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Improved rice lines were developed frome three parents with the resistance or tolerance to bacterial leaf blight, blast and drought stress, respectively, using single-, double- and three-way crosses. The improved lines were assessed for agro-morphological and yield traits under non-drought stress (NS) and reproductive-stage drought stress (RS) treatments. The mean comparison of traits measured between parent plants and progenies (improved lines) were similar, and there were significant and non-significant differences among the parents and improved lines (genotypes) under NS and RS. Smilarly, there was significant and non-significant differences in the interaction among both parent varieties and improved lines for NS and RS. Cluster and 3D-model of principal component analysis did not generate categorical clusters according to crossing methods, and there were no exclusive crossing method inclined variations under the treatments. The improved lines were high-yielding, disease resistant, and drought-tolerant compared with their parents. All the crossing methods were good for this crop improvement program without preference to any, despite the number of genes introgressed.

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and blast are among the most destructive diseases of rice. In order to develop new varieties that can resist various races of the pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Magnaporthe oryzae, which cause these two diseases, respectively, it is important to identify suitable markers and a marker-aided selection strategy. Seventeen foreground microsatellites associated with resistance against BLB and blast were screened for polymorphism for possible adoption in a breeding program for resistant cultivar development. A total of 472 background simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were also screened for polymorphism in order to recover the recurrent parent genome. All 72 F1 progenies were also analysed with the 17 foreground and 472 background markers in comparison to the alleles of their parents. The markers were validated using 218 BC2F2 plants. The result revealed six tightly linked polymorphic foreground markers (Xa21FR, pTA248, Xa13prom, MP, RM21 and RM13) associated with resistance against Xoo pathotype P7.7 and two microsatellites (RM6836 and RM8225) associated with resistance against blast pathotype P7.2. A total of 79 polymorphic background markers were identified for recovering the recurrent parent genome. The result also showed that the markers had goodness of fit (blast resistance) to 1:2:1 ratio for single gene model in BC2F2 progenies. These genetically confirmed microsatellite markers were recommended for use in marker-assisted backcross breeding and other marker-assisted selection of BLB and blast resistance genes in order to develop varieties with durable and broad spectrum resistance against the two major rice diseases.

Exploring the genetic aspects of germplasm using genotypic and phenotypic analysis is more reliable for the development of rice varieties that could lead to the attainment of food security. This is because genetic variations provide a space for recombinants, which is an important factor in new varietal development. This study was conducted to evaluate genetic variability and diversity among 32 coloured rice accessions using agro-morphological characteristics and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Quantitative traits (morphological, grain quality and antioxidant properties) and 34 SSR molecular markers were used as tools for determining cultivar identities and genetic diversity. Most of the quantitative traits showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) among all rice accessions. Clustering analysis from quantitative traits categorised the accessions into four groups. Similarly, the 32 accessions were grouped into 4 cluster groups based on the analysis of 34 SSR markers. The accessions YTM15, Pulut Merah 3, Padi Randau, Ringan Bawang, DNJ128 and DV 107 can be potentially selected for development of new varieties for local cultivation. Finally, these accessions can be used as parents in further breeding programmes.

Eggplant is an essential vegetable crop that is rich in health-related compounds, and the content of these compounds can be increased through grafting. It was reported that grafting with vigorous wild relatives’ rootstocks can improve eggplant’s fruit quality. The study was conducted to investigate the fruit yield, composition and physicochemical traits of Solanum melongena ME, CE, NE and TE scions grafted on wild relatives’ rootstocks of ST, SM and SI. The results show that a notable graft success (100%) was recorded in grafted (TE/ST) and self-grafted (TE/TE) plants using the cleft technique. Growth and yield traits indicated that CE and TE scions grafted onto ST, SM and SI showed better performance in all of the traits mentioned above in an open field across two years, except first flower formation which was displayed on non-grafted CE. In all the rootstocks studied—ST, SM and SI—there was no noticeable effect on carbohydrate, fibre, ash, pH and dry matter content. There was a notable effect of grafting ME/ST, CE/ST, ME/SM, CE/SI, ME/SI, ME/SI and NE/SM on the fruit length, fruit width, total soluble solids, fruit firmness and fat and protein content, respectively. Furthermore, antioxidants such as DPPH (ME/SM), total flavonoids (NE/SM) and total phenolics (TE/SI) had remarkable content of the above-mentioned physicochemical properties. Results show that ST, SM and SI represent a viable rootstock alternative to Solanum melongena or Solanum lycopersicum production.

Breeding for disease resistant varieties remains very effective and economical in controlling the bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice. Breeders have played a major role in developing resistant rice varieties against the BLB infection which has been adjudged to be a major disease causing significant yield reduction in rice. It would be difficult to select rice crops with multiple genes of resistance using the conventional approach alone. This is due to masking effect of genes including epistasis. In addition, conventional breeding takes a lot of time before a gene of interest can be introgressed. Linkage drag is also a major challenge in conventional approach. Molecular breeding involving markers has facilitated the characterization and introgression of BLB disease resistance genes. Biotechnology has brought another innovation in form of genetic engineering (transgenesis) of rice. Although, molecular breeding cannot be taken as a substitute for conventional breeding, molecular approach for combating BLB disease in rice is worthwhile given the demand for increased production of rice in a fast growing population of our society. This present article highlights the recent progress from conventional to molecular approach in breeding for BLB disease resistant rice varieties.

Marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding are very important breeding strategies for conferring broad spectrum and durable resistance against diseases causing yield loss in rice. One such disease causing major set backs in rice production is bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Molecular markers are very essential in both marker-assisted selection and pyramiding of genes, hence, many molecular marker techniques have already been developed. Presently, the most commonly used ones are DNA-based markers also known as molecular markers. The molecular markers are classified into two major categories based on the techniques used for detecting them. These are hybridization and polymerase chain reaction-based markers. Other types of markers available include the morphological (traditionally based) and biochemical (enzyme-based) markers. Host plant/varietal resistance is the most suitable means for controlling BLB disease of rice. Marker-assisted gene pyramiding has the potential to accelerate the breeding programmes and guarantee the durability of resistance conferred in the host plant. Therefore, this paper uncovers the utilization, economic importance, limitations and future prospects of marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding for resistance to BLB disease of rice.

This study was conducted to assess the Elaeidobius kamerunicus (EK) population density among the biparental dura × pisifera hybrids’ palms on deep peat-soil. Twenty-four hybrids derived from 10 genetic sources were used. Variance analysis showed that the EK population density varies between different oil palm hybrids, with a more noticeable variation of a low population mean in the male weevil across the hybrids. The highest weevil population mean/spikelet was attained on the third day of anthesis. The maximum monthly population of EK/spikelet (12.81 ± 0.23) and population density of EK (1846.49 ± 60.69) were recorded in January. Accordingly, 41.67% of the hybrids recorded an EK population density greater than the trial means of 973.68 weevils. Hybrid ECPHP550 had the highest mean of EK/spikelet (10.25 ± 0.11) and the highest population density of EK/palm (1241.39 ± 73.74). The parental mean population was 963.24 weevils and parent Deli-Banting × AVROS recorded the highest EK population density (1173.01). The overall results showed a notable disparity in the EK population among the biparental hybrids. Parental Deli-Banting × AVROS and hybrid ECPHP550 could be more useful to optimize the weevil population for pollination improvements in palm plantations. However, we suggest that volatile production should be included as a desirable trait in oil palm selective breeding.

High kernel elongation (HKE) is one of the high-quality characteristics in rice. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of ageing treatments, gene actions, and inheritance pattern of kernel elongation on cooking quality in two populations of rice and determine the path of influence and contribution of other traits to kernel elongation in rice. Two rice populations derived from crosses between MR219 × Mahsuri Mutan and MR219 × Basmati 370 were used. The breeding materials included two F1 progenies from the two populations, and their respective parents were grown in four different batches at a week interval to synchronize the flowering between the female and male plants. Scaling tests and generation means analysis were carried out to determine ageing effects and estimate additive-dominance gene action and epistasis. The estimation of gene interaction was based on quantitative traits. Path coefficient analysis was done using SAS software version 9.4 to determine the path of influence (direct or indirect) of six quantitative traits on HKE. Results obtained showed that nonallelic gene interaction was observed in all traits. The results before ageing and after ageing showed significant differences in all traits, while the gene interaction changed after ageing. The HKE value improved after ageing, suggesting that ageing is an external factor that could influence gene expression. The epistasis effect for HKE obtained from the cross Mahsuri Mutan × MR219 showed duplicate epistasis while that obtained from a cross between Basmati 370 × MR219 showed complimentary epistasis. Besides, the heritability of HKE was higher in Basmati 370 × MR219 compared to that obtained in Mahsuri Mutan × MR219. The path analysis showed that the cooked grain length and length-width ratio positively significantly affected HKE. It was concluded that ageing treatment is an external factor that could improve the expression of HKE. The findings from this study would be useful to breeders in the selection and development of new specialty (HKE) rice varieties.

Simple Summary Elaeidobius kamerunicus is the most efficient pollinator in oil palm plantations. The decline in the oil palm fruit-set and oil yield can be offset with this pollinator weevil. This study measured the population density of E. kamerunicus in biparental dura × pisifera hybrids. The result showed a significant variation in the population density of the weevils among the planting materials. The female population was higher than the male weevil across the hybrids. The highest weevil population was recorded on the third day of anthesis with a decline in its population in subsequent anthesis. The highest mean of E. kamerunicus population per spikelet and its population density per month was recorded in January. Hybrid ECPHP550 had the highest mean of E. kamerunicus per spikelet and its population density per palm. Hybrid ECPHP550 could be used in palm plantations to maximize the weevil population, especially the male weevil because of its pollen carrying capacity; thus, pollination in palm plantations can be improved in achieving good fruit-set and oil yield. Abstract This study was conducted to assess the Elaeidobius kamerunicus (EK) population density among the biparental dura × pisifera hybrids’ palms on deep peat-soil. Twenty-four hybrids derived from 10 genetic sources were used. Variance analysis showed that the EK population density varies between different oil palm hybrids, with a more noticeable variation of a low population mean in the male weevil across the hybrids. The highest weevil population mean/spikelet was attained on the third day of anthesis. The maximum monthly population of EK/spikelet (12.81 ± 0.23) and population density of EK (1846.49 ± 60.69) were recorded in January. Accordingly, 41.67% of the hybrids recorded an EK population density greater than the trial means of 973.68 weevils. Hybrid ECPHP550 had the highest mean of EK/spikelet (10.25 ± 0.11) and the highest population density of EK/palm (1241.39 ± 73.74). The parental mean population was 963.24 weevils and parent Deli-Banting × AVROS recorded the highest EK population density (1173.01). The overall results showed a notable disparity in the EK population among the biparental hybrids. Parental Deli-Banting × AVROS and hybrid ECPHP550 could be more useful to optimize the weevil population for pollination improvements in palm plantations. However, we suggest that volatile production should be included as a desirable trait in oil palm selective breeding.

Grafting is regarded as an integral component of sustainable vegetable production. It is important in the management of soil-borne diseases, and reports suggest that grafting with viable rootstocks can enhance crop growth and yield. This research was conducted using splices and cleft grafting techniques to investigate graft compatibility among varieties of high yielding eggplant scion (MCV1, MCV2, CCV1, CCV2, CCV3, NCV, and TCV) grafted onto wild rootstocks (MWR, BWR, and TWR) to study their morphophysiological and yield characteristics. High yielding scions grafted onto wild relative rootstocks were compared with two controls including self-grafted and non-grafted. All the scion had a high rate of germination (&ge, 95%) and remarkable graft success (100%) was recorded in MCV1, MCV2, and TCV using the cleft techniques. Generally, the use of rootstocks resulted in higher total and marketable fruit yield compared to the non-grafted and self-grafted scion plants, respectively. In particular, MWR and TWR rootstock conferred the highest vigour to the scion, resulting in the highest values recorded for total and marketable fruit yield, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight. A similar result was obtained in fruit length and diameter, where long and wide fruits were observed in scions grafted onto MWR and TWR rootstocks, respectively. Grafting of high yielding eggplant scion onto resistant MWR, BWR and TWR eggplant rootstock was found to be beneficial for eggplant cultivation. The remarkable compatibility and vigour of the rootstock with scion led to the improvement in total and marketable yield of the fruits. As such, it can be concluded that the use of wild relative rootstocks of eggplant species can be a valuable method of improving eggplant production.

Multi-environmental yield trial is very vital in assessing newly developed rice lines for its adaptability and stability across environments especially prior to release of the newly developed variety for commercial cultivation. The growth performance and phenotypic variability of these genotypes are the combination of environment, genotype and genotype by environment (G&times, E) interaction factors. Thus, evaluation creates an opportunity for effective selection of superior genotypes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the newly developed blast resistant rice lines in varied environmental conditions, precisely measure the response of the advanced lines in multiple environments and classify the genotypes into groups that could serve as varieties for commercial cultivation. Genetic materials included 18 improved blast resistant rice lines and the recipient parent MR219. The total of 19 newly developed genotypes was evaluated under four varied environments in Peninsular Malaysia. The experiments were carried out using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at each environment. Data were collected on the vegetative, yield and yield component traits. Descriptive statistics (mean performance) and analysis of variance were conducted using SAS Software version 9.4. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients, phenotypic variance component, heritability and genetic advance were also determined. Analysis of variance revealed that all traits were significantly different for genotypes except days to maturity, number of filled grains and total number of grains. Meanwhile, all the traits differed significantly for genotype &times, environment (G&times, E) except number of tillers per hill and number of panicles per hill. Low heritability (&lt, 30%) was found for all the traits. Similarly, low genetic advance was also observed for all the traits except for number of tillers per hill and number of panicles per hill. yield per hectare had significant and positive correlation with most evaluated traits except for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height and number of unfilled grains. Cluster analysis classified the 19 evaluated genotypes into six groups. Therefore, the six clusters/groups of genotypes were recommended as varieties for commercial cultivation in Malaysia and other rice growing regions.

Currently, the global agricultural system is focused on a limited number of crop species, thereby presenting a threat to food security and supply, especially with predicted global climate change conditions. The importance of ‘underutilized’ crop species in meeting the world’s demand for food has been duly recognized by research communities, governments and policy makers worldwide. The development of underutilized crops, with their vast genetic resources and beneficial traits, may be a useful step towards solving food security challenges by offering a multifaceted agricultural system that includes additional important food resources. Bambara groundnut is among the beneficial underutilized crop species that may have a positive impact on global food security through organized and well-coordinated multidimensional breeding programs. The excessive degrees of allelic difference in Bambara groundnut germplasm could be exploited in breeding activities to develop new varieties. It is important to match recognized breeding objectives with documented diversity in order to significantly improve breeding. This review assesses the genetic diversity of Bambara groundnut, as well as important factors involved in realizing and harnessing the potential of this crop.

Flooding or submergence is one of the major environmental stressors affecting many man-made and natural ecosystems worldwide. The increase in the frequency and duration of heavy rainfall due to climate change has negatively affected plant growth and development, which eventually causes the death of plants if it persists for days. Most crops, especially rice, being a semi-aquatic plant, are greatly affected by flooding, leading to yield losses each year. Genetic variability in the plant response to flooding includes the quiescence scheme, which allows underwater endurance of a prolonged period, escape strategy through stem elongation, and alterations in plant architecture and metabolism. Investigating the mechanism for flooding survival in wild species and modern rice has yielded significant insight into developmental, physiological, and molecular strategies for submergence and waterlogging survival. Significant progress in the breeding of submergence tolerant rice varieties has been made during the last decade following the successful identification and mapping of a quantitative trait locus for submergence tolerance, designated as SUBMERGENCE 1 (SUB1) from the FR13A landrace. Using marker-assisted backcrossing, the SUB1 QTL (quantitative trait locus) has been incorporated into many elite varieties within a short time and with high precision as compared with conventional breeding methods. Despite the advancement in submergence tolerance, for future studies, there is a need for practical approaches exploring genome-wide association studies (GWA) and QTL in combination with specific tolerance traits, such as drought, salinity, disease and insect resistance.

Plant breeding, particularly oil palm, takes up to 20 years per cycle for phenotypic selection which is characterized by low planting densities and longer generations. This, however, has numerous consequences such as limited breeding intensity and reduced number of generations that can be reached in between two breeding stages. In the attempt to reconcile the rapid achievement of varietal outputs and the long-term improvement of the tropical tree crops programme, the recurrent selection schemes were adopted. This paper presents an overview of recurrent selection with emphasis on modified reciprocal recurrent selection which is widely used in oil palm. Based on this background, the objectives of this breeding method were highlighted, and some achievements recorded through the method were elaborated.

This experiment was conducted with the aim of introgressing multiple resistance genes against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and blast diseases through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Two dominant (Xa4andXa21) and two recessive (xa5andxa13) BLB resistance genes were introgressed into a Malaysian elite rice variety Putra-1 with genetic background of three blast resistance (Piz, Pi2andPi9) genes and high yielding. Eight polymorphic tightly linked functional and SSR markers were used for foreground selection of target genes. 79 polymorphic SSR markers were used in background selection. The plants were challenged at initial stage of breeding and challenged again at BC2F2with the most virulent Malaysian pathotypes ofXoo(P7.7) andMagnaporthe oryzae(P7.2) to test their resistance. Results obtained from foreground marker analysis showed that the BC1F1and BC2F1both fitted into the Mendel’s single gene segregation ratio of 1:1 for bothXooand blast resistance. At BC2F2, result obtained indicated that foreground marker segregation fitted into the expected Mendelian ratio of 1:2:1 for blast resistance only. Marker-assisted background selection revealed high percentage of recurrent parent genome recovery (95.9%). It was concluded that resistance toXoopathotype P7.7 in IRBB60 was neither due to two independent gene action nor epistasis but substantially due to single nuclear gene action. Also, the inheritance of blast resistance in the pyramided lines to pathotype P7.2 was also attributed to single gene action. The incorporation of four bacterial leaf blight and three blast resistance genes (Xa4+xa5+xa13+Xa21+Pi9+Pi2+Piz) in the newly developed lines provides for broad spectrum and durable resistance against the two major diseases studied.

Specialty fragrant rice is sold at a premium price in both local and international trade because of its superior grain qualities. In this research, 40 advanced fragrant rice accessions were evaluated in different environments. The primary objective was to identify genotypes with high grain yield and high stability using multivariate (GGE biplot) and univariate analysis (regression slope, deviation from regression, Shukla’s stability variance, Wricke’s ecovalence, and Kang’s stability statistic). The field experiment trials were laid in a randomized complete block design in three replications. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among genotypes, locations, seasons, and the interactions between genotype, locations, and seasons. The environment significantly explained about 43.32% (37.01 and 6.31% for locations and seasons) of the total sum of squares. Based on average ranking generated from multivariate and univariate stability measured, rice accessions were classified into three major categories, viz., genotypes having high trait performance, and high stability as category 1. The second category consists of genotypes that exhibit high mean performance but low stability, while the third category includes genotypes with high stability but low trait performance. Our results showed that breeding for yield performance was possible, and the identified genotypes could be recommended for commercial cultivation.

The associations among yield-related traits and the pattern of influence on rice grain yield were investigated. This evaluation is important to determine the direct and indirect effects of various traits on yield to determine selection criteria for higher grain yield. Fifteen rice genotypes were evaluated under tropical condition at five locations in two planting seasons. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications across the locations. Data were collected on vegetative and yield components traits. The pooled data based on the analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences (p<0.001) among the fifteen genotypes for all the characters studied except for panicle length and 100-grain weight. Highly significant and positive correlations at phenotypic level were observed in grain weight per hill (0.796), filled grains per panicle (0.702), panicles per hill (0.632), and tillers per hill (0.712) with yield per hectare, while moderate positive correlations were observed in flag leaf length to width ratio (0.348), days to flowering (0.412), and days to maturity (0.544). By contrast, unfilled grains per panicle (-0.225) and plant height (-0.342) had a negative significant association with yield per hectare. Filled grains per panicle (0.491) exhibited the maximum positive direct effect on yield followed by grain weight per hill (0.449), while unfilled grain per panicle (-0.144) had a negative direct effect. The maximum indirect effect on yield per hectare was recorded by the tillers per hill through the panicles per hill. Therefore, tillers per hill, filled grains per panicle, and grain weight per hill could be used as selection criteria for improving grain yield in rice.

Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato which is influenced by plant age, tomato variety and nematode inoculum density was studied. The experiment was a 2 x 3 x 4 factorial in completely randomized design with 4 replications. Two tomato varieties: Roma VF and Pimpinellifolium at 4, 6 and 8 weeks old were variously treated with O, 500, 1000 and 1500 nematode infective larvae. Results showed that root gall damage on both tomato varieties increased with increased inoculum density. The same was true for number of days to 50% flowering. An inverse relationship however occurred between mean root length, weight, percentage dry matter and nematode inoculum density. The same was true for mean shoot dry matter, fresh weight, length and number of branches/plant. Plants inoculated at 6 weeks after sowing into the container had highest galling response which was significantly different from others.

Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) and blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae are major diseases responsible for significant yield loss in rice production across all rice growing regions. Host plant resistance has been advocated as a sustainable means of guarding against the diseases. This experiment was conducted with the aim to introgress multiple resistance genes against bacterial leaf blight and blast diseases through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Two dominant (Xa4 and Xa21) and two recessive (xa5 and xa13) Xoo resistance genes were introgressed into a high yielding Malaysian rice variety Putra-1 with genetic background of three blast resistance (Piz, Pi2 and Pi9) genes. Eight polymorphic tightly linked functional and SSR markers were used for foreground selection of target genes. Seventy nine polymorphic SSR markers were used in background selection. The plants were challenged at initial stage of breeding and challenged again at BC2F2 with the most virulent Malaysian pathotypes of Xoo (P7.7) and Magnaporthe oryzae (P7.2) to test their resistance. Results obtained from foreground marker segregation analysis at BC1F1 and BC2F1 showed that the marker polymorphism both fitted into the Mendel&rsquo, s single gene segregation ratio of 1:1 for both Xoo and blast resistance. At BC2F2, results indicated that foreground marker polymorphism fitted into the expected Mendelian ratio of 1:2:1 for blast resistance only. Marker-assisted background selection revealed high percentage of recurrent parent genome recovery (95.9%). It was concluded that the inheritance of blast resistance in the introgressed lines was mainly due to single gene action while the inheritance of Xoo resistance was substantially due to single nuclear gene action. The incorporation of four bacterial leaf blight and three blast resistance genes (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21, Pi9 + Pi2 + Piz) in the newly developed lines would provide for broad spectrum and durable resistance against the two major diseases studied.

This research was conducted at the teaching and research farm of the Department of Crop Production and Landscape Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, from 2006 to 2012 cropping seasons to develop maize populations of increase protein, oil, amylose and amylopectin contents. Total of eight (8) maize varieties were used for the study and were grouped into two populations, A and B. Population A was coded A 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 while population B was coded B 1 , B 2 , B 3 and B 4 . These two populations were genetically variable based on the time of maturity, percentage protein, oil, amylose and amylopectin. The mean protein content of the parents was 8.74% while their progenies after second cycle had percentage protein content of 13.27%, showing an increase of 4.53% with mid parent heterosis of 52%. The oil content of the open-pollinated maize varieties was pushed towards increasing order from 6.19% for population A and 4.19% for population B of the original populations to 5.61% and 5.62% for populations A and B respectively of the first cycle populations. These were further pushed up to 8.08% and 8.46% of the second cycle populations A and B respectively. The mean amylose content of the original population was 24.25% and the mean amylose content of the progenies after the first cycle was 22.02%. The second cycle synthetics had mean amylose content of 19.72%, showing a decrease of 4.53%. The mid parent heterosis was -9.2%. The mean amylopectin content of the original population was 75.75% and the mean amylopectin content of the selected high amylopectin was 82.13%, showing an increase of 6.38% over the mean amylopectin content of the original population. The breeding programme seems to be very effective in improving both the high, medium and low protein, oil, amylose and amylopectin contents of the original maize populations to all high protein, oil and amylopectin contents, except amylose, after the second cycle. In all, this method offers definite promise. Further progress in improving chemical constituents as well as other characters is theoretically possible in future cycles.

This breeding programme was initiated at the Department of Crop Production and Landscape Management's teaching and research farm of the Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. The genetic materials were sourced from the University of Nigeria gene bank. After three cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection, two high protein populations of maize (Zea mays L.) with mean protein content estimates of 14.4 Nsukka High Protein - Early (NHP-E) and 14.3 Nsukka High Protein - Late (NHP-L) were developed from populations with average protein contents of 7.6 and 8.6 per cent, respectively. The new populations can be used as commercial varieties, as parents in varietal crosses or as reservoirs of germplasm for further improvement and extraction of superior inbred lines for use in hybrid maize production.