248 results on '"Samuel H. Moseley"'
Search Results
2. The Origins Space Telescope: Trades and Decisions Leading to the Baseline Mission Concept
- Author
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David T Leisawitz, Edward Amatucci, Lynn Allen, Jonathan Arenberg, Lee Armus, Cara Battersby, James Bauer, Ray Bell, Dominic Benford, Edward Bergin, Jeffrey T Booth, Charles M Bradford, Damon Bradley, Sean Carey, Ruth Carter, Asantha Cooray, James A Corsetti, Larry Dewell, Michael Dipirro, Bret G Drake, Matthew East, Kimberly Ennico, Greg Feller, Angel Flores, Jonathan Fortney, Zachary Granger, Thomas P Greene, Joseph M Howard, Tiffany Kataria, John S Knight, Charles Lawrence, Paul A Lightsey, John C Mather, Margaret Meixner, Gary Melnick, Craig Mcmurtry, Stefanie Milam, Samuel H Moseley, Desika Narayanan, Alison Nordt, Deborah Padgett, Klaus Pontoppidan, Alexandra Pope, Gerard Rafanelli, David C Redding, George Rieke, Thomas Roellig, Itsuki Sakon, Carly Sandin, Karin Sandstrom, Anita Sengupta, Kartik Sheth, Lawrence M Sokolsky, Johannes Staguhn, John Steeves, Kevin Stevenson, Kate Su, Joaquin Vieira, Cassandra Webster, Martina Wiedner, Edward L Wright, Chi Wu, David Yanatsis, and Jonas Zmuidzinas
- Subjects
Earth Resources And Remote Sensing - Abstract
The Origins Space Telescope will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. How did galaxies evolve from the earliest galactic systems to those found in the universe today? How do habitable planets form? How common are life-bearing worlds? We describe how Origins was designed to answer these alluring questions. We discuss the key decisions taken by the Origins mission concept study team, the rationale for those choices, and how they led through an exploratory design process to the Origins baseline mission concept. To understand the concept solution space, we studied two distinct mission concepts and descoped the second concept, aiming to maximize science per dollar and hit a self-imposed cost target. We report on the study approach and describe the concept evolution. The resulting baseline design includes a 5.9-m diameter telescope cryocooled to 4.5 K and equipped with three scientific instruments. The chosen architecture is similar to that of the Spitzer Space Telescope and requires very few deployments after launch. The cryo-thermal system design leverages JamesWebb Space Telescope technology and experience.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Excess Heat Capacity in Mo/Au Transition Edge Sensor Bolometric Detectors
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Felipe Colazo-Petit, Karwan Rostem, Edward J. Wollack, James Hays-Wehle, Samuel H. Moseley, Alexander Kutyrev, Regis P. Brekosky, Matthew A. Greenhouse, Ari D. Brown, and Vilem Mikula
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Diffraction ,Laser ablation ,Materials science ,Spectrometer ,Silicon ,Bolometer ,Detector ,chemistry.chemical_element ,equipment and supplies ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Heat capacity ,Molecular physics ,Article ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,chemistry ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Transition edge sensor ,010306 general physics - Abstract
Excess heat capacity in a bolometric detector has the consequence of increasing or leading to multiple device time constants. The Mo/Au bilayer transition edge sensor (TES) bolometric detectors initially fabricated for the high resolution mid-infrared spectrometer (HIRMES) exhibited two response thermalization scales, one of which is a few times longer than estimates based upon the properties of the bulk materials employed in the design. The relative contribution of this settling time to the overall time response of the detectors is roughly proportional to the pixel area, which ranges between ∼0.3 and 2.6 mm2. Use of laser ablation to remove sections of the silicon membranes comprising the pixels results in a detector response with a smaller contribution from the secondary time constant. Additional information about the nature of this excess heat capacity is gleaned from glancing incidence X-ray diffraction, which reveals the presence of molybdenum silicides near the silicon surface which is a consequence of the bi-layer deposition. Quantitative analysis of the concentration of excess molybdenum, estimated with secondary ion mass spectroscopy, is commensurate to the additional heat capacity needed to explain the anomalous time response of the detectors.
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- 2021
4. EXCLAIM: the EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping
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Thomas M. Essinger-Hileman, Peter A. R. Ade, Christopher J. Anderson, Alyssa Barlis, Emily M. Barrentine, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Nicholas G. Bellis, Alberto D. Bolatto, Patrick Breysse, Berhanu Bulcha, Giuseppe Cataldo, Lee Roger Chevres Fernandez, Chullhee Cho, Jake A. Connors, Paul W. Cursey, Negar Ehsan, Jason Glenn, Joseph E. Golec, James Hays-Wehle, Larry A. Hess, Amir E. Jahromi, Trevian Jenkins, Mark Kimball, Alan J. Kogut, Luke N. Lowe, Philip D. Mauskopf, Jeffrey J. McMahon, Mona Mirzaei, Samuel H. Moseley, Jonas W. Mugge-Durum, Omid Noroozian, Trevor M. Oxholm, Tatsat Parekh, Ue-Li Pen, Anthony R. Pullen, Maryam Rahmani, Samelys Rodriguez, Konrad Shire, Gage L. Siebert, Adrian K. Sinclair, Rachel Somerville, Ryan C. Stephenson, Thomas R. Stevenson, Eric R. Switzer, Peter T. Timbie, Jared Termini, Justin Trenkamp, Carole E. Tucker, Elijah Visbal, Carolyn Volpert, Joseph Watson, Edward Wollack, Shengqi Yang, and L. Y. Aaron Yung
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- 2022
5. A robust, efficient process to produce scalable, superconducting kilopixel far-IR detector arrays
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Johannes G. Staguhn, Elmer H. Sharp, Shannon M. Duff, Gene C. Hilton, Ari D. Brown, Felipe A. Colazo, Nicholas P. Costen, Samuel H. Moseley, Frederick H. Wang, Edward J. Wollack, and Sang H. Yoon
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- 2022
6. Successful Demonstration of an Electrostatically Actuated Microshutter System for Space Telescope Flight Missions
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R. K. Fettig, K. Ray, D. Franz, Carl A. Kotecki, G. Hu, Brian Welch, Samuel H. Moseley, Dan Kelly, Timothy M. Miller, Devin E. Burns, Anna Carter, Mary Li, Kyowon Kim, S. Rodriguez, Matthew A. Greenhouse, Alexander Kutyrev, R. P. Brekosky, F. Wang, Meng-Ping Chang, N. P. Costen, E. Aguayo, Stephan R. McCandliss, and L. H. Oh
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Engineering ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,James Webb Space Telescope ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Telescope ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,law ,Shutter ,0103 physical sciences ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Aerospace engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
After developing a magnetically actuated microshutter array sub-system, which acts as a field object selector for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), our team at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) focused on the development of electrostatically actuated microshutter arrays – the Next Generation Microshutter Arrays (NGMSA). This letter describes the first NGMSA array that performed shutter operations for telescope imaging and spectroscopy in space. The carrier telescope, the Next-Generation Far-UV Off Rowland-circle Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy (NG-FORTIS) was produced by Prof. Stephan McCandliss and his team at Johns Hopkins University and launched into space successfully. [2020-0226]
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- 2020
7. Second-generation Micro-Spec: A compact spectrometer for far-infrared and submillimeter space missions
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Larry Hess, Giuseppe Cataldo, Omid Noroozian, Thomas R. Stevenson, Negar Ehsan, Samuel H. Moseley, Eric R. Switzer, Edward J. Wollack, Emily M. Barrentine, and Berhanu Bulcha
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Physics ,020301 aerospace & aeronautics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Intensity mapping ,Aerospace Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Wavelength ,Optics ,Cardinal point ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Far infrared ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Spectral resolution ,business ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Spectral purity - Abstract
Micro-Spec is a direct-detection spectrometer which integrates all the components of a diffraction-grating spectrometer onto a ≈ 10 -cm2 chip through the use of superconducting microstrip transmission lines on a single-crystal silicon substrate. The second generation of Micro-Spec is being designed to operate with a spectral resolution of at least 512 in the far-infrared and submillimeter (420–540 GHz, 714–555 μm) wavelength range, a band of interest for NASA's experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping called EXCLAIM. EXCLAIM will be a balloon-borne telescope that is being designed to map the emission of redshifted carbon monoxide and singly-ionized carbon lines over a redshift range 0 z 3.5 and it will be the first demonstration of the Micro-Spec technology in a space-like environment. This work reviews the status of the Micro-Spec design for the EXCLAIM telescope, with emphasis on the spectrometer's two-dimensional diffractive region, through which light of different wavelengths is focused on kinetic inductance detectors along the instrument focal plane. An optimization process is used to generate a geometrical configuration of the diffractive region that satisfies specific requirements on size, operating spectral range and performance. An initial optical design optimized for EXCLAIM is presented in terms of geometric layout, spectral purity and efficiency.
- Published
- 2019
8. Origins Space Telescope science drivers to design traceability
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Frank Helmich, Kate Y. L. Su, Jonathan J. Fortney, Samuel H. Moseley, Deborah L. Padgett, Kimberly Ennico-Smith, Karin Sandstrom, Martina C. Wiedner, James Bauer, Susan G. Neff, Asantha Cooray, Desika Narayanan, Origins Study Team, Kevin B. Stevenson, Cara Battersby, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Gary J. Melnick, Edward L. Wright, Joaquin Vieira, Kartik Sheth, Dominic Benford, Thomas L. Roellig, Tiffany Kataria, Denis Burgarella, Maryvonne Gerin, Lee Armus, Charles M. Bradford, David Leisawitz, Sean Carey, Eric E. Mamajek, Stefanie N. Milam, Edwin A. Bergin, Douglas Scott, Johannes Staguhn, Margaret Meixner, Itsuki Sakon, Elvire De Beck, and Alexandra Pope
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Engineering ,Traceability ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Big Picture Science ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Data science ,Exoplanet ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,Space and Planetary Science ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Planet ,business ,Instrumentation ,Traceability matrix - Abstract
The Origins Space Telescope (Origins) concept is designed to investigate the creation and dispersal of elements essential to life, the formation of planetary systems, and the transport of water to habitable worlds and the atmospheres of exoplanets around nearby K- and M-dwarfs to identify potentially habitable—and even inhabited—worlds. These science priorities are aligned with NASA’s three major astrophysics science goals: How does the Universe work? How did we get here? and Are we alone? We briefly describe the science case that arose from the astronomical community and the science traceability matrix for Origins. The science traceability matrix prescribes the design of Origins and demonstrates that it will address the key science questions motivated by the science case.
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- 2021
9. Origins Space Telescope
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Asantha Cooray, J. Scott Knight, Daniel Ramspacker, Chi K. Wu, Gary J. Melnick, Kartik Sheth, Jonathan J. Fortney, Perry Knollenberg, Edward Bergin, Matthew East, Tiffany Kataria, Porfirio Beltran, Gregory E. Martins, Karin Sandstrom, John Steeves, Cara Battersby, Itsuki Sakon, John Pohner, Johannes G. Staguhn, Thomas P. Greene, Michael J. DiPirro, Samuel H. Moseley, Lenward T. Seals, Charles M. Bradford, Michael Petach, S. Tompkins, Joseph M. Howard, Benjamin J. Gavares, Edward L. Wright, Michael Jacoby, Joaquin Vieira, Jonathan W. Arenberg, David Leisawitz, Kiarash Tajdaran, Elvire De Beck, Thanh Nguyen, J. Bolognese, Kate Y. L. Su, Douglas Scott, Alexandra Pope, Eric Stoneking, Christopher Derkacz, Cassandra Webster, Thomas L. Roellig, Kevin L. Denis, Tracee L. Jamison, David Folta, Zachary A. Granger, Ruth Carter, Lisa Kaltenegger, Desika Narayanan, Danny Chi, Alex Griffiths, Sarah Lipscy, Martina C. Wiedner, Charles R. Lawrence, Frank Helmich, Kimberly Ennico, Jeffrey R. Olson, Lynn N. Allen, James Bauer, John C. Mather, Susan G. Neff, L. Hilliard, Keith Harvey, George Harpole, Kevin B. Stevenson, Paul A. Lightsey, Edward Amatucci, James A. Corsetti, Eric E. Mamajek, Larry Sokolsky, Denis Burgarella, Louis G. Fantano, Joseph A. Generie, C. Sandin, Ted Mooney, Bob G. Beaman, D. Padgett, Anisa Jamil, Damon Bradley, Tom D'Asto, Stefanie N. Milam, Gregory Feller, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Raymond M. Bell, Margaret Meixner, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Dominic Benford, Alison Nordt, Larry Dewell, Maryvonne Gerin, Lee Armus, Susanna Petro, Samantha Edgington, C. Paul Earle, Sean Carey, Alison Rao, and Astronomy
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spectroscopy ,Computer science ,space telescope ,galaxy evolution ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Telescope ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Transit (astronomy) ,cryogenic ,planet formation ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Instrumentation ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Scientific instrument ,Spectrometer ,Planetary habitability ,Mechanical Engineering ,James Webb Space Telescope ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astronomy ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Exoplanet ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Space and Planetary Science ,Control and Systems Engineering ,infrared ,biosignatures ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
The Origins Space Telescope will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. How did galaxies evolve from the earliest galactic systems to those found in the Universe today? How do habitable planets form? How common are life-bearing worlds? To answer these alluring questions, Origins will operate at mid- and far-infrared (IR) wavelengths and offer powerful spectroscopic instruments and sensitivity three orders of magnitude better than that of the Herschel Space Observatory, the largest telescope flown in space to date. We describe the baseline concept for Origins recommended to the 2020 US Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics. The baseline design includes a 5.9-m diameter telescope cryocooled to 4.5 K and equipped with three scientific instruments. A mid-infrared instrument (Mid-Infrared Spectrometer and Camera Transit spectrometer) will measure the spectra of transiting exoplanets in the 2.8 to 20 μm wavelength range and offer unprecedented spectrophotometric precision, enabling definitive exoplanet biosignature detections. The far-IR imager polarimeter will be able to survey thousands of square degrees with broadband imaging at 50 and 250 μm. The Origins Survey Spectrometer will cover wavelengths from 25 to 588 μm, making wide-area and deep spectroscopic surveys with spectral resolving power R ∼ 300, and pointed observations at R ∼ 40,000 and 300,000 with selectable instrument modes. Origins was designed to minimize complexity. The architecture is similar to that of the Spitzer Space Telescope and requires very few deployments after launch, while the cryothermal system design leverages James Webb Space Telescope technology and experience. A combination of current-state-of-the-art cryocoolers and next-generation detector technology will enable Origins’ natural background-limited sensitivity.
- Published
- 2021
10. Origins Space Telescope: trades and decisions leading to the baseline mission concept
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David Leisawitz, David C. Redding, John Steeves, Greg Feller, Martina C. Wiedner, Charles R. Lawrence, Jonathan W. Arenberg, James Bauer, Deborah Padgett, Johannes Staguhn, Jonathan J. Fortney, Thomas P. Greene, Alison Nordt, Gerard L. Rafanelli, Paul A. Lightsey, Matthew East, Edward Amatucci, Asantha Cooray, Bret G. Drake, Damon Bradley, Ray Bell, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Kate Y. L. Su, J. Booth, Kevin B. Stevenson, Edwin A. Bergin, Cara Battersby, Dominic Benford, John C. Mather, Larry Dewell, Samuel H. Moseley, Lee Armus, Zachary A. Granger, Angel Flores, C. Sandin, Edward L. Wright, Joaquin Vieira, George H. Rieke, Gary J. Melnick, Kartik Sheth, Tiffany Kataria, Charles M. Bradford, John S. Knight, James A. Corsetti, Ruth Carter, Desika Narayanan, Michael J. DiPirro, Karin Sandstrom, Lynn N. Allen, Sean Carey, Lawrence M. Sokolsky, David Yanatsis, Joseph M. Howard, Alexandra Pope, Kimberly Ennico, Stefanie N. Milam, Cassandra Webster, Craig W. McMurtry, Anita Sengupta, Margaret Meixner, Thomas L. Roellig, Itsuki Sakon, C. Wu, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)
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Computer science ,Space (commercial competition) ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Telescope ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Architecture ,Baseline (configuration management) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Instrumentation ,Scientific instrument ,[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,Planetary habitability ,Mechanical Engineering ,James Webb Space Telescope ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,13. Climate action ,Space and Planetary Science ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Systems engineering ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] - Abstract
International audience; The Origins Space Telescope will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. How did galaxies evolve from the earliest galactic systems to those found in the universe today? How do habitable planets form? How common are life-bearing worlds? We describe how Origins was designed to answer these alluring questions. We discuss the key decisions taken by the Origins mission concept study team, the rationale for those choices, and how they led through an exploratory design process to the Origins baseline mission concept. To understand the concept solution space, we studied two distinct mission concepts and descoped the second concept, aiming to maximize science per dollar and hit a self-imposed cost target. We report on the study approach and describe the concept evolution. The resulting baseline design includes a 5.9-m diameter telescope cryocooled to 4.5 K and equipped with three scientific instruments. The chosen architecture is similar to that of the Spitzer Space Telescope and requires very few deployments after launch. The cryo-thermal system design leverages James Webb Space Telescope technology and experience.
- Published
- 2021
11. Overview and status of EXCLAIM, the experiment for cryogenic large-aperture intensity mapping
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Berhanu Bulcha, Alan J. Kogut, Amir Jahromi, Samelys Rodriguez, Jake Connors, Anthony R. Pullen, Rachel S. Somerville, P. W. Cursey, Ue-Li Pen, Alberto D. Bolatto, James Hays-Wehle, Carolyne G. Volpert, Elijah Visbal, Philip Daniel Mauskopf, Omid Noroozian, Adrian Sinclair, Larry Hess, Peter T. Timbie, Jonas W. Mugge-Durum, Samuel H. Moseley, Giuseppe Cataldo, Jason Glenn, Mona Mirzaei, Carole Tucker, Thomas Essinger-Hileman, Jeff McMahon, Mark O. Kimball, Christopher J. Anderson, Trevor M. Oxholm, N. Bellis, Negar Ehsan, Edward J. Wollack, Peter A. R. Ade, Thomas R. Stevenson, Alyssa Barlis, Shengqi Yang, Joseph E. Golec, Patrick C. Breysse, Peter Shirron, Ryan Stephenson, Gage Siebert, L. Lowe, Eric R. Switzer, and Emily M. Barrentine
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Physics ,Brightness ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Intensity mapping ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Redshift ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,law ,Balloon-borne telescope ,Spectral resolution ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,business ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Line (formation) - Abstract
The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a balloon-borne far-infrared telescope that will survey star formation history over cosmological time scales to improve our understanding of why the star formation rate declined at redshift z < 2, despite continued clustering of dark matter. Specifically,EXCLAIM will map the emission of redshifted carbon monoxide and singly-ionized carbon lines in windows over a redshift range 0 < z < 3.5, following an innovative approach known as intensity mapping. Intensity mapping measures the statistics of brightness fluctuations of cumulative line emissions instead of detecting individual galaxies, thus enabling a blind, complete census of the emitting gas. To detect this emission unambiguously, EXCLAIM will cross-correlate with a spectroscopic galaxy catalog. The EXCLAIM mission uses a cryogenic design to cool the telescope optics to approximately 1.7 K. The telescope features a 90-cm primary mirror to probe spatial scales on the sky from the linear regime up to shot noise-dominated scales. The telescope optical elements couple to six ��-Spec spectrometer modules, operating over a 420-540 GHz frequency band with a spectral resolution of 512 and featuring microwave kinetic inductance detectors. A Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) reads out the detectors in the baseline design. The cryogenic telescope and the sensitive detectors allow EXCLAIM to reach high sensitivity in spectral windows of low emission in the upper atmosphere. Here, an overview of the mission design and development status since the start of the EXCLAIM project in early 2019 is presented., SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1912.07118
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. A Four-Pole Power-Combiner Design for Far-Infrared and Submillimeter Spectroscopy
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Giuseppe Cataldo, Samuel H Moseley, and Edward J Wollack
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Astrophysics - Abstract
The far-infrared and submillimeter portions of the electromagnetic spectrum provide a unique view of the astrophysical processes present in the early universe. Micro-Spec (μ-Spec), a high-efficiency direct-detection spectrometer concept working in the 450–1000-micron wavelength range, will enable a wide range of spaceflight missions that would otherwise be challenging due to the large size of current instruments and the required spectral resolution and sensitivity. This paper focuses on the μ-Spec two-dimensional multimode region, where the light of different wavelengths diffracts and converges onto a set of detectors. A two-step optimization process is used to generate geometrical configurations given specific requirements on spectrometer size, operating spectral range, and performance. The canonically employed focal-plane constraints for the power combiner were removed to probe the design space in its entirety. A new four-stigmatic-point optical design solution is identified and explored for use in far-infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy.
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- 2015
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13. Image Registration for Stability Testing of MEMS
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Nargess Memarsadeghi, Jacqueline Le Moigne, Peter N. Blake, Peter A. Morey, Wayne B. Landsman, Victor J. Chambers, and Samuel H. Moseley
- Published
- 2013
14. Characterization of Si Membrane TES Bolometer Arrays for the HIRMES Instrument
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Joseph Oxborrow, Emily M. Barrentine, Karwan Rostem, Nick Costen, Edward J. Wollack, Vilem Mikula, Elmer Sharp, Wen-Ting Hsieh, Ari-David Brown, S. Maher, Samuel H. Moseley, Alexander Kutyrev, V. Kluengpho, Timothy M. Miller, Regis P. Brekosky, Felipe Colazo, Tomomi Watanabe, and James Hays-Wehle
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010302 applied physics ,Superconductivity ,Physics ,Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ,Detector ,Bolometer ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Lambda ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,law.invention ,Far infrared ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Saturation (graph theory) ,General Materials Science ,Transition edge sensor ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics - Abstract
The high-resolution mid-infrared spectrometer instrument will fly onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s airborne stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy in 2019. It will provide astronomers with a unique observing window (25–122 $$\upmu \hbox {m}$$ ) for exploring the evolution of protoplanetary disks into young solar systems. There are two focal plane detector arrays for the instrument: a high-resolution ( $$\lambda / {\varDelta }\lambda \,=\,100{,}000$$ ) $$8\times 16$$ detector array, with a target noise-equivalent power, $$\hbox {NEP} \le 3 \hbox { aW}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$$ , and a low-resolution ( $$\lambda / {\varDelta }\lambda =600$$ –19,000) $$16\times 64$$ detector array with a target $$\hbox {NEP }\le 20\hbox { aW}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$$ . The detectors for both of these arrays are superconducting Mo/Au bilayer transition-edge sensor bolometers on suspended single-crystal silicon membranes. We present detector characterization results for both arrays, including measurements of thermal conductance in comparison with phonon transport models, and measurements of saturation power and noise.
- Published
- 2018
15. Electromagnetic Design of a Magnetically Coupled Spatial Power Combiner
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Giuseppe Cataldo, Edward J. Wollack, Berhanu Bulcha, Thomas R. Stevenson, Kongpop U-Yen, and Samuel H. Moseley
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Physics ,Multi-mode optical fiber ,business.industry ,Ranging ,02 engineering and technology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Inductive coupling ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Spatial power combiner ,020210 optoelectronics & photonics ,Optics ,Planar ,Apodization ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Broadband ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,General Materials Science ,business ,Transformer - Abstract
The design of a two-dimensional spatial beam-combining network employing a parallel-plate superconducting waveguide filled with a monocrystalline silicon dielectric substrate is presented. This component uses arrays of magnetically coupled antenna elements to achieve high coupling efficiency and full sampling of the intensity distribution while avoiding diffractive losses in the multimode waveguide region. These attributes enable the structure’s use in realizing compact far-infrared spectrometers for astrophysical and instrumentation applications. If unterminated, reflections within a finite-sized spatial beam combiner can potentially lead to spurious couplings between elements. A planar meta-material electromagnetic absorber is implemented to control this response within the device. This broadband termination absorbs greater than 0.99 of the power over the 1.7:1 operational band at angles ranging from normal to near-parallel incidence. The design approach, simulations and applications of the spatial power combiner and meta-material termination structure are presented.
- Published
- 2018
16. Toward Large Field-of-View High-Resolution X-ray Imaging Spectrometers: Microwave Multiplexed Readout of 28 TES Microcalorimeters
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Dan Becker, Wonsik Yoon, Gene C. Hilton, Daniel S. Swetz, F. M. Finkbeiner, D. A. Bennett, F. S. Porter, Joseph S. Adams, Kazuhiro Sakai, Stephen J. Smith, Edward J. Wollack, Samuel H. Moseley, Omid Noroozian, Joseph W. Fowler, Aaron M. Datesman, John A. B. Mates, Simon R. Bandler, Joel N. Ullom, Megan E. Eckart, Caroline A. Kilbourne, Carl D. Reintsema, R. L. Kelley, Edward J. Wassell, Nicholas A. Wakeham, A. R. Miniussi, Leila R. Vale, Thomas R. Stevenson, John E. Sadleir, Johnathon D. Gard, and Jay Chervenak
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Coplanar waveguide ,Detector ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Multiplexer ,Noise (electronics) ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Resonator ,Optics ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Transition edge sensor ,Spectral resolution ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
We performed small-scale demonstrations at GSFC of high-resolution X-ray TES microcalorimeters read out using a microwave SQUID multiplexer. This work is part of our effort to develop detector and readout technologies for future space-based X-ray instruments such as the microcalorimeter spectrometer envisaged for Lynx, a large mission concept under development for the Astro 2020 Decadal Survey. In this paper we describe our experiment, including details of a recently designed, microwave-optimized low-temperature setup that is thermally anchored to the 55 mK stage of our laboratory ADR. Using a ROACH2 FPGA at room temperature, we read out pixels of a GSFC-built detector array via a NIST-built multiplexer chip with Nb coplanar waveguide resonators coupled to rf-SQUIDs. The resonators are spaced 6 MHz apart (at $$\sim $$ 5.9 GHz) and have quality factors of $$\sim $$ 15,000. In our initial demonstration, we used flux-ramp modulation frequencies of 125 kHz to read out 5 pixels simultaneously and achieved spectral resolutions of 2.8–3.1 eV FWHM at 5.9 keV. Our subsequent work is ongoing: to-date we have achieved a median spectral resolution of 3.4 eV FWHM at 5.9 keV while reading out 28 pixels simultaneously with flux-ramp frequencies of 160 kHz. We present the measured system-level noise and maximum slew rates and briefly describe our future development work.
- Published
- 2018
17. Second-Generation Design of Micro-Spec: A Medium-Resolution, Submillimeter-Wavelength Spectrometer-on-a-Chip
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Kongpop U-Yen, Berhanu Bulcha, Edward J. Wollack, Samuel H. Moseley, Larry Hess, Omid Noroozian, Giuseppe Cataldo, Negar Ehsan, Emily M. Barrentine, and Thomas R. Stevenson
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Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Detector ,Emphasis (telecommunications) ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Chip ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Wavelength ,Optics ,Cardinal point ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Spectral resolution ,010306 general physics ,business ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Spectral purity - Abstract
Micro-Spec (µ-Spec) is a direct-detection spectrometer which integrates all the components of a diffraction-grating spectrometer onto a $$\sim $$ 10-cm $$^2$$ chip through the use of superconducting microstrip transmission lines on a single-crystal silicon substrate. A second-generation µ-Spec is being designed to operate with a spectral resolution of 512 in the submillimeter (500–1000 µm, 300–600 GHz) wavelength range, a band of interest for several spectroscopic applications in astrophysics. High-altitude balloon missions would provide the first test bed to demonstrate the µ-Spec technology in a space-like environment and would be an economically viable venue for multiple observation campaigns. This work reports on the current status of the instrument design and will provide a brief overview of each instrument subsystem. Particular emphasis will be given to the design of the spectrometer’s two-dimensional diffractive region, through which the light of different wavelengths is focused on the detectors along the focal plane. An optimization process is employed to generate geometrical configurations of the diffractive region that satisfy specific requirements on spectrometer size, operating spectral range, and performance. An optical design optimized for balloon missions will be presented in terms of geometric layout, spectral purity, and efficiency.
- Published
- 2018
18. Image registration for stability testing of MEMS.
- Author
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Nargess Memarsadeghi, Jacqueline Le Moigne, Peter N. Blake, Peter A. Morey, Wayne B. Landsman, Victor J. Chambers, and Samuel H. Moseley
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- 2011
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19. The Impact of Standard Semiconductor Fabrication Processes on Polycrystalline Nb Thin-Film Surfaces
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Samuel H. Moseley, Ari D. Brown, Thomas R. Stevenson, Omid Noroozian, and Emily M. Barrentine
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Diffraction ,Fabrication ,Niobium nitride ,business.industry ,Niobium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Niobium monoxide ,Nitride ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,010309 optics ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,0103 physical sciences ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Thin film ,010306 general physics ,business ,Microwave - Abstract
Polycrystalline superconducting Nb thin films are extensively used for submillimeter and millimeter transmission line applications and, less commonly, used in microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID) applications. The microwave and mm-wave loss in these films is impacted, in part, by the presence of surface nitrides and oxides. In this study, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction was used to identify the presence of niobium nitride and niobium monoxide surface layers on Nb thin films that had been exposed to chemicals used in standard photolithographic processing. A method of mitigating the presence of ordered niobium monoxide surface layers is presented. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of using glancing incidence X-ray diffraction as a nondestructive diagnostic tool for evaluating the quality of Nb thin films used in MKIDs and transmission lines. For a given fabrication process, we have both the X-ray diffraction data of the surface chemistry and a measure of the mm-wave and microwave loss, the latter being made in superconducting resonators.
- Published
- 2017
20. A Cryogenic Waveguide Mount for Microstrip Circuit and Material Characterization
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Edward J. Wollack, Ari D. Brown, Omid Noroozian, Samuel H. Moseley, and Kongpop U-Yen
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Materials science ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Test fixture ,Ripple ,Physics::Optics ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Microstrip ,law.invention ,Resonator ,law ,Condensed Matter::Superconductivity ,0103 physical sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,010306 general physics ,Electrical impedance ,Electronic circuit ,business.industry ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Cutoff frequency ,Computer Science::Other ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Waveguide - Abstract
A waveguide split-block fixture used in the characterization of thin-film superconducting planar circuitry at millimeter wavelengths is described in detail. The test fixture is realized from a pair of mode converters, which transition from rectangular-waveguide to on-chip microstrip-line signal propagation via a stepped ridge-guide impedance transformer. The observed performance of the W-band package at 4.2K has a maximum in-band transmission ripple of 2dB between 1.53 and 1.89 times the waveguide cutoff frequency. This metrology approach enables the characterization of superconducting microstrip test structures as a function temperature and frequency. The limitations of the method are discussed and representative data for superconducting Nb and NbTiN thin film microstrip resonators on single-crystal Si dielectric substrates are presented.
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- 2017
21. The Origins Space Telescope
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Itsuki Sakon, C. Wu, John Steeves, D. Ramspacher, B. G. Beaman, Charles R. Lawrence, Karin Sandstrom, K. Sheth, Susanna Petro, Jeffrey R. Olson, T. Mooney, C. Sandin, Matthew East, Ruth Carter, Desika Narayanan, K. Harvey, Kate Y. L. Su, T. L. Roellig, John C. Mather, L. Dewell, Sean Carey, R. Bell, Denis Burgarella, Tracee L. Jamison, C. Lynch, Eric E. Mamajek, Lee Armus, Joseph M. Howard, C. P. Earle, Cassandra Webster, George Helou, Gregory E. Martins, Damon Bradley, J. S. Knight, Stefanie N. Milam, Samuel H. Moseley, M. Gerin, T. P. Greene, Margaret Meixner, Gary J. Melnick, Alexandra Pope, B. J. Gavares, Tiffany Kataria, M. J. Rieke, S. Edgington, P. Beltran, Jean L. Turner, E. Stoneking, Jon Arenberg, Louis G. Fantano, M. Petach, Asantha Cooray, J. D. Chi, Lenward T. Seals, David Leisawitz, S. Tompkins, Michael Jacoby, J. Bolognese, Arturo Giles Flores, Alex Griffiths, C. Derkacz, P. Lightsey, Mike DiPirro, Douglas Scott, G. Feller, Z. Granger, L. Hilliard, Frank Helmich, Kimberly Ennico, Edward L. Wright, Charles M. Bradford, Joaquin Vieira, George H. Rieke, Jonas Zmuidzinas, E. De Beck, D. Padgett, James A. Corsetti, Johannes G. Staguhn, A. Nordt, Kevin B. Stevenson, E. A. Bergin, D. Folta, K. Tajdaran, S. Lipscy, Cara Battersby, Lynn Allen, L. Stokowski, J. J. Fortney, Edward Amatucci, A. Rao, Joseph A. Generie, James Bauer, K. S. Denis, Susan G. Neff, J. Pohner, Martina C. Wiedner, Lisa Kaltenegger, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Dominic Benford, G. Harpole, T. D'Asto, T. Nguyen, A. Jamil, P. Knollenberg, Barto, Allison A., Breckinridge, James B., and Stahl, H. Philip
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Telescope ,Scientific instrument ,Physics ,COSMIC cancer database ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,Planetary habitability ,law ,Infrared telescope ,Astronomy ,Exoplanet ,Galaxy ,law.invention - Abstract
The Origins Space Telescope will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. How did galaxies evolve from the earliest galactic systems to those found in the universe today? How do habitable planets form? How common are life-bearing worlds? To answer these alluring questions, Origins will operate at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths and offer powerful spectroscopic instruments and sensitivity three orders of magnitude better than that of Herschel, the largest telescope flown in space to date. After a 3 ½ year study, the Origins Science and Technology Definition Team will recommend to the Decadal Survey a concept for Origins with a 5.9-m diameter telescope cryocooled to 4.5 K and equipped with three scientific instruments. A mid-infrared instrument (MISC-T) will measure the spectra of transiting exoplanets in the 2.8 – 20 μm wavelength range and offer unprecedented sensitivity, enabling definitive biosignature detections. The Far-IR Imager Polarimeter (FIP) will be able to survey thousands of square degrees with broadband imaging at 50 and 250 μm. The Origins Survey Spectrometer (OSS) will cover wavelengths from 25 – 588 μm, make wide-area and deep spectroscopic surveys with spectral resolving power R ~ 300, and pointed observations at R ~ 40,000 and 300,000 with selectable instrument modes. Origins was designed to minimize complexity. The telescope has a Spitzer-like architecture and requires very few deployments after launch. The cryo-thermal system design leverages JWST technology and experience. A combination of current-state-of-the-art cryocoolers and next-generation detector technology will enable Origins’ natural backgroundlimited sensitivity.
- Published
- 2019
22. Programmable microshutter selection masks in application to UV spectroscopy (Conference Presentation)
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Stephan R. McCandliss, Kyowon Kim, Alexander Kutyrev, Mathew Greenhouse, Samuel H. Moseley, Lance H. Oh, Regis P. Brekosky, and Mary J. Li
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Presentation ,Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy ,business.industry ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,media_common - Published
- 2019
23. Principal Component Analysis of Up-the-ramp Sampled IR Array Data
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R. G. Arendt, Bernard J. Rauscher, Gregory Mosby, Samuel H. Moseley, Alexander Kutyrev, and Dale J. Fixsen
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Polynomial ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,010309 optics ,0103 physical sciences ,Orthonormal basis ,Time domain ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Instrumentation ,Legendre polynomials ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Mathematics ,Covariance matrix ,Mechanical Engineering ,James Webb Space Telescope ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Space and Planetary Science ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Principal component analysis ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Algorithm ,Wide Field Camera 3 - Abstract
We describe the results of principal component analysis (PCA) of up-the-ramp sampled IR array data from the HST WFC3 IR, JWST NIRSpec, and prototype WFIRST WFI detectors. These systems use respectively Teledyne H1R, H2RG, and H4RG-10 near-IR detector arrays with a variety of IR array controllers. The PCA shows that the Legendre polynomials approximate the principal components of these systems (i.e. they roughly diagonalize the covariance matrix). In contrast to the monomial basis that is widely used for polynomial fitting and linearization today, the Legendre polynomials are an orthonormal basis. They provide a quantifiable, compact, and (nearly) linearly uncorrelated representation of the information content of the data. By fitting a few Legendre polynomials, nearly all of the meaningful information in representative WFC3 astronomical datacubes can be condensed from 15 up-the-ramp samples down to 6 compressible Legendre coefficients per pixel. The higher order coefficients contain time domain information that is lost when one projects up-the-ramp sampled datacubes onto 2-dimensional images by fitting a straight line, even if the data are linearized before fitting the line. Going forward, we believe that this time domain information is potentially important for disentangling the various non-linearities that can affect IR array observations, i.e. inherent pixel non-linearity, persistence, burn in, brighter-fatter effect, (potentially) non-linear inter-pixel capacitance (IPC), and perhaps others., Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures, accepted by Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems (JATIS)
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- 2019
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24. Review: far-infrared instrumentation and technological development for the next decade
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Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Meredith A. MacGregor, Michael Zemcov, R. Sankrit, Johannes Staguhn, Dariusz C. Lis, Sabrina Stierwalt, Elisabeth A. C. Mills, Carl Ferkinhoff, William J. Fischer, Enrique Lopez-Rodriguez, Jonas Zmuidzinas, J. D. Smith, Eric J. Murphy, Dimitra Rigopoulou, Julia R. Kamenetzky, Alan Rhodes, Jason Glenn, N. Rangwala, Paul F. Goldsmith, Matthew J. Richter, Thomas Nikola, Giorgio Savini, David R. Ardila, Samuel H. Moseley, Charles M. Bradford, David Leisawitz, Kimberly Ennico Smith, David B. Sanders, Duncan Farrah, Mark Lacy, James G. Bartlett, Michael J. DiPirro, Sean Carey, Stephen A. Rinehart, Lisa S. Locke, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), and Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Engineering ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Galactic astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Technology development ,01 natural sciences ,010309 optics ,interferometers ,spectrographs ,0103 physical sciences ,Instrumentation (computer programming) ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det] ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,detectors ,instrumentation ,Planetary habitability ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,telescopes ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,miscellaneous ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Space and Planetary Science ,Control and Systems Engineering ,instruments ,space vehicles ,Portfolio ,photometers ,business ,Telecommunications ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,balloons - Abstract
Far-infrared astronomy has advanced rapidly since its inception in the late 1950's, driven by a maturing technology base and an expanding community of researchers. This advancement has shown that observations at far-infrared wavelengths are important in nearly all areas of astrophysics, from the search for habitable planets and the origin of life, to the earliest stages of galaxy assembly in the first few hundred million years of cosmic history. The combination of a still developing portfolio of technologies, particularly in the field of detectors, and a widening ensemble of platforms within which these technologies can be deployed, means that far-infrared astronomy holds the potential for paradigm-shifting advances over the next decade. In this review, we examine current and future far-infrared observing platforms, including ground-based, sub-orbital, and space-based facilities, and discuss the technology development pathways that will enable and enhance these platforms to best address the challenges facing far-infrared astronomy in the 21st century., Invited review article, submitted to the Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems. Updated in light of referee reports
- Published
- 2019
25. The Experiment for Cryogenic Large-aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM)
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Mona Mirzaei, Eli Visbal, Omid Noroozian, Emily M. Barrentine, Alberto D. Bolatto, A. D. Lamb, P. A. R. Ade, N. Bellis, Rachel S. Somerville, H. C. Grant, Berhanu Bulcha, Samuel H. Moseley, Larry Hess, Thomas R. Stevenson, L. Lowe, Giuseppe Cataldo, Christopher J. Anderson, Eric R. Switzer, Anthony R. Pullen, Edward J. Wollack, Carole Tucker, Patrick C. Breysse, Negar Ehsan, Alan J. Kogut, Jake Connors, C. G. Volpert, Mark O. Kimball, P. W. Cursey, Samelys Rodriguez, Shengqi Yang, Thomas Essinger-Hileman, P. Mauskopf, Peter Shirron, Jeff McMahon, Ue-Li Pen, and Jonas Mugge-Durum
- Subjects
Physics ,Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) ,Star formation ,Dark matter ,Intensity mapping ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Redshift ,Galaxy ,Interstellar medium ,General Materials Science ,Spectral resolution ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics ,Line (formation) - Abstract
The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a cryogenic balloon-borne instrument that will survey galaxy and star formation history over cosmological time scales. Rather than identifying individual objects, EXCLAIM will be a pathfinder to demonstrate an intensity mapping approach, which measures the cumulative redshifted line emission. EXCLAIM will operate at 420-540 GHz with a spectral resolution R=512 to measure the integrated CO and [CII] in redshift windows spanning 0 < z < 3.5. CO and [CII] line emissions are key tracers of the gas phases in the interstellar medium involved in star-formation processes. EXCLAIM will shed light on questions such as why the star formation rate declines at z < 2, despite continued clustering of the dark matter. The instrument will employ an array of six superconducting integrated grating-analog spectrometers (micro-spec) coupled to microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs). Here we present an overview of the EXCLAIM instrument design and status., 10 pages, 4 figures
- Published
- 2019
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26. SOFIA-HIRMES: Looking Forward to the HIgh-Resolution Mid-infrarEd Spectrometer
- Author
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Gary J. Melnick, James Hays-Wehle, Matthew A. Greenhouse, Stefan W. Rosner, Chuck Engler, Gordon J. Stacey, Chuck Henderson, Karwan Rostem, Vilem Mikula, Wen-Ting Hsieh, Stuart Banks, Regis P. Brekosky, Mark O. Kimball, Jeffrey Huang, Pasquale Temi, William D. Vacca, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Ari-David Brown, Felipe Colazo, Timothy M. Miller, Samuel H. Moseley, Edward J. Wollack, Shannon Wilks, Tony Cazeau, S. Maher, Iver Jenstrom, Naseem Rangwala, Nancy Rustemeyer, Thomas Nikola, Richard G. Arendt, Peter Taraschi, Robert E. McMurray, Jordi Vila Hernandez de Lorenzo, Michael Choi, Attila Kovács, Hristo Atanasoff, Steve Leiter, Alan Rhodes, Theodore Hadjimichael, Leroy Sparr, B. Wohler, Samuel N. Richards, Berhanu Bulcha, Jim Kellogg, Dejan Stevanovic, Aki Roberge, Elmer Sharp, Eric Mentzell, Joseph Oxborrow, Peter Nagler, and Alexander Kutyrev
- Subjects
Spectrometer ,Infrared ,Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ,Instrumentation ,Mid infrared ,Astronomy ,High resolution ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,Environmental science ,010306 general physics ,Spectroscopy ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics - Abstract
The HIgh-Resolution Mid-infrarEd Spectrometer (HIRMES) is the 3rd Generation Instrument for the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), currently in development at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and due for commissioning in 2019. By combining direct-detection Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometer arrays, grating-dispersive spectroscopy, and a host of Fabry-Perot tunable filters, HIRMES will provide the ability for high resolution ([Formula: see text]), mid-resolution ([Formula: see text]), and low-resolution ([Formula: see text]) slit-spectroscopy, and 2D Spectral Imaging ([Formula: see text] at selected wavelengths) over the 25–122[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m mid to far infrared waveband. The driving science application is the evolution of proto-planetary systems via measurements of water-vapor, water-ice, deuterated hydrogen (HD), and neutral oxygen lines. However, HIRMES has been designed to be as flexible as possible to cover a wide range of science cases that fall within its phase-space, all whilst reaching sensitivities and observing powers not yet seen thus far on SOFIA, providing unique observing capabilities which will remain unmatched for decades.
- Published
- 2018
27. Performance of Backshort-Under-Grid Kilopixel TES Arrays for HAWC+
- Author
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Timothy M. Miller, Dominic J. Benford, C. D. Dowell, Kent D. Irwin, Edward J. Wollack, D. J. Fixsen, Christine A. Jhabvala, Johannes Staguhn, S. Maher, M. C. Runyan, Elmer Sharp, Gene C. Hilton, and Samuel H. Moseley
- Subjects
Physics ,Pixel ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ,business.industry ,Bolometer ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Polarimetry ,Polarimeter ,Far-infrared astronomy ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,law.invention ,Optics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Transition edge sensor ,010306 general physics ,business ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Remote sensing - Abstract
We present results from laboratory detector characterizations of the first kilopixel BUG arrays for the High- resolution Wideband Camera Plus (HAWC+) which is the imaging far-infrared polarimeter camera for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Our tests demonstrate that the array performance is consistent with the predicted properties. Here, we highlight results obtained for the thermal conductivity, noise performance, detector speed, and first optical results demonstrating the pixel yield of the arrays.
- Published
- 2016
28. Superconducting Pathways Through Kilopixel Backshort–Under–Grid Arrays
- Author
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Dominic J. Benford, F. Wang, George Manos, E. Sharp, Christine A. Jhabvala, Johannes Staguhn, S. Maher, Samuel H. Moseley, Aaron M. Datesman, Kent D. Irwin, Edward J. Wollack, Gene C. Hilton, Regis P. Brekosky, Timothy M. Miller, and Nick Costen
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,business.industry ,Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ,Bolometer ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Multiplexer ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,law.invention ,SQUID ,law ,Condensed Matter::Superconductivity ,0103 physical sciences ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Wafer ,Wideband ,Transition edge sensor ,010306 general physics ,business - Abstract
We have demonstrated in the laboratory multiple, fully functional, kilopixel, bolometer arrays for the upgraded instrument, the High-resolution airborne wideband camera plus (HAWC+), for the stratospheric observatory for infrared astronomy (SOFIA). Each kilopixel array consists of three individual components assembled into a single working unit: (1) a filled, Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometer array, (2) an infrared, back-termination, and (3) an integrated, two-dimensional superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexer readout. Kilopixel TES arrays are directly indium-bump-bonded to a 32 $$\times $$ 40 SQUID multiplexer (MUX) circuit. In order to provide a fully superconducting pathway from the TES to the SQUID readout, numerous superconductor-to-superconductor interfaces must be made. This paper focuses on the fabrication techniques needed to create the superconducting path from the TES, out of the detector membrane, through the wafer, and to the SQUID readout.
- Published
- 2016
29. Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) Focal Plane Development
- Author
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Kongpop U-Yen, Samuel H. Moseley, David T. Chuss, Kevin L. Denis, Charles L. Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Rolando Dünner, Joseph Eimer, Gene C. Hilton, Johannes Hubmayr, Mark Halpern, Tobias A. Marriage, Mandana Amiri, Matthew Petroff, Duncan J. Watts, Karwan Rostem, Felipe Colazo, Dominik Gothe, Carl D. Reintsema, Zhilei Xu, Kathleen Harrington, Edward J. Wollack, Jeffrey Iuliano, John W. Appel, Nathan T. Miller, Aamir Ali, G. Mumby, Pedro Fluxa, Emily Wagner, Thomas Essinger-Hileman, and Lingzhen Zeng
- Subjects
Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor ,Cosmic microwave background ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Optics ,Band-pass filter ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,010306 general physics ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Reionization ,Physics ,Stray light ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Single-mode optical fiber ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Polarization (waves) ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Cardinal point ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) will measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background to search for and characterize the polarized signature of inflation. CLASS will operate from the Atacama Desert and observe $\sim$70% of the sky. A variable-delay polarization modulator (VPM) modulates the polarization at $\sim$10 Hz to suppress the 1/f noise of the atmosphere and enable the measurement of the large angular scale polarization modes. The measurement of the inflationary signal across angular scales that span both the recombination and reionization features allows a test of the predicted shape of the polarized angular power spectra in addition to a measurement of the energy scale of inflation. CLASS is an array of telescopes covering frequencies of 38, 93, 148, and 217 GHz. These frequencies straddle the foreground minimum and thus allow the extraction of foregrounds from the primordial signal. Each focal plane contains feedhorn-coupled transition-edge sensors that simultaneously detect two orthogonal linear polarizations. The use of single-crystal silicon as the dielectric for the on-chip transmission lines enables both high efficiency and uniformity in fabrication. Integrated band definition has been implemented that both controls the bandpass of the single mode transmission on the chip and prevents stray light from coupling to the detectors., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted by the Journal of Low Temperature Physics
- Published
- 2015
30. Progress Towards Improved Analysis of TES X-ray Data Using Principal Component Analysis
- Author
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J.-P. Porst, S. E. Busch, Simon R. Bandler, Samuel H. Moseley, Caroline A. Kilbourne, J. S. Adams, R. L. Kelley, Sang Jun Lee, Megan E. Eckart, S. J. Smith, John E. Sadleir, Jay Chervenak, D. J. Fixsen, F. M. Finkbeiner, and F. S. Porter
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Physics ,business.industry ,Noise (signal processing) ,Detector ,Filter (signal processing) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Pulse (physics) ,Optics ,Pulse-amplitude modulation ,0103 physical sciences ,Principal component analysis ,General Materials Science ,010306 general physics ,business ,Algorithm ,Digital filter ,Energy (signal processing) - Abstract
The traditional method of applying a digital optimal filter to measure X-ray pulses from transition-edge sensor (TES) devices does not achieve the best energy resolution when the signals have a highly non-linear response to energy, or the noise is non-stationary during the pulse. We present an implementation of a method to analyze X-ray data from TESs, which is based upon principal component analysis (PCA). Our method separates the X-ray signal pulse into orthogonal components that have the largest variance. We typically recover pulse height, arrival time, differences in pulse shape, and the variation of pulse height with detector temperature. These components can then be combined to form a representation of pulse energy. An added value of this method is that by reporting information on more descriptive parameters (as opposed to a single number representing energy), we generate a much more complete picture of the pulse received. Here we report on progress in developing this technique for future implementation on X-ray telescopes. We used an 55Fe source to characterize Mo/Au TESs. On the same dataset, the PCA method recovers a spectral resolution that is better by a factor of two than achievable with digital optimal filters.
- Published
- 2015
31. Development of the Fabry-Perot interferometers for the HIRMES spectrometer on SOFIA
- Author
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Thomas Nikola, Chuck Henderson, Greg Douthit, Kayla M. Rossi, Samuel H. Moseley, George E. Gull, Alexander Kutryrev, and Gordon J. Stacey
- Subjects
Physics ,Spectrometer ,Star formation ,business.industry ,Bolometer ,Resolution (electron density) ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,law.invention ,Optics ,law ,Observatory ,Astronomical interferometer ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,business ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Fabry–Pérot interferometer ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
HIRMES is a far-infrared spectrometer that was chosen as the third generation instrument for NASA's SOFIA airborne observatory. HIRMES promises background limited performance in four modes that cover the wavelength range between 25 and 122 $\mu$m. The high-spectral resolution ($R \approx 10^5$) mode is matched to achieve maximum sensitivity on velocity-resolved lines to study the evolution of protoplanetary disks. The mid-resolution ($R \approx 12, 000$) mode is suitable for high sensitivity imaging of galactic star formation regions in, for example, the several far-infrared fine structure lines. The low-resolution ($R \approx 2000$) imaging mode is optimized for spectroscopic mapping of far-infrared fine structure lines from nearby galaxies, while the low resolution ($R \approx 600$) grating spectrometer mode is optimized for detecting dust and ice features in protostellar and protoplanetary disks. Several Transition Edge Sensed (TES) bolometer arrays will provide background limited sensitivity in each of these modes. To optimize performance in the various instrument modes, HIRMES employs eight unique fully-tunable cryogenic Fabry-Perot Interferometers (FPIs) and a grating spectrometer. Here we present the design requirements and the mechanical and optical characteristics and performance of these tunable FPI as well as the control electronics that sets the mirror separation and allows scanning of the FPIs., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, SPIE Conference Proceedings 2018
- Published
- 2018
32. Origins Space Telescope: the far infrared imager and polarimeter FIP
- Author
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David T. Chuss, James A. Corsetti, Johannes Staguhn, Samuel H. Moseley, Edward Amatucci, David Leisawitz, Edward J. Wollack, Damon Bradley, Alexandra Pope, Joaquin Vieira, Lee Armus, Joseph M. Howard, Asantha Cooray, Ruth Carter, Margaret Meixner, Lystrup, Makenzie, MacEwen, Howard A., Fazio, Giovanni G., Batalha, Natalie, Siegler, Nicholas, and Tong, Edward C.
- Subjects
Physics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Polarimetry ,Astronomy ,01 natural sciences ,Space exploration ,Galaxy ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,Observatory ,Sky ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Angular resolution ,010306 general physics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,media_common - Abstract
The Origins Space Telescope (OST) is the mission concept for the Far-Infrared Surveyor, one of the four science and technology definition studies of NASA Headquarters for the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal survey. "Concept-1" is a cold (4 K) 9 m space telescope with five instruments, while "concept 2" consists of a cold 5.9 m telescope and four instruments, providing imaging and spectroscopic capabilities between 5μm and 600μm. The sensitivity provided by the observatory will be a three to four orders of magnitude improvement over currently achieved observational capabilities, allowing to address a wide range of new and so far inaccessible scientific questions, ranging from bio-signatures in the atmospheres of exo-planets to the production of the first metals in the universe right after the end of re-ionization. Here we present the Far Infrared Imager and Polarimeter (FIP) for OST. The camera will cover four bands, 50μm, 100μm, 250μm, and 500μm. In the "concept 1" version of the instrument, FIP will allow for differential polarimetry with the ability to observe two colors simultaneously, while all four bands can be observed simultaneously in total power mode. The confusion limit in the total power mode will be reached in only 8 ms at 500μm, while at 50μm the source density in the sky is so low that at OST's angular resolution of (see manuscript for symbol) 2" in this band the source confusion limit will only be reached after about two hours of integration with the "concept-2" version of FIP ("concept-1" FIP will not be confusion limited at 50m, no matter how long it integrates). Science topics that can be addressed by the camera include, but are not limited to, galactic and extragalactic magnetic field studies, deep galaxy surveys, and outer Solar System objects.
- Published
- 2018
33. Overview of the Origins Space telescope: science drivers to observatory requirements
- Author
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Frank Helmich, Itsuki Sakon, Cara Battersby, Denis Burgarella, Deborah L. Padgett, Kimberly Ennico-Smith, Kate Y. L. Su, Martina C. Wiedner, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, James Bauer, Dominic Benford, Johannes Staguhn, David Leisawitz, Lisa Kaltenegger, Karin Sandstrom, Maryvonne Gerin, Eric E. Mamajek, Ruth Carter, Stefanie N. Milam, Jonas Zmuidzinas, Lee Armus, Michael J. DiPirro, Sean Carey, Margaret Meixner, Asantha Cooray, Susan G. Neff, Alexandra Pope, Edwin A. Bergin, Kartik Sheth, Douglas Scott, Tiffany Kataria, Charles M. Bradford, Elvire De Beck, Thomas L. Roellig, D. Narayanan, Edward L. Wright, Joaquin Vieira, Jonathan J. Fortney, Samuel H. Moseley, Gary J. Melnick, Kevin B. Stevenson, Lystrup, Makenzie, MacEwen, Howard A., Fazio, Giovanni G., Batalha, Natalie, Siegler, Nicholas, and Tong, Edward C.
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,Milky Way ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Planetary system ,01 natural sciences ,Exoplanet ,Galaxy ,Astrobiology ,law.invention ,010309 optics ,Interstellar medium ,Telescope ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,Observatory ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,business ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
The Origins Space Telescope (OST) mission concept study is the subject of one of the four science and technology definition studies supported by NASA Headquarters to prepare for the 2020 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey. OST will survey the most distant galaxies to discern the rise of metals and dust and to unveil the co-evolution of galaxy and blackhole formation, study the Milky Way to follow the path of water from the interstellar medium to habitable worlds in planetary systems, and measure biosignatures from exoplanets. This paper describes the science drivers and how they drove key requirements for OST Mission Concept 2, which will operate between ~5 and ~600 microns with a JWST sized telescope. Mission Concept 2 for the OST study optimizes the engineering for the key science cases into a powerful and more economical observatory compared to Mission Concept 1.
- Published
- 2018
34. Enabling technologies for photon-counting spectroscopy with the Origins Space telescope (OST) in the mid/far-infrared region (Conference Presentation)
- Author
-
Omid Noroozian, Arthur W. Lichtenberger, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Thomas R. Stevenson, Edward J. Wollack, Samuel H. Moseley, Ari D. Brown, Emily M. Barrentine, Michael E. Cyberey, and Jochem J. A. Baselmans
- Subjects
Physics ,Optics ,Spectrometer ,Far infrared ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,business.industry ,Observatory ,Terahertz radiation ,Detector ,business ,Photon counting ,Redshift - Abstract
Photon-counting detectors address the single most difficult technology challenge for the Origins Space Telescope (OST) and are highly desirable for reaching the ~ 10^-20 W/√Hz sensitivity permitted by the observatory. One objective of this facility is rapid spectroscopic surveys of the high redshift universe at 420 – 800 μm, using arrays of integrated spectrometers with moderate resolutions (R = λ/Δλ ~1000), to explore galaxy evolution and growth of structure in the universe. A second objective is to perform higher resolution (R > 100,000) spectroscopic surveys at 20–300 μm for exploring the distribution of the ingredients for life in protoplanetary disks. Lastly, the OST aims to do sensitive mid-infrared (5–30 μm) spectroscopy of rocky planet atmospheres in the habitable zone using the transit method. These objectives represent a well-organized community agreement, but they are impossible to reach without a significant leap forward in detector technology, and the OST is likely not to be recommended if a path to suitable detectors does not exist. Our team is developing photon-counting Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) for the OST. Since KIDs are highly multiplexable in nature their scalability will be a major improvement over current technologies that are severely limited in observing speed due to small numbers of pixels. Moreover, KIDs are an established strong competitor to TESs and have achieved NEP ~ 1.5—3x10^-19 W/√Hz in a fully operational 1000-pixel science grade array made by SRON under the SpaceKID program. To reach the sensitivities for OST we are developing KIDs made from very thin aluminum films on single-crystal silicon substrates. Under the right conditions, small-volume inductors made from these films can become ultra-sensitive to single photons >90 GHz. Understanding the material physics and electrodynamics of excitations in these superconductor-dielectric systems is critical to performance. We have achieved world-record material properties, which are within requirements for photon-counting: microwave quality factor of 0.5 x 10^6 for a 10-nm aluminum resonator at single microwave photon drive power, residual dark electron density of 95% efficiency at 0.5 - 1.0 THz is achievable. Combined with µ-Spec - our Goddard-based on-chip far-IR spectrometer - these detectors will enable the first OST science objective mentioned above, and provide a clear path for the shorter wavelength objectives as well.
- Published
- 2018
35. Development of a robust, efficient process to produce scalable, superconducting kilopixel far-IR detector arrays
- Author
-
Kent D. Irwin, Edward J. Wollack, Karwan Rostem, Ari D. Brown, Johannes Staguhn, Gene C. Hilton, Elmer Sharp, Stephen F. Maher, and Samuel H. Moseley
- Subjects
Pixel ,Computer science ,Bolometer ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Multiplexer ,Space exploration ,law.invention ,Cardinal point ,Robustness (computer science) ,law ,Scalability ,Electronic engineering - Abstract
The far-IR band is uniquely suited to study the physical conditions in the interstellar medium from nearby sources out to the highest redshifts. FIR imaging and spectroscopy instrumentation using incoherent superconducting bolometers represents a high sensitivity technology for many future suborbital and space missions, including the Origins Space Telescope. Robust, high sensitivity detector arrays with several 104 pixels, large focal plane filling factors, and low cosmic ray cross sections that operate over the entire far-IR regime are required for such missions. These arrays could consist of smaller sub-arrays, in case they are tileable. The TES based Backshort Under Grid array architecture which our group has fielded in a number of FIR cameras, is a good candidate to meet these requirements: BUGs are tileable, and with the integration of the SQUID multiplexer scaleable beyond wafer sizes; they provide high filling factors, low cosmic cross section and have been demonstrated successfully in far-infrared astronomical instrumentation. However, the production of BUGs with integrated readout multiplexers has many time and resource consuming process steps. In order to meet the requirement of robustness and efficiency on the production of future arrays, we have developed a new method to provide the superconducting connection of BUG detectors to the readout multiplexers or general readout boards behind the detectors. This approach should allow us to reach the goal to produce reliable, very large detector arrays for future FIR missions.
- Published
- 2018
36. The Origins Space Telescope: mission concept overview
- Author
-
Eric E. Mamajek, Gregory E. Martins, D. Ramspacher, George Harpole, S. Tompkins, M. Jacoby, Mike DiPirro, T. Mooney, E. De Beck, Edward L. Wright, Joaquin Vieira, L. Stokowski, Louis G. Fantano, G. Feller, Karin Sandstrom, Kimberly Ennico, John Pohner, A. Nordt, Lynn Allen, Itsuki Sakon, C. Wu, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Matthew East, L. Dewell, Joseph A. Generie, Dominic Benford, Edward Amatucci, Asantha Cooray, Jonathan W. Arenberg, David Leisawitz, Michael Petach, Stefanie N. Milam, Kate Y. L. Su, J. R. Olson, Martina C. Wiedner, Eric Stoneking, R. Bell, Jonas Zmuidzinas, James Bauer, Samuel H. Moseley, C. Sandin, Gary J. Melnick, Johannes Staguhn, Susan G. Neff, K. Harvey, Joseph M. Howard, Paul A. Lightsey, Kevin L. Denis, Susanna Petro, Denis Burgarella, P. Beltran, D. Chi, Thomas L. Roellig, Damon Bradley, T. Nguyen, A. Jamil, Perry Knollenberg, John Steeves, Frank Helmich, Sean Carey, L. Hilliard, S. Knight, Maryvonne Gerin, Cara Battersby, Lee Armus, James A. Corsetti, Ruth Carter, Kartik Sheth, Alexandra Pope, J. J. Fortney, D. Folta, Desika Narayanan, Sarah Lipscy, Tiffany Kataria, K. Tajdaran, Cassandra Webster, Arturo Giles Flores, Margaret Meixner, Douglas Scott, S. Edgington, E. A. Bergin, Charles M. Bradford, D. Padgett, Kevin B. Stevenson, Z. Granger, Lystrup, Makenzie, MacEwen, Howard A., Fazio, Giovanni G., Batalha, Natalie, Siegler, Nicholas, and Tong, Edward C.
- Subjects
Engineering ,COSMIC cancer database ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,computer.file_format ,Space (commercial competition) ,01 natural sciences ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,Planet ,0103 physical sciences ,Systems engineering ,Executable ,business ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Superlative ,computer ,TRACE (psycholinguistics) - Abstract
The Origins Space Telescope (OST) will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. How did the universe evolve in response to its changing ingredients? How common are life-bearing planets? To accomplish its scientific objectives, OST will operate at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths and offer superlative sensitivity and new spectroscopic capabilities. The OST study team will present a scientifically compelling, executable mission concept to the 2020 Decadal Survey in Astrophysics. To understand the concept solution space, our team studied two alternative mission concepts. We report on the study approach and describe both of these concepts, give the rationale for major design decisions, and briefly describe the mission-enabling technology.
- Published
- 2018
37. FABRICATION AND SUB-ASSEMBLY OF ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED SILICON NITRIDE MICROSHUTTER ARRAYS
- Author
-
Lance H. Oh, Nick Costen, Dan Kelly, Mary J. Li, Kyowon Kim, Samuel H. Moseley, George Manos, and Alexander Kutyrev
- Subjects
Fabrication ,Materials science ,Silicon ,business.industry ,Shields ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Substrate (electronics) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Silicon nitride ,chemistry ,Shield ,Electrode ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
We have developed a new microshutter array (MSA) subassembly. The MSA and a silicon substrate are flip-bonded together. The MSA has a new back side fabrication process to actuate the microshutters electrostatically, and the new silicon substrate has light shields. The microshutters with a pixel size of 100 x 200 sq micrometers are fabricated on silicon with thin silicon nitride membranes. The microshutters rotate 90 deg on torsion bars. The selected microshutters are actuated, held, and addressed electrostatically by applying voltages on the electrodes the front and back sides of the microshutters. The substrate has the light shield to block lights around the microshutters. Also, electrical connections are made from the MSA to a controller board via the substrate.
- Published
- 2018
38. A four-pole power-combiner design for far-infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy
- Author
-
Samuel H. Moseley, Edward J. Wollack, and Giuseppe Cataldo
- Subjects
Physics ,Multi-mode optical fiber ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Electromagnetic spectrum ,Detector ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Aerospace Engineering ,Wavelength ,Optics ,Far infrared ,Spectral resolution ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Spectroscopy ,business ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) - Abstract
The far-infrared and submillimeter portions of the electromagnetic spectrum provide a unique view of the astrophysical processes present in the early universe. Micro-Spec ($\mu$-Spec), a high-efficiency direct-detection spectrometer concept working in the 450-1000-$\mu$m wavelength range, will enable a wide range of spaceflight missions that would otherwise be challenging due to the large size of current instruments and the required spectral resolution and sensitivity. This paper focuses on the $\mu$-Spec two-dimensional multimode region, where the light of different wavelengths diffracts and converges onto a set of detectors. A two-step optimization process is used to generate geometrical configurations given specific requirements on spectrometer size, operating spectral range, and performance. The canonically employed focal-plane constraints for the power combiner were removed to probe the design space in its entirety. A new four-stigmatic-point optical design solution is identified and explored for use in far-infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy., Comment: This paper was presented during the 65th International Astronautical Congress in Toronto
- Published
- 2015
39. Broadband Planar 5:1 Impedance Transformer
- Author
-
Edward J. Wollack, Negar Ehsan, Samuel H. Moseley, and Wen-Ting Hsieh
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Impedance matching ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Omega ,Microstrip ,law.invention ,Electric power transmission ,Planar ,Transmission line ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Transformer ,Electrical impedance - Abstract
This letter presents a broadband Guanella-type planar impedance transformer that transforms 50 $\Omega $ to 10 $\Omega $ with a 10 dB bandwidth of 1–14 GHz. The transformer is designed on a flexible 50 $\mu {\rm m}$ thick polyimide substrate in microstrip and parallel-plate transmission line topologies, and is inspired by the traditional 4:1 Guanella transformer. Back-to-back transformers were designed and fabricated for characterization in a 50 $\Omega $ system. Simulated and measured results are in excellent agreement.
- Published
- 2015
40. Improved Reference Sampling and Subtraction: A Technique for Reducing the Read Noise of Near-infrared Detector Systems
- Author
-
Matthew Lander, Yiting Wen, Dale J. Fixsen, Samuel H. Moseley, Markus Loose, Matthew A. Greenhouse, D. Brent Mott, R. G. Arendt, Christos Xenophontos, Bernard J. Rauscher, Don J. Lindler, and Donna Wilson
- Subjects
Pixel ,Computer science ,Detector ,James Webb Space Telescope ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Subtraction ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Sample (graphics) ,010309 optics ,Noise ,Sampling (signal processing) ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Calibration ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Algorithm - Abstract
Near-infrared array detectors, like the \JWST NIRSpec's Teledyne's H2RGs, often provide reference pixels and a reference output. These are used to remove correlated noise. Improved Reference Sampling and Subtraction (\IRSSquare, pronounced "IRS-square") is a statistical technique for using this reference information optimally in a least squares sense. Compared to "traditional" H2RG readout, \IRSSquare uses a different clocking pattern to interleave many more reference pixels into the data than is otherwise possible. Compared to standard reference correction techniques, \IRSSquare subtracts the reference pixels and reference output using a statistically optimized set of frequency dependent weights. The benefits include somewhat lower noise variance and much less obvious correlated noise. NIRSpec's \IRSSquare images are cosmetically clean, with less $1/f$ banding than in traditional data from the same system. This article describes the \IRSSquare clocking pattern and presents the equations that are needed to use \IRSSquare in systems other than NIRSpec. For NIRSpec, applying these equations is already an option in the calibration pipeline. As an aid to instrument builders, we provide our prototype \IRSSquare calibration software and sample \JWST NIRSpec data. The same techniques are applicable to other detector systems, including those based on Teledyne's H4RG arrays. The H4RG's "interleaved reference pixel readout" mode is effectively one \IRSSquare pattern.
- Published
- 2017
41. Electrostatic microshutter arrays
- Author
-
L. H. Oh, Vilem Mikula, Dan Kelly, Ari-David Brown, Stephan R. McCandliss, Mary Li, Kyowon Kim, Samuel H. Moseley, Devin E. Burns, and Alexander Kutyrev
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,James Webb Space Telescope ,Hinge ,Shields ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,Spitzer Space Telescope ,law ,Shutter ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,business ,Magnetic actuation - Abstract
Based on the Microshutter Array (MSA) subsystems developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Next Generation Microshutter Array (NGMSA) has been developed to be used as multi-object selectors for future telescopes in space applications. Microshutter arrays function as transmission devices. Selected shutters fully open 90 degrees permitting incoming light to go through, while the rest of shutters remain closed. The programmable microshutters open and close making the device perform as a multi object selector that can be used on space telescopes. Utilizing a multi object selector, the telescope efficiency can be increased to 100 times or more. Like JWST MSAs, NGMSA features torsion hinges, light shields, front and back electrodes for shutter actuation, latch, and closing. The difference is that JWST MSA utilized magnetic actuation while NGMSA uses electrostatic actuation.
- Published
- 2017
42. Optimal Energy Measurement in Nonlinear Systems: An Application of Differential Geometry
- Author
-
Samuel H. Moseley, Adriana E. Lita, Sae Woo Nam, Dale J. Fixsen, and T. Gerrits
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Dynamic range ,business.industry ,Detector ,Linearity ,Filter (signal processing) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Noise (electronics) ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Nonlinear system ,Optics ,General Materials Science ,Transition edge sensor ,business ,Energy (signal processing) - Abstract
Design of TES microcalorimeters requires a tradeoff between resolution and dynamic range. Often, experimenters will require linearity for the highest energy signals, which requires additional heat capacity be added to the detector. This results in a reduction of low energy resolution in the detector. We derive and demonstrate an algorithm that allows operation far into the nonlinear regime with little loss in spectral resolution. We use a least squares optimal filter that varies with photon energy to accommodate the nonlinearity of the detector and the non-stationarity of the noise. The fitting process we use can be seen as an application of differential geometry. This recognition provides a set of well-developed tools to extend our work to more complex situations. The proper calibration of a nonlinear microcalorimeter requires a source with densely spaced narrow lines. A pulsed laser multi-photon source is used here, and is seen to be a powerful tool for allowing us to develop practical systems with significant detector nonlinearity. The combination of our analysis techniques and the multi-photon laser source create a powerful tool for increasing the performance of future TES microcalorimeters.
- Published
- 2014
43. Sub-Kelvin cooling for two kilopixel bolometer arrays in the PIPER receiver
- Author
-
Samelys Rodriguez, Natalie N. Gandilo, Charles L. Bennett, Rahul Datta, Dale J. Fixsen, Joseph Eimer, Samuel H. Moseley, Dan Sullivan, S. Pawlyk, Timothy M. Miller, J. Lazear, Alan J. Kogut, Dominic J. Benford, Kent D. Irwin, Edward J. Wollack, Mark O. Kimball, L. Lowe, Mark Halpern, David T. Chuss, Eric R. Switzer, Thomas Essinger-Hileman, A. Walts, Peter Taraschi, Taylor Baildon, Carole Tucker, Johannes Staguhn, Peter A. R. Ade, Paul Mirel, Christine A. Jhabvala, Peter Shirron, Gene C. Hilton, Jeff McMahon, and Elmer Sharp
- Subjects
Physics ,business.industry ,Gravitational wave ,Liquid helium ,Detector ,Bolometer ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Refrigerator car ,FOS: Physical sciences ,law.invention ,Telescope ,Optics ,law ,Electronics ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,business ,Adiabatic process ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Instrumentation - Abstract
The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) is a balloon-borne telescope mission to search for inflationary gravitational waves from the early universe. PIPER employs two 32x40 arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors, which operate at 100 mK. An open bucket dewar of liquid helium maintains the receiver and telescope optics at 1.7 K. We describe the thermal design of the receiver and sub-kelvin cooling with a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (CADR). The CADR operates between 70-130 mK and provides ~10 uW cooling power at 100 mK, nearly five times the loading of the two detector assemblies. We describe electronics and software to robustly control the CADR, overall CADR performance in flight-like integrated receiver testing, and practical considerations for implementation in the balloon float environment., Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures
- Published
- 2019
44. Narrow Line X-Ray Calibration Source for High Resolution Microcalorimeters
- Author
-
Kelsey M. Morgan, Sang Jun Lee, M. S. Hokin, Simon R. Bandler, Samuel H. Moseley, D. McCammon, and Stephen J. Smith
- Subjects
Physics ,Laser diode ,business.industry ,Detector ,X-ray detector ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Laser ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Semiconductor laser theory ,law.invention ,Full width at half maximum ,Optics ,law ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Photonics ,business ,Diode - Abstract
We are developing a narrow line calibration source for use with X-ray microcalorimeters. At energies below 300 electronvolts fluorescent lines are intrinsically broad, making calibration of high resolution detectors difficult. This source consists of a 405 nanometers (3 electronvolts) laser diode coupled to an optical fiber. The diode is pulsed to create approximately one hundred photons in a few microseconds. If the pulses are short compared to the rise time of the detector, they will be detected as single events with a total energy in the soft X-ray range. Poisson fluctuations in photon number per pulse create a comb of X-ray lines with 3 electronvolts spacing, so detectors with energy resolution better than 2 electronvolts are required to resolve the individual lines. Our currently unstabilized diode has a multimode width less than 1 nanometer, giving a 300 electronvolt event a Full width at half maximum (FWHM) less than 0.1 electronvolts. By varying the driving voltage, or pulse width, the source can produce a comb centered on a wide range of energies. The calibration events are produced at precisely known times. This allows continuous calibration of a flight mission without contaminating the observed spectrum and with minimal deadtime.
- Published
- 2013
45. Silicon-Based Antenna-Coupled Polarization-Sensitive Millimeter-Wave Bolometer Arrays for Cosmic Microwave Background Instruments
- Author
-
Meng-Ping Chang, Samuel H. Moseley, Kevin L. Denis, Kongpop U-Yen, David T. Chuss, Charles L. Bennett, Edward J. Wollack, Zhilei Xu, Tobias A. Marriage, Karwan Rostem, Thomas R. Stevenson, Nick Costen, Ron Hu, Aamir Ali, John W. Appel, Ari D. Brown, Felipe Colazo, and Thomas Essinger-Hileman
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) ,Materials science ,Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor ,business.industry ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Bolometer ,Detector ,FOS: Physical sciences ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,law.invention ,Monocrystalline silicon ,Orthomode transducer ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Extremely high frequency ,Optoelectronics ,010306 general physics ,business ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,Waveguide ,Microwave ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
We describe feedhorn-coupled polarization-sensitive detector arrays that utilize monocrystalline silicon as the dielectric substrate material. Monocrystalline silicon has a low-loss tangent and repeatable dielectric constant, characteristics that are critical for realizing efficient and uniform superconducting microwave circuits. An additional advantage of this material is its low specific heat. In a detector pixel, two Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers are antenna-coupled to in-band radiation via a symmetric planar orthomode transducer (OMT). Each orthogonal linear polarization is coupled to a separate superconducting microstrip transmission line circuit. On-chip filtering is employed to both reject out-of-band radiation from the upper band edge to the gap frequency of the niobium superconductor, and to flexibly define the bandwidth for each TES to meet the requirements of the application. The microwave circuit is compatible with multi-chroic operation. Metalized silicon platelets are used to define the backshort for the waveguide probes. This micro-machined structure is also used to mitigate the coupling of out-of-band radiation to the microwave circuit. At 40 GHz, the detectors have a measured efficiency of ∼90%. In this paper, we describe the development of the 90 GHz detector arrays that will be demonstrated using the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) ground-based telescope.
- Published
- 2016
46. The Space High Angular Resolution Probe for the Infrared (SHARP-IR)
- Author
-
Mike DiPirro, Roser Juanola-Parramon, S. A. Rinehart, Martin A. Cordiner, John C. Mather, Dale J. Fixsen, D. Padgett, David Leisawitz, Johannes Staguhn, Karl R. Stapelfeldt, Samuel H. Moseley, Lee G. Mundy, Aki Roberge, Maxime Rizzo, John Eric Mentzell, T. Veach, Stefanie N. Milam, and A. Dhabal
- Subjects
010309 optics ,Physics ,Interferometry ,Far infrared ,Infrared ,0103 physical sciences ,High resolution ,Angular resolution ,Space (mathematics) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Image resolution ,Remote sensing - Abstract
The Space High Angular Resolution Probe for the Infrared (SHARP-IR) is a new mission currently under study. As part of the preparation for the Decadal Survey, NASA is currently undertaking studies of four major missions, but interest has also been shown in determining if there are feasible sub-$1B missions that could provide significant scientific return. SHARP-IR is being designed as one such potential probe. In this talk, we will discuss some of the potential scientific questions that could be addressed with the mission, the current design, and the path forward to concept maturation.
- Published
- 2016
47. Detectors and cooling technology for direct spectroscopic biosignature characterization
- Author
-
Thomas R. Stevenson, Edgar Canavan, John E. Sadleir, Samuel H. Moseley, and Bernard J. Rauscher
- Subjects
Passive cooling ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Kinetic inductance ,0103 physical sciences ,Aerospace engineering ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Instrumentation ,Physics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Detector ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Cryocooler ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Exoplanet ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Space and Planetary Science ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Active cooling ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Transition edge sensor ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics - Abstract
Direct spectroscopic biosignature characterization (hereafter "biosignature characterization") will be a major focus for future space observatories equipped with coronagraphs or starshades. Our aim in this article is to provide an introduction to potential detector and cooling technologies for biosignature characterization. We begin by reviewing the needs. These include nearly noiseless photon detection at flux levels as low as $, 31 pages, 6 figures, and 4 tables. Submitted to the Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems
- Published
- 2016
48. The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor
- Author
-
Pedro Fluxa, Johannes Hubmayr, Jeff McMahon, Lingzhen Zeng, Aamir Ali, John W. Appel, Rolando Dünner, Zhilei Xu, Tobias A. Marriage, Kathleen Harrington, Nathan T. Miller, Joseph Eimer, Marco Sagliocca, Karwan Rostem, Fletcher Boone, David T. Chuss, Felipe Colazo, Sumit Dahal, Gene C. Hilton, Deniz Augusto Nunes Valle, Gary Hinshaw, Matthew Petroff, Mark Halpern, Lucas Parker, John Karakla, Jeffery Iuliano, Thomas Essinger-Hileman, Bastián Pradenas, Gonzalo A. Palma, Kevin L. Denis, Charles L. Bennett, Michael K. Brewer, Manwei Chan, Samuel H. Moseley, Duncan J. Watts, and Edward J. Wollack
- Subjects
Physics ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,Gravitational wave ,Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor ,Cosmic microwave background ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Cosmic variance ,Astrophysics ,Polarization (waves) ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Telescope ,13. Climate action ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Reionization ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Optical depth - Abstract
The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a four telescope array designed to characterize relic primordial gravitational waves from inflation and the optical depth to reionization through a measurement of the polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) on the largest angular scales. The frequencies of the four CLASS telescopes, one at 38 GHz, two at 93 GHz, and one dichroic system at 145/217 GHz, are chosen to avoid spectral regions of high atmospheric emission and span the minimum of the polarized Galactic foregrounds: synchrotron emission at lower frequencies and dust emission at higher frequencies. Low-noise transition edge sensor detectors and a rapid front-end polarization modulator provide a unique combination of high sensitivity, stability, and control of systematics. The CLASS site, at 5200 m in the Chilean Atacama desert, allows for daily mapping of up to 70\% of the sky and enables the characterization of CMB polarization at the largest angular scales. Using this combination of a broad frequency range, large sky coverage, control over systematics, and high sensitivity, CLASS will observe the reionization and recombination peaks of the CMB E- and B-mode power spectra. CLASS will make a cosmic variance limited measurement of the optical depth to reionization and will measure or place upper limits on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, down to a level of 0.01 (95\% C.L.).
- Published
- 2016
49. Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators
- Author
-
Emily M. Barrentine, Ari D. Brown, Edward J. Wollack, Giuseppe Cataldo, Kongpop U-Yen, and Samuel H. Moseley
- Subjects
Superconductivity ,Silicon ,Materials science ,Fabrication ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,General Neuroscience ,Equipment Design ,Dielectric ,Microwave transmission ,Kinetic inductance ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Characterization (materials science) ,Resonator ,Engineering ,Condensed Matter::Superconductivity ,Optoelectronics ,Microwaves ,business ,Microwave - Abstract
Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.
- Published
- 2016
50. Electromagnetic Design of Feedhorn-Coupled Transition-Edge Sensors for Cosmic Microwave Background Polarimetry
- Author
-
Erik Crowe, Kongpop U-Yen, Nick Costen, Tobias A. Marriage, George M. Voellmer, Kevin L. Denis, Joseph Eimer, Lingzhen Zeng, Charles L. Bennett, Edward J. Wollack, Karwan Rostem, David T. Chuss, Deborah Towner, Samuel H. Moseley, Nathan P. Lourie, and Thomas R. Stevenson
- Subjects
Physics ,Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor ,business.industry ,Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging ,Cosmic microwave background ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Polarimetry ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Feed horn ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Microstrip ,Orthomode transducer ,Optics ,General Materials Science ,business ,Passband - Abstract
Observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) provide a powerful tool for probing the evolution of the early universe. Specifically, precision measurement of the polarization of the CMB enables a direct test for cosmic inflation. A key technological element on the path to the measurement of this faint signal is the capability to produce large format arrays of background-limited detectors. We describe the electromagnetic design of feedhorn-coupled, TES-based sensors. Each linear orthogonal polarization from the feed horn is coupled to a superconducting microstrip line via a symmetric planar orthomode transducer (OMT). The symmetric OMT design allows for highly-symmetric beams with low cross-polarization over a wide bandwidth. In addition, this architecture enables a single microstrip filter to define the passband for each polarization. Care has been taken in the design to eliminate stray coupling paths to the absorbers. These detectors will be fielded in the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS).
- Published
- 2011
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