showed that, for both sintering techniques, the size of the diamond particles significantly affected the values of the coefficient of friction, whereas no statistical differences were found between the tested sintering techniques. Also, the two-way ANOVA test was used to evaluate how these factors influence the specific wear rate, which conducted to the same conclusions drawn for the previous test. The main conclusion was that the coefficient of friction and the specific wear rate were statistically affected by the diamond particles size, but not by the sintering techniques used in this work., This work was supported by FCT national funds, under the national support to R&D units grant, through the reference projects UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020. Additionally, this work was supported by FCT with the reference projects UIDB/00319/2020 and PTDC/CTM-COM/30416/2017.

The interaction between hemiparasites and their host plants is an important structuring mechanism for plant communities. The mistletoe Struthanthus flexicaulis (Loranthaceae) is widely distributed in the campo rupestre ecosystem and likely has an important role in structuring the communities of which its hosts are part. The main goals of this study were to investigate the effects of parasitism by S. flexicaulis on host plants in a degraded area of campo rupestre and to determine how parasitism affects characteristics of the structure of this plant community over time. We found that parasitized plants had smaller crowns and branch growth, and suffered higher mortality compared to non-parasitized plants. Parasitism by S. flexicaulis decreased dominance and increased the diversity and evenness of plants in the community over time. Parasitism leads to competition with the host for water and nutrients, which may decrease the performance of the host and, consequently, leading to host death. The high mortality of the most abundant plant species led to a restructured woody plant community. These results reinforce the importance of parasitic plants that frequently play a key role in maintaining species diversity in plant communities.

This study evaluated the translucency, contrast ratio and fluorescence of resin nanoceramic and zirconia materials employed for manufacturing of the indirect restorations.