Author: "Samson Leta" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Samson Leta"' showing total 76 results

Start Over Author "Samson Leta"

76 results on '"Samson Leta"'

1. Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in selected districts of Borena zone, Ethiopia

Author: Adem Kumbe, Haileleul Negussie, Yitbarek Getachew, Biruk Alemu, Gezahagn Alemayehu, Sisay Girma, Demeke Sibhatu, Kemal Emiyu, Hika Waktole, and Samson Leta
Subjects: Epidemiology, Peste des petits ruminants, Spatial, Small ruminants, Temporal, Ethiopia, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Abstract Background Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a contagious disease caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). The disease poses a significant economic threat to small ruminant production in Ethiopia, particularly to the striving pastoral production system. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of PPR in the small ruminants of the Borena Zone. A total of 384 serum samples were collected randomly from sheep and goats and examined for the presence of PPRV antibodies using competition enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (c-ELISA). Additionally, a retrospective analysis of five years of outbreak data was performed to provide insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease. Results The seroprevalence of PPRV antibodies in nonvaccinated, vaccinated, and unknown vaccination status of small ruminants in this study was found to be 32.1%, 68.8%, and 45.5%, respectively. Multivariable logistic analysis revealed a statistically significant association between PPRV seropositivity and several factors, including age, animal origin, flock size, and veterinary services status. A retrospective analysis revealed 53 PPR outbreaks in the Borena Zone from 2018 to 2022, exacerbated by low vaccination coverage relative to the at-risk animal population. Conclusion The study revealed significant gaps in current vaccination efforts, with herd immunity levels falling below the FAO-WOAH recommended threshold of 80%. Despite Ethiopia’s ambitious goal to eradicate PPR by 2027, the frequent outbreaks and insufficient herd immunity highlight the inadequacy of the existing strategies. To effectively move toward eradication, Ethiopia must align its approach with the global PPR eradication framework, which emphasizes a comprehensive strategy that includes diagnostics, surveillance, prevention, and the establishment of a robust veterinary regulatory system, rather than relying solely on vaccination. Overcoming logistical challenges, improving vaccination coverage, and optimizing the timing of vaccination campaigns, especially in hard-to-reach areas, will be crucial for reducing outbreaks and making progress toward eradication.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. CRISPR-Cas12/Cas13: Bibliometric analysis and systematic review of its application in infectious disease detection

Author: Samson Leta, Tesfaye Rufael Chibssa, and Jan Paeshuyse
Subjects: Bibliometric analysis, CRISPR-Cas12, CRISPR-Cas13, Diagnostic assay, Infectious disease, Systematic review, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Background: Infectious diseases impose a significant burden on the global public health and economy, resulting in an estimated 15 million deaths out of 57 million annually worldwide. This study examines the current state of CRISPR-Cas12/Cas13 research, focusing on its applications in infectious disease detection and its evolutionary trajectory. Methods: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review were conducted by retrieving CRISPR-Cas12/Cas13-related articles published between January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2022, from the Web of Science database. The research protocol was registered with International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY202380062). Results: Our search identified 1987 articles, of which, 1856 were included in the bibliometric analysis and 445 were used in qualitative analysis. The study reveals a substantial increase in scientific production on CRISPR-Cas12/Cas13, with an annual growth rate of 104.5%. The United States leads in the number of published articles. The systematic review identified 580 different diagnostic assays targeting 170 pathogens, with SARS-CoV-2 dominating with 158 assays. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)/reverse transcription-RPA (RT-RPA) emerged as the predominant amplification method, while lateral flow assay was the most common readout method. Approximately 72% of the diagnostic assays developed are suitable for point-of-care testing. Conclusion: The rapid increase in research on CRISPR-Cas12/Cas13 between 2015 and 2022 suggests promising potential for advancements in infectious disease diagnosis. Given the numerous advantages of CRISPR-Cas technology for disease detection over other methods, and the dedicated efforts of scientists from around the world, it is reasonable to anticipate that CRISPR-Cas technology may emerge as a formidable alternative, offering the possibility of expedited point-of-care testing in the not-too-distant future.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Evaluation of the effect of therapeutic durations on small ruminant bacterial pneumonia

Author: Sisay Girma, Tesfaye Bekele, Samson Leta, Desiye Tesfaye Tegegne, Tilaye Demissie, Birhanu Hadush, Kassaye Aragaw, Takele Beyene Tufa, Teshale Sori Tolera, and Ketema Tafess
Subjects: Sheep, Goat, Oxytetracycline, Respiratory diseases, Therapeutic duration, Ethiopia, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Abstract Background Sheep and goat production in Ethiopia is hindered by numerous substandard production systems and various diseases. Respiratory disease complexes (RDC) pose a significant threat to the productivity of these animals. Pneumonia is a common manifestation of respiratory disease complexes and often necessitates a prolonged course of antibiotic treatment. This study aimed to optimize and propose the ideal duration of therapy for pneumonia in sheep and goats. Methods The study was conducted from February to June 2021 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University. The study recruited 54 sheep and goats presented to the hospital for treatment with a confirmed RDC as determined based on clinical signs and bacteriological methods. The animals were randomly allocated to 5 groups each group receiving 10% oxytetracycline (Phenxyl, Phenix, Belgum) intramuscularly for a duration of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 consecutive days. The treatment outcomes were assessed by recording vital signs (body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, coughing, and nasal discharges), performing lung ultrasonography (L-USG) as well as collection of nasal swabs for bacterial isolation and molecular identification before and after completion of the treatment. An ordered logistic regression model with random effects was employed to determine the optimal therapeutic duration, taking into account the cumulative scores of the outcome variables across the different groups. Results Among the 54 sheep and goats treated with 10% oxytetracycline, a total of 74.07% (95% CI, 60.35–85.04) achieved complete recovery, as confirmed through clinical, ultrasound, and bacteriological methods. In Group 1 (G1), out of 12 sheep and goats, 8 (83.0%) recovered completely; in Group 2 (G2), out of 11 animals, 9 (82.0%) recovered completely; in Group 3 (G3), out of 11 animals, 10 (93.0%) recovered completely; in Group 4 (G4), out of 9 animals, 9 (100.0%) recovered completely; and in Group 5 (G5), out of 11 animals, 10 (91.0%) recovered completely. Bacteriological examination of nasal swabs indicated involvement of M. hemolytica in 27 (50.00%) and P. multocida in 13 (24.07%) of pneumonic animals. Detection of specific marker genes confirmed only five of the presumptive M. hemolytica isolates, whilst no isolates tested positive for P. multocida. Post-treatment samples collected from recovered animals did not yield any M. hemolytica nor P. multocida. Based on results from clinical signs, L-USG, and bacterial infection variables, the group of sheep and goats treated for seven consecutive days (G5) showed the highest recovery score compared to the other groups, and there was a statistically significant difference (coefficient (β) = − 2.296, p = 0.021) in variable score between G5 and G1. These findings suggest that the administration of 10% oxytetracycline for a full course of seven consecutive days resulted in symptomatic and clinical recovery rates from respiratory disease in sheep and goats.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Spatiotemporal analysis and forecasting of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Ethiopia based on retrospective outbreak reports

Author: Shimels Tesfaye, Fikru Regassa, Gashaw Beyene, Samson Leta, and Jan Paeshuyse
Subjects: Ethiopia, forecast, lumpy skin disease, SaTScan, spatial, temporal, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: IntroductionLumpy skin disease is a viral disease that affects cattle belonging to genus Capripoxvirus (Poxviridae) and lead to significant economic losses.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks and predict future patterns based on retrospective outbreak reports in Ethiopia.MethodsData were collected through direct communication with regional laboratories and a hierarchical reporting system from the Peasant Associations to Ministry of Agriculture. Time-series data for the LSD outbreaks were analyzed using classical additive time-series decomposition and STL decomposition. Four models (ARIMA, SARIMA, ETS, STLF) were also used to forecast the number of LSD outbreaks that occurred each month for the years (2021–2025) after the models’ accuracy test was performed. Additionally, the space–time permutation model (STP) were also used to study retrospective space–time cluster analysis of LSD outbreaks in Ethiopia.ResultsThis study examined the geographical and temporal distribution of LSD outbreaks in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2020, reporting a total of 3,256 LSD outbreaks, 14,754 LSD-positive cases, 7,758 deaths, and 289 slaughters. It also covered approximately 68% of Ethiopia’s districts, with Oromia reporting the highest LSD outbreaks. In the LSD’s temporal distribution, the highest peak was reported following the rainy season in September to December and its lowest peak in the dry months of April and May. Out of the four models tested for forecasting, the SARIMA (3, 0, 0) (2, 1, 0) [12] model performed well for the validation data, while the STLF+Random Walk had a robust prediction for the training data. Thus, the SARIMA and STLF+Random Walk models produced a more accurate forecast of LSD outbreaks between 2020 and 2025. From retrospective Space–Time Cluster Analysis of LSD, eight possible clusters were also identified, with five of them located in central part of Ethiopia.ConclusionThe study’s time series and ST-cluster analysis of LSD outbreak data provide valuable insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of the disease in Ethiopia. These insights can aid in the development of effective strategies to control and prevent the spread of the disease and holds great potential for improving efforts to combat LSD in the country.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Occurrence of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in lactating cows and dairy farm environment and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern at Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha District, Ethiopia

Author: Frehiwot Mesele, Samson Leta, Kebede Amenu, and Fufa Abunna
Subjects: Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Dairy farm environment, E. coli O157:H7, Lactating cows, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Abstract Background Food-borne pathogens are the foremost causes of food-borne human illness in the world. Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is one of the major food-borne pathogenic bacteria around the world. Though evidence is lacking; especially in developing countries like Ethiopia, the potential health impact of E. coli O157:H7 can be high where food production, handling and consumption is often taking place under unhygienic conditions. In Ethiopia, studies reported E. coli and E. coli O157: H7 from food of animal origin, mainly meat and milk, and also animal surfaces and feces. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in raw milk and the dairy production farm environment and further assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the bacterium. Methods Samples of milk from individual lactating cows’ and dairy farm environmental samples (feces, water and manure) were collected at Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district (ATJKD) and analyzed for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Standard microbiological techniques including culture, biochemical testing and serological test were performed to isolate and identify the bacterium. The bacterial isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility patterns using disk diffusion method. A questionnaire was used to collect possible factors affecting E. coli O157:H7 occurrence. Results The overall prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 4.7% (19/408) (95% CI: 2.6; 6.7). Out of 19 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, 4/50, 7/154, 2/50, and 6/154 were from water, milk, manure, and feces samples, respectively. From potential risk factors considered in this study area, floor type, cleaning of pens, milking location and hand washing during the time of milking were significantly associated with the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern indicated varying degrees of resistance. All of the isolates were found to be resistant ampicillin, cephalothin, and rifampin, and 100% susceptibility was observed against the drugs: chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, and tetracycline. Concerning streptomycin, 63.15% of the isolates were susceptible and 36.8% showed intermediate susceptibility. Conclusions The occurrence of multi-drug resistance E. coli O157:H7 observed both in lactating cows and in dairy farm environments can sustain a continuous transmission of the bacteria. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant E. coli o157:H7could hamper the control and prevention efforts.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Molecular detection and assessment of the epidemiological risk factors associated with equine herpesvirus 2 and 5 in working equids in central Ethiopia

Author: Kifle Wondimagegnehu, Samson Leta, Kebede Amenu, and Haileleul Negussie
Subjects: EHV‐2, EHV‐5, Ethiopia, equids, PCR, respiratory disease, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Abstract Background Respiratory disease is the most common presenting complaint at veterinary clinics and a priority concern for equid owners and veterinary practitioners in Ethiopia. Objectives This study aimed to report the molecular detection of EHV‐2 and EHV‐5 and to assess the risk factors associated with infection in working equids in central Ethiopia. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 58 horses and donkeys to detect EHV‐2 and EHV‐5 using PCR targeting the conserved region of glycoprotein B (gB) genes. Results From 58 equids, EHV‐5 and EHV‐2 were detected in 20 (34.5%) and 19 (32.8%) equids, respectively. Concurrent infection with EHV‐2 and EHV‐5 was found in 6 (10.3%) equids who exhibited respiratory clinical signs. EHV‐2 was detected in a significantly higher (p = 0.002) proportion of horses (54.5%; n = 18) than donkeys (4%; n = 1). In contrast, EHV‐5 was detected in a significantly higher (p = 0.004) proportion of donkeys (56%; n = 14) compared to horses (18.2% n = 6). EHV‐2‐positive equids were seven times more likely to display clinical signs of respiratory disease than EHV‐2‐negative equids (Odds ratio (OR) = 6.9; 95%CI: 1.72‐27.60). However, statistically significant (p = 0.832) difference was not observed for EHV‐5. EHV‐2 was detected in a significantly higher (p = 0.004) proportion of female (50%; n = 16) compared to male equids (11.5%; n = 3). Conclusions This study revealed the molecular detection of EHV‐2 and EHV‐5 in horses and donkeys residing in central Ethiopia. The association between EHV‐2‐test‐positive equids and displaying of clinical signs of respiratory disease was observed, which suggests EHV‐2 involvement in the development of respiratory disease; however, it deserves further investigation.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Entomological survey of the potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus and absence of detection of the virus genome from the vectors in various niches in the southern half of the Great Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Author: Megarsa Bedasa Jaleta, Mehari Tefera, Haileleul Negussie, Tesfaye Mulatu, Tsega Berhe, Fasika Belete, Bekele Yalew, Oda Gizaw, Golo Dabasa, Fufa Abunna, Fikru Regassa, Kebede Amenu, and Samson Leta
Subjects: genome detection, habitats, mosquito, RVF virus, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Abstract Background Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is the cause of one of the most important mosquito‐borne emerging diseases negatively affecting the health of humans and animals, particularly in Africa. In Ethiopia, the status of RVFV and the existence of potential vectors are unknown. Objectives This study aimed to survey the mosquito vectors of RVFV and the detection of the virus in selected sites (Batu, Hawassa, Arba Minch and Borana) in Ethiopia. Methods CDC light traps baited with the sugar‐yeast solution were set up at various locations for a total of 29 trap nights. Mosquitoes identification were made morphologically using a stereomicroscope and for RVFV detection by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Results Among a total of 132 trap efforts conducted, 60 (45%) captured the mosquitoes. A total of 1576 adult mosquitoes were collected and identified. Including Aedes (n = 407; 25.8%), Anopheles (n = 493; 32.3%), Culex (n = 466; 29.6%) and Mansonia (n = 210; 13.32%). The genome material of RVFV was not detected by RT‐PCR. Conclusions The existence of a potential Aedes species may pose a risk for the occurrence of the RVF outbreak in Ethiopia. Based on the current study, we recommend further monitoring for potential mosquito vectors of RVFV, particularly with a view to targeting the seasons during which the mosquitoes can be abundant along with a serological survey of susceptible hosts.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk and milk products in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Abiot Deddefo, Gezahegne Mamo, Samson Leta, and Kebede Amenu
Subjects: Antimicrobial resistance, Enterotoxin genes, Ethiopia, Milk, Milk products, MRSA, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen of raw milk and milk products, and the enterotoxins cause food poisoning. Milk and milk products are important reservoirs of enterotoxin-producing S. aureus. The aims of this systematic review were to estimate the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and to summarize their molecular characteristics, assess the potential sources of S. aureus contamination in bulk milk and analyse the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates. Methods Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched publicly available scientific online databases and search engines: PubMed, Research for Life, African Journal Online (AJOL), and Google Scholar. In addition, the reference lists of the identified studies were manually checked for relevant literature. A random effects model using the DerSimonian method was used to compute pooled prevalence estimates, and the data were transformed using variance stabilizing Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Results A total of 38 studies were included in this systematic review. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus was highest in raw cow milk (30.7%), followed by camel milk (19.3%), goat milk (13.6%) and pasteurized milk (3.8%). The pooled prevalence of S. aureus in locally produced soft cheese (ayib) and traditional fermented milk (ergo) was 18.6% and 14.9%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of MRSA in milk and milk products was 0.73%. In this study, 58.9% of S. aureus isolates recovered from milk and milk products harbored at least one type of enterotoxin gene. Raw milk of the three species (cow, goat and camel) showed the highest S. aureus pooled prevalence rate at processing plants (50.3%), followed by milk collection centers (MCCs) (47.1%), selling points (34.5%), farm bulk milk (25.8%), milking buckets (24.8%) and udder milk (20.3%). Water for washing milking utensils (39.3%) was more contaminated than swab samples from farm workers’ nares (31.5%), milkers’ hands (25.9%), MCCs containers (23.8%), bulk tanks (20.4%), udders (15.6%), milking buckets (14.2%) and towels (10%). S. aureus isolates were highly resistant to penicillin G (92%), followed by ampicillin (82%) and amoxicillin (62.6%). The pooled multidrug resistance (MDR) was high (62.1%). Conclusion This systematic review revealed a high and increasing level of S. aureus contamination of raw milk from udder to MCCs or processing plants. Enterotoxin genes and MRSA were reported in milk, milk products and samples from farm workers. S. aureus showed resistance to different antimicrobial agents, with β-lactams showing the highest pooled antimicrobial resistance and the level of MDR was high. The results of this study indicated that the consumption of raw milk and milk products may predispose consumers to staphylococcal food poisoning. Application of good hygiene and handling practices across the dairy value chain starting from farm, udder health, milk cooling, heat treatment of milk before drinking and rational use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine can reduce the potential health risks from S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk and milk products.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. Modeling the spatial distribution of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of animal diseases in Ethiopia

Author: Eyerusalem Fetene, Getachew Teka, Hana Dejene, Deresegn Mandefro, Tsedale Teshome, Dawit Temesgen, Haileleul Negussie, Tesfaye Mulatu, Megarsa Bedasa Jaleta, and Samson Leta
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the major vectors of bluetongue, Schmallenberg, and African horse sickness viruses. This study was conducted to survey Culicoides species in different parts of Ethiopia and to develop habitat suitability for the major Culicoides species in Ethiopia. Culicoides traps were set in different parts of the country from December 2018 to April 2021 using UV light Onderstepoort traps and the collected Culicoides were sorted to species level. To develop the species distribution model for the two predominant Culicoides species, namely Culicoides imicola and C. kingi, an ensemble modeling technique was used with the Biomod2 package of R software. KAPPA True skill statistics (TSS) and ROC curve were used to evaluate the accuracy of species distribution models. In the ensemble modeling, models which score TSS values greater than 0.8 were considered. Negative binomialregression models were used to evaluate the relationship between C. imicola and C. kingi catch and various environmental and climatic factors. During the study period, a total of 9148 Culicoides were collected from 66 trapping sites. Of the total 9148, 8576 of them belongs to seven species and the remaining 572 Culicoides were unidentified. The predominant species was C. imicola (52.8%), followed by C. kingi (23.6%). The abundance of these two species was highly influenced by the agro-ecological zone of the capture sites and the proximity of the capture sites to livestock farms. Climatic variables such as mean annual minimum and maximum temperature and mean annual rainfall were found to influence the catch of C. imicola at the different study sites. The ensemble model performed very well for both species with KAPPA (0.9), TSS (0.98), and ROC (0.999) for C. imicola and KAPPA (0.889), TSS (0.999), and ROC (0.999) for C. kingi. Culicoides imicola has a larger suitability range compared to C. kingi. The Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia, the southern and eastern parts of the country, and the areas along the Blue Nile and Lake Tana basins in northern Ethiopia were particularly suitable for C. imicola. High suitability for C. kingi was found in central Ethiopia and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). The habitat suitability model developed here could help researchers better understand where the above vector-borne diseases are likely to occur and target surveillance to high-risk areas.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

10. Status of animal health biosecurity measures of dairy farms in urban and peri-urban areas of central Ethiopia

Author: Nebyou Moje, Hika Waktole, Rediet Kassahun, Bekele Megersa, Milkessa T. Chomen, Samson Leta, Mulu Debela, and Kebede Amenu
Subjects: animal health, biosecurity, management practices, smallholder dairy farm, urban and peri-urban, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Ethiopian dairy farming has many constraints including disease and lack of appropriate biosecurity measures. With this into consideration, a cross-sectional survey was carried out from November 2021 to April 2022 to determine the animal health biosecurity status of dairy farms and investigate the sociodemographic characteristics of livestock keepers on dairy farm management. A face-to-face questionnaire survey using an online application was used to collect data. The interview involved a total of 380 dairy farms located in six towns in central Ethiopia. The results showed that out of the surveyed farms, 97.6% missed footbaths at their gate points, 87.4% lacked isolation areas for either sick or newly introduced cattle, and 83.4% did not check the health status or quarantine newly introduced cattle. Furthermore, written formal record-keepings on animal health was uncommon, except for a few farms (7.9%). However, nearly all of the respondents (97.9%) gave medical treatments for sick cattle, and 57.1% of them vaccinated their herds regularly during the past 12 months before the survey. Hygienic aspects of the farms showed that 77.4% of the dairy farms appeared to clean the barn on a daily basis. However, 53.2% of respondents did not utilize personal protective equipment while cleaning their farms. A quarter of the dairy farmer (25.8%) avoided mixing their cattle with other herds, and 32.9% of them have implemented isolation of sick animals. In general, the animal health biosecurity assessment of the farms showed that most of the dairy farms (79.5%) earned unacceptable biosecurity levels (score of ≤ 50%), whereas the remaining 20.5% of dairy farms had received a score of >50% (“acceptable level”). The gender of dairy farmers (χ2 value = 7.61; p = 0.006), education level (χ2 value = 12.04; p = 0.007), dairy farm ownership (χ2 value = 41.6; p < 0.001), training on dairy farm management (χ2 value = 37.1; p < 0.001), towns (χ2 value = 31.69; p < 0.001), farm size (χ2 value = 7.7; p = 0.006), and herd size (χ2 value = 28.2; p < 0.001) showed a significant statistical association with biosecurity status. Finally, the study revealed that the level of biosecurity adoption of dairy farms in central Ethiopia is mostly unsatisfactory and calls for designing and implementing intervention measures toward improved animal health in dairy farms and further public health.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

11. Knowledge and preventive practices of livestock farmers on infectious causes of reproductive disorders in dairy cows in the Kembata Tambaro zone, southern Ethiopia

Author: Birhanu Ayele and Samson Leta
Subjects: Dairy cows, RSIs, Livestock farmers, Knowledge, Preventive practices, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Several studies in Ethiopia have shown a high prevalence of reproductive disorders (RDs) in dairy cows. However, there is a lack of information about the levels of knowledge among farming community about the causes associated with RDs. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study design was administered to 278 livestock farmers (LFs) in the Kembata Tambaro zone to evaluate knowledge and preventive practices on infectious causes of RDs in dairy cows. The results show that almost all farmers had heard about RDs, but more than half did not realize that reproductive system infections (RSIs) could cause RDs in dairy cows. A significant number of participants were not aware of the spread of RSIs between animals through sharing of breeding bulls, ingestion of urine contaminated feed, unhygienic management, sharing of equipment between milking cows, and interactions with contagious animals. The majority of LFs reported that they frequently consulted with traditional healers regarding the treatment of RDs, but very few looked for veterinary assistance. The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that level of education and living areas were factors significantly and positively associated with knowledge about RSIs. Likewise, occupation, level of education and being knowledgeable about RSIs were significantly associated with good preventive practices. Veterinarians and responsible authorities should take these results into consideration to educate farmers on preventing losses attributed to RSIs.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

12. First molecular detection of hepatitis E virus genome in camel and pig faecal samples in Ethiopia

Author: Fufa Dawo Bari, Haimanot Belete Wodaje, Umer Said, Hika Waktole, Melaku Sombo, Samson Leta, Tesfaye Rufael Chibsa, and Paul Plummer
Subjects: Dromedary camels, Hepatitis E virus, Nested RT-PCR, Pigs, Ethiopia, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Hepatitis E is an enteric and zoonotic disease caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) that is mainly transmitted via the faecal-oral route through contaminated food or the environment. The virus is an emerging infectious agent causing acute human infection worldwide. A high seroprevalence of the disease was reported in pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, raising significant public health concern. The presence of HEV specific antibodies were also reported in dromedary camels in the country; however, the infectious virus and/or the viral genome have not been demonstrated to date in animal samples. Methods To address this gap, a total of 95 faecal samples collected from both apparently healthy pigs of uncharacterised types (50 samples) in Burayu and Addis Ababa areas and camels (Camelus dromedarius, 45 samples) in west Hararghe were screened for the presence of HEV genome using universal primers in a fully nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR). The protocol is capable of detecting HEV in faecal samples from both pigs and camels. Results The nRT-PCR detected HEV genes in six (12%) pig faecal samples and one camel sample (2.2%). Therefore, the results indicate that HEV is circulating in both pigs and camels in Ethiopia and these animals and their products could serve as a potential source of infection for humans. Conclusion The detection of HEV in both animals could raise another concern regarding its public health importance as both animals’ meat and camel milk are consumed in the country. Further studies to determine the prevalence and distribution of the virus in different animals and their products, water bodies, food chain, and vegetables are warranted, along with viral gene sequencing for detailed genetic characterisation of the isolates circulating in the country. This information is critically important to design and institute appropriate control and/or preventive measures.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. Influence of Live Attenuated Salmonella Vaccines on Cecal Microbiome Composition and Microbiota Abundances in Young Broiler Chickens

Author: Wilfred Michael Lyimu, Samson Leta, Nadia Everaert, and Jan Paeshuyse
Subjects: Salmonella, live vaccine, poultry, cecum, microbiota, cytokine, Medicine
Abstract: Salmonellosis is a global food safety challenge caused by Salmonella, a gram-negative bacterium of zoonotic importance. Poultry is considered a major reservoir for the pathogen, and humans are exposed through consumption of raw or undercooked products derived from them. Prophylaxis of Salmonella in poultry farms generally mainly involves biosecurity measures, flock testing and culling, use of antibiotics, and vaccination programs. For decades, the use of antibiotics has been a common practice to limit poultry contamination with important pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella at the farm level. However, due to an increasing prevalence of resistance, non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal production has been banned in many parts of the world. This has prompted the search for non-antimicrobial alternatives. Live vaccines are among the developed and currently used methods for Salmonella control. However, their mechanism of action, particularly the effect they might have on commensal gut microbiota, is not well understood. In this study, three different commercial live attenuated Salmonella vaccines (AviPro® Salmonella Vac T, AviPro® Salmonella DUO, and AviPro® Salmonella Vac E) were used to orally vaccinate broiler chickens, and cecal contents were collected for microbiomes analysis by 16S rRNA next generation sequencing. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to study the cecal immune-related genes expression in the treatment groups, while Salmonella-specific antibodies were analyzed from sera and cecal extracts by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We show that vaccination with live attenuated Salmonella vaccines had a significant influence on the variability of the broiler cecal microbiota (p = 0.016). Furthermore, the vaccines AviPro® Salmonella Vac T and AviPro® Salmonella DUO, but not AviPro® Salmonella Vac E, had a significant effect (p = 0.024) on microbiota composition. This suggests that the live vaccine type used can differently alter the microbiota profiles, driving the gut colonization resistance and immune responses to pathogenic bacteria, and might impact the overall chicken health and productivity. Further investigation is, however, required to confirm this.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. Global distribution, host range and prevalence of Trypanosoma vivax: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Eyerusalem Fetene, Samson Leta, Fikru Regassa, and Philippe Büscher
Subjects: Trypanosoma vivax, Global distribution, Host species, Meta-analysis, Pooled prevalence, Domestic animals, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is one of the diseases threatening the health and productivity of livestock in Africa and Latin America. Trypanosoma vivax is mainly transmitted by tsetse flies; however, the parasite has also acquired the ability to be transmitted mechanically by hematophagous dipterans. Understanding its distribution, host range and prevalence is a key step in local and global efforts to control the disease. Methods The study was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A systematic literature search was conducted on three search engines, namely PubMed, Scopus and CAB Direct, to identify all publications reporting natural infection of T. vivax across the world. All the three search engines were screened using the search term Trypanosoma vivax without time and language restrictions. Publications on T. vivax that met our inclusion criteria were considered for systematic review and meta-analysis. Result The study provides a global database of T. vivax, consisting of 899 records from 245 peer-reviewed articles in 41 countries. A total of 232, 6277 tests were performed on 97 different mammalian hosts, including a wide range of wild animals. Natural infections of T. vivax were recorded in 39 different African and Latin American countries and 47 mammalian host species. All the 245 articles were included into the qualitative analysis, while information from 186 cross-sectional studies was used in the quantitative analysis mainly to estimate the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence estimates of T. vivax in domestic buffalo, cattle, dog, dromedary camel, equine, pig, small ruminant and wild animals were 30.6%, 6.4%, 2.6%, 8.4%, 3.7%, 5.5%, 3.8% and 12.9%, respectively. Stratified according to the diagnostic method, the highest pooled prevalences were found with serological techniques in domesticated buffalo (57.6%) followed by equine (50.0%) and wild animals (49.3%). Conclusion The study provides a comprehensive dataset on the geographical distribution and host range of T. vivax and demonstrates the potential of this parasite to invade other countries out of Africa and Latin America.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Author Correction: Modeling the spatial distribution of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of animal diseases in Ethiopia

Author: Eyerusalem Fetene, Getachew Teka, Hana Dejene, Deresegn Mandefro, Tsedale Teshome, Dawit Temesgen, Haileleul Negussie, Tesfaye Mulatu, Megarsa Bedasa Jaleta, and Samson Leta
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. Temporal and Spatial Patterns and a Space–Time Cluster Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Ethiopia from 2010 to 2019

Author: Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam, Samson Leta, Zerihun Assefa, Etsegent Tekeba, Dereje Shegu Gebrewold, and Jan Paeshuyse
Subjects: cluster, Ethiopia, FMD, FMDV, outbreak, spatiotemporal, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease in Ethiopia, although space–time cluster and monthly variation studies have never been assessed at national level. The current study aimed to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks in Ethiopia from national outbreak reports over a period of ten years from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2019. To this end, a total of 376,762 cases and 1302 outbreaks from 704 districts were obtained from the Minister of Agriculture for analyses. In general, the dry periods, i.e., October to March, of the year were recorded as the peak outbreak periods, with the highest prevalence in March 2012. The monthly average and the outbreak trends over ten years show a decrease of outbreaks from 2010 to 2019. Decomposing the FMD outbreak data time series showed that once an outbreak erupted, it continued for up to five years. Only 12% of the reported outbreaks were assigned to a specific serotype. Within these outbreaks, the serotypes O, A, SAT-2, and SAT-1 were identified in decreasing order of prevalence, respectively. When a window of 50% for the maximum temporal/space cluster size was set, a total of seven FMD clusters were identified in space and time. The primary cluster with a radius of 380.95 km was identified in the southern part of Ethiopia, with a likelihood ratio of 7.67 (observed/expected cases). The third cluster, with a radius of 144.14 km, was identified in the northeastern part of the country, and had a likelihood ratio of 5.66. Clusters 1 and 3 occurred from January 2017 to December 2019. The second cluster that occurred had a radius of 294.82 km, a likelihood ratio of 6.20, and was located in the central and western parts of Ethiopia. The sixth cluster, with a radius of 36.04 km and a likelihood ratio of 20.60, was set in southern Tigray, bordering Afar. Clusters 2 and 6 occurred in the same period, from January 2014 to December 2016. The fourth cluster in northern Tigray had a calculated radius of 95.50 km and a likelihood ratio of 1.17. The seventh cluster occurred in the north-central Amhara region, with a radius of 97 km and a likelihood ratio of 1.16. Clusters 4 and 7 occurred between January 2010 and December 2013. The spatiotemporal and cluster analysis of the FMD outbreaks identified in the context of the current study are crucial in implementing control, prevention, and a prophylactic vaccination schedule. This study pointed out October to March as well as the main time of the year during which FMD outbreaks occur. The area that extends from the south to north, following the central highlands, is the main FMD outbreak area in Ethiopia.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

17. Evaluation of the Control Options of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

Author: Fanta D. Gutema, Getahun E. Agga, Kohei Makita, Rebecca L. Smith, Monique Mourits, Takele B. Tufa, Samson Leta, Tariku J. Beyene, Zerihun Asefa, Beksissa Urge, and Gobena Ameni
Subjects: bovine tuberculosis, multi-criteria decision analysis, stakeholders, control, Ethiopia, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis and is characterized by the development of granulomatous lesions in the lymph nodes, lungs and other tissues. It poses serious public health impacts and food security challenges to the agricultural sector in terms of dairy and meat productions. In Ethiopia, BTB has been considered as a priority disease because of its high prevalence in urban and peri-urban dairy farms. However, there has not been any national control program in the country. Thus, in order to initiate BTB control program in the country, information on control options is needed to tailor the best option for the Ethiopian situation. The objective of this study was to identify, evaluate and rank various BTB control options in Ethiopia using a multi-criteria decision analysis based on preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) approach while accounting for the stakeholders' preferences. Control options were evaluated under two scenarios: with (scenario 1) and without (scenario 2) bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Nine potential control options were identified that include combinations of three control options (1) test and slaughter with or without government support, (2) test and segregation, and (3) BCG vaccination. Under scenario 1, BCG vaccination, BCG vaccination and test and slaughter with partial compensation by government, and BCG vaccination and test and slaughter with full compensation by government were the top three ranked control options. Under scenario 2, test and slaughter with full compensation by government was the preferred control option, followed by test and segregation supported by test and slaughter with full government compensation, and test and slaughter with half compensation by government. Irrespective of the variability in the weighting by the stakeholders, the sensitivity analysis showed the robustness of the ranking method. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that BCG vaccination, and test and slaughter with full compensation by government were the two most preferred control options under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. National level discussions were strongly recommended for further concretization and implementation of these control measures.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

18. Policy Perspectives of Dog-Mediated Rabies Control in Resource-Limited Countries: The Ethiopian Situation

Author: Tariku Jibat Beyene, Monique Mourits, Jeanette O'Quin, Samson Leta, Joaquin Baruch, and Henk Hogeveen
Subjects: economics, Ethiopia, rabies, public health, health policy, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: One Health disease-control programs are believed to be most effective when implemented within the population transmitting the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) and partners have targeted the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 primarily through mass dog vaccination. Mass vaccination, however, has been constrained by financial resource limitations. The current owner-charged dog vaccination strategy, used in most resource-limited countries like Ethiopia, has not reached the minimum coverage required to build population immunity. Dog vaccination is non-existing in most rural areas of Ethiopia, and coverage is
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

19. Global risk mapping for major diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Author: Samson Leta, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Eva M. De Clercq, Kebede Amenu, Moritz U.G. Kraemer, and Crawford W. Revie
Subjects: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Arboviral diseases, Chikungunya, Dengue, RVF, Yellow fever, Zika, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Objectives: The objective of this study was to map the global risk of the major arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus by identifying areas where the diseases are reported, either through active transmission or travel-related outbreaks, as well as areas where the diseases are not currently reported but are nonetheless suitable for the vector. Methods: Data relating to five arboviral diseases (Zika, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Rift Valley fever (RVF)) were extracted from some of the largest contemporary databases and paired with data on the known distribution of their vectors, A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The disease occurrence data for the selected diseases were compiled from literature dating as far back as 1952 to as recent as 2017. The resulting datasets were aggregated at the country level, except in the case of the USA, where state-level data were used. Spatial analysis was used to process the data and to develop risk maps. Results: Out of the 250 countries/territories considered, 215 (86%) are potentially suitable for the survival and establishment of A. aegypti and/or A. albopictus. A. albopictus has suitability foci in 197 countries/territories, while there are 188 that are suitable for A. aegypti. There is considerable variation in the suitability range among countries/territories, but many of the tropical regions of the world provide high suitability over extensive areas. Globally, 146 (58.4%) countries/territories reported at least one arboviral disease, while 123 (49.2%) reported more than one of the above diseases. The overall numbers of countries/territories reporting autochthonous vector-borne occurrences of Zika, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and RVF, were 85, 111, 106, 43, and 39, respectively. Conclusions: With 215 countries/territories potentially suitable for the most important arboviral disease vectors and more than half of these reporting cases, arboviral diseases are indeed a global public health threat. The increasing proportion of reports that include multiple arboviral diseases highlights the expanding range of their common transmission vectors. The shared features of these arboviral diseases should motivate efforts to combine interventions against these diseases.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. Cryptosporidium infection in bovine calves: prevalence and potential risk factors in northwest Ethiopia

Author: Abrham Ayele, Zewdu Seyoum, and Samson Leta
Subjects: Cryptosporidium, Calves, Prevalence, Risk factors, Northwest Ethiopia, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: Abstract Objective Cryptosporidium is an enteric protozoan organism that causes gastrointestinal disorders in different animals, mainly in calves. The parasite has also a zoonotic importance of children and immunocompromised patients. However, data are limited to northwest Ethiopia. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional survey from October 2014 to April 2015 to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and to identify potential risk factors in bovine calves in northwest Ethiopia. Results Out of the 360 examined calves, Cryptosporidium oocysts were recorded in 67 (18.6%) calves. Risk factors such as age, hygiene, faecal consistency, feed source, water source and contact with other domestic animals were significantly (P 0.05) were not recorded between Cryptosporidium infection and gender, body condition score, breed and study sites. Using multivariable analysis, age, feed source, water source, hygiene and close contact with other domestic animals were recognized as potential risk factors for the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection. This study clearly figures out that Cryptosporidium infection is prevalent in the study area. Therefore, further studies, extension services and community education are recommended to adopt an integrated control approaches.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. Medicinal value of camel milk and meat

Author: Askale Abrhaley and Samson Leta
Subjects: Antimicrobial, camel meat, camel milk, composition, immunity, medicine, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Camel milk and meat are good source of nutrients for the peoples living especially in the arid and urban areas. Camel milk and meat are unique from other ruminant’s milk and meat in terms of composition as well as claimed health effects. Camel milk has low cholesterol, high minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc and magnesium) and high vitamin C when compared with other ruminant milk. Camel milk contains various fatty acids, enzymes and protective proteins. Camel milk has potential therapeutic effects, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-ageing and anticarcinogenic. The medicinal properties of camel milk can be attributed to the presence of protective proteins, which may possibly play a pivotal role for the enhancement of immune defence mechanism. Not only camel milk, but also camel meat in general, is considered a functional food for cures and remedy for many ailments such as seasonal fever, sciatica, shoulder pain, asthma, removing freckles and for improved performance, in many cultures around the world. Therefore, it is important to illustrate the overview of compositions and medicinal values of camel milk and meat.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. Sero-prevalence, risk factors and distribution of sheep and goat pox in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Author: Tsegaw Fentie, Nigusie Fenta, Samson Leta, Wassie Molla, Birhanu Ayele, Yechale Teshome, Seleshe Nigatu, and Ashenafi Assefa
Subjects: Amhara region, Sero-prevalence, Sheep and goat pox, Ethiopia, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Abstract Background Sheep pox and goat pox are contagious viral diseases of sheep and goats, respectively. The diseases result in substantial economic losses due to decreased milk and meat production, damage to hides and wool, and possible trade restriction. A study was undertaken in Amhara region of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was used to estimate the sero-prevalence and identify associated risk factors, while retrospective study design was used to assess the temporal and spatial distribution of the disease. A total of 672 serum samples were collected from 30 Kebeles and tested using virus neutralization test. Results From a total of 672 sera tested, 104 (15.5%) were positive for sheep and goat pox virus antibody; from which 56 (17%) were sheep and 48 (14%) were goats. The diseases were prevalent in all study zones, the highest sero-prevalence was observed in South Gondar (20.9%) and the lowest in North Gondar and West Gojjam zones (11.9% each). From the potential risk factors considered (species, sex, age, agro-ecology and location); only sex and age were significantly associated (p
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

23. Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis and isolation of its major causes in Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia

Author: Misrak Birhanu, Samson Leta, Gezahegne Mamo, and Shimelis Tesfaye
Subjects: Bishoftu, Dairy, Prevalence, Subclinical mastitis, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: Abstract Objective A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to March 2016 to estimate the prevalence, to assess the risk factors and to isolate the major etiological agent of subclinical mastitis in Bishoftu town. The study was conducted on 262 cross breed lactating cows selected from 12 intensively managed dairy farms. California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological culture methods were used as diagnostic tools. Result From 262 cows examined, 105 (40.1%) and from 1048 quarters examined, 170 (16.1%) were positive for sub-clinical mastitis using CMT. All CMT positive samples were cultured for etiological agent identification. From 170 samples cultured, 153 were positive for known subclinical mastitis pathogens. The dominant bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus species from these Staphylococcus aureus (44.9%) was the major one followed by Streptococcus spp. (25.3%) and other gram negative enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli (8.8%). Age, body condition score, milk yield, and number of parity were considered as potential risk factors; among these, age and number of parity have statistically significance association with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis (P
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. Assessment of post-harvest fish losses in two selected lakes of Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia

Author: Ayalew Assefa, Fufa Abunna, Wubet Biset, and Samson Leta
Subjects: Agriculture, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract: Fisheries play a significant role in food security, livelihood, and source of income in developing countries. The annual fish production potential of Ethiopia reaches up to 51, 000 tones, however, the actual production is much less than the potential that the country has. The fisheries sector of Ethiopian is not well developed regarding pre and post-harvest handling practices. Besides, post-harvest loss in the fisheries sector is not yet well-studied. This study objective aims to assess causes and extent of post-harvest loss associated with fish in Lakes of Hayq and Tekeze. Post-harvest loss assessment was conducted using a simple random sampling approach from October 2017 to May 2018. The study was conducted based on FAO recommendations of qualitative and quantitative field assessment methods. These methods include Informal fish loss assessment method (IFLAM), load tracking (LT) and the questionnaire loss assessment method (QLAM) methods were used to assess the causes and to estimate the amount of PHL of fish. The data generated by these methods were analyzed descriptively as well as a GLM model was used to understand the causes of fish loss in the two study lakes. A total of 140 randomly selected participants were included in the interview process. From these participants, 85 of them were from lake Tekeze while the rest were from Hayq. Results indicate that high environmental temperature, absence or delayed marketing, harvesting immature fish, predators, and flood are the most important causes of post-harvest loss of fish in the two Lakes. Besides a GLM model predicted that study lake, boat type used, boat ownership, species of fish harvested, preservation method used, distance to market (Km), Maximum catch/day (Kg), Minimum catch/day (Kg), and Fishing experience were essential predictors for post-harvest loss incurred by fishermen on daily basis. Based on secondary data from agricultural office, the monetary value of the post-harvest loss of fish was estimated to be 10,934,000 Ethiopian birrs (397,600 USD) for the last six years in the study areas. A considerable product loss in the fisheries sector indicates the need for intervention by stakeholders. Provision of support services and assets such as freezers, electricity generators, boats, legal net and on job training about proper handling practices may play a tremendous role in decreasing post-harvest loss in the fisheries sector of the study areas.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Understanding Factors Influencing Dog Owners' Intention to Vaccinate Against Rabies Evaluated Using Health Belief Model Constructs

Author: Tariku Jibat Beyene, Beakal Mindaye, Samson Leta, Natalia Cernicchiaro, and Crawford W. Revie
Subjects: Ethiopia, health belief model, ordinal regression model, rabies, vaccination, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Ethiopia has one of the highest incidence levels of human rabies in Africa, with 3–7 deaths per 100,000 people annually. The country has no official rabies control programme, despite the availability of an effective canine vaccine to control rabies. To support effective rabies control, an understanding of the factors affecting dog owners' voluntary intentions to vaccinate their dogs is important. As such, this study examined factors influencing dog owners' intentions to vaccinate their dogs using the constructs of health belief theory. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire, designed based on the Health Belief Model constructs was completed by 249 dog owners in 9 randomly selected wards of Bishoftu town in central Ethiopia between October and December 2016. An ordinal regression model was then fitted to explore factors which best predict the likelihood of a dog owner's intention. A classification and regression tree (CART) model was then used for recursive partitioning of the Likert scale in the significant variables to distinctively classify ordinal categories of vaccination intention. Participants' preventive intention was associated with the six constructs of the Health Belief Model: perceived susceptibility, readiness to action, self-efficacy, perceived threat, benefits, and barriers. Dog owner's knowledge about rabies was found to be positively associated with intention to vaccinate, whereas distance from vaccination centers and difficulty of dog transportation were found to be negatively associated to intention to vaccinate. Distance from vaccination center was found to be the best predictor for the intention to vaccinate. The results of this study have policy implications for controlling rabies including increasing dog owners' knowledge about rabies, locating vaccination centers at shorter distances from dog populations and providing suitable means to transport dogs to vaccination centers.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: an evolving disease.

Author: Samson Leta, Thi Ha Thanh Dao, Frehiwot Mesele, and Gezahegn Alemayehu
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) is classified as one of the most neglected tropical diseases. It is becoming a growing health problem in Ethiopia, with endemic areas that are continually spreading. The annual burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Ethiopia is estimated to be between 4,500 and 5,000 cases, and the population at risk is more than 3.2 million. There has been a change in the epidemiology of VL in Ethiopia. Over the last decades, almost all cases and outbreaks of VL were reported from arid and semi-arid parts of the country; however, recent reports indicated the introduction of this disease into the highlands. Migration of labourers to and from endemic areas, climatic and environmental changes, and impaired immunity due to HIV/AIDS and malnutrition resulted in the change of VL epidemiology. HIV spurs the spread of VL by increasing the risk of progression from asymptomatic infection towards full VL. Conversely, VL accelerates the onset of AIDS. In Ethiopia, VL epidemiology remains complex because of the diversity of risk factors involved, and its control is becoming an increasing challenge. This paper reviews the changes in epidemiology of VL in Ethiopia and discusses some of the possible explanations for these changes. The prospects for novel approaches to VL control are discussed, as are the current and future challenges facing Ethiopia's public health development program.
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

27. Humans and climate modulate fire activity across Ethiopia

Author: Lucas B. Harris, Alan H. Taylor, Habtemariam Kassa, Samson Leta, and Bronwen Powell
Subjects: Forestry, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Background Fire occurrence is influenced by interactions between human activity, climate, and fuels that are difficult to disentangle but crucial to understand, given fire’s role in carbon dynamics, deforestation, and habitat maintenance, alteration, or loss. To determine the relative balance of climatic and anthropogenic influences on fire activity, we quantified interannual variability in burned area across Ethiopia from 2001 to 2018 and developed a statistical model to assess climate and human factors contributing to patterns of area burned. Results Annual burned area declined nationally and within several regions from 2001 to 2018 and was closely related to climate, particularly antecedent temperature. Of the area that burned at least once, 62% reburned at 1–3-year intervals and the geographic region of frequent-fire areas did not shift over time. Despite increased enforcement of a fire ban over the past 20 years, no strong spatiotemporal shifts in fire occurrence patterns were detected at a national level. Conclusions Our results suggest that human influence combined with dynamics of vegetation and fuels strongly influenced fire occurrence in Ethiopia, indicating that geographic variation in cultural fire practices was highly influential and relatively unchanging between 2001 and 2018. In contrast, interannual variability in total burned area was strongly related to climate and the influence of climate on fuel abundance. Our results highlight that climate can strongly influence short-term variability in fire activity even as longer-term patterns may depend more strongly on human influence.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

28. Author response for 'Entomological survey of the potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus and absence of detection of the virus genome from the vectors in various niches in the southern half of the Great Rift Valley of Ethiopia'

Author: null Megarsa Bedasa Jaleta, null Mehari Tefera, null Haileleul Negussie, null Tesfaye Mulatu, null Tsega Berhe, null Fasika Belete, null Bekele Yalew, null Oda Gizaw, null Golo Dabasa, null Fufa Abunna, null Fikru Regassa, null Kebede Amenu, and null Samson Leta
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. Molecular Detection and Epidemiology of Equine Herpesvirus 2 and 5 in Working Equids in Central Ethiopia

Author: Samson Leta, Haileleul Negussie, Kifle Wondimagegnehu, and Kebede Amenu
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, medicine, Equine herpesvirus 2, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Virology
Abstract: Background: Equine respiratory illness is a common problem that impacts the performance of the working capacity of equids. In Ethiopia, respiratory disease is the most common presenting complaint at veterinary clinics and a priority concern for equid owners and veterinary practitioners. Although studies had been conducted in EHV-2 and EHV-5 elsewhere in the world, many unknowns remained. Thus, a detailed study is needed to understand more about the epidemiology of the viruses. This study aimed to detect EHV-2 and EHV-5 from working equids in central Ethiopia. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 58 horses and donkeys to detect EHV-2 and EHV-5 using PCR. Viral DNA was extracted and PCR amplification was performed using virus-specific primers targeting the conserved region of glycoprotein B (gB) genes.Results: From 58 equids, EHV-5 and EHV-2 were detected in 20 (34.5%) and 19 (32.8%) equids, respectively. Concurrent infection with EHV-2 and EHV-5 was found in 6 (10.3%) diseased equids. EHV-2 was detected in a significantly higher proportion (P = 0.002) in horses (54.5%; n = 18) than donkeys (4%; n = 1). In contrast, a significantly higher (P = 0.004) proportion of EHV-5 was detected in donkeys (56%; n =14) than horses (18.2%; n = 6). EHV-2 was detected in a significantly higher (P = 0.006) proportion in equids displaying signs of respiratory disease (16/33; 48.5%) compared to those without disease (3/25; 12%). EHV-2 positive equids were seven times more likely to display clinical signs of respiratory disease than EHV-2-negative equids (OR = 6.9; 95% CI: 1.72-27.60). For EHV-5, the observed difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.832). A significantly higher (P = 0.041) proportion of EHV-2 was detected in equids living in midland (52.9%; n = 9) compared with highland (24.4%; n = 10). Equids residing in the midland were four times more likely to be exposed to EHV-2 than highland equids (OR = 3.97; 95% CI: 1.05 - 14.89). Conclusion: EHV-2 and EHV-5 are highly prevalent both in horses and donkeys residing in central Ethiopia. Species-specific susceptibility differences in EHV-2 and EHV-5 infection are observed. The observed causal association between EHV-2-test-positive and the appearance of clinical signs of respiratory disorders should be further investigated.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. Sero-epidemiological study of peste des petits ruminants in small ruminants in Amahara region, Ethiopia

Author: Wassie Molla, Nigusie Fenta, Tsegaw Fentie, Birhanu Ayele, Ashenafe Assefa, Seleshe Nigatu, Yechale Teshome, and Samson Leta
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Veterinary medicine, Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants, 040301 veterinary sciences, 0402 animal and dairy science, Outbreak, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Biology, 040201 dairy & animal science, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Retrospective data, 0403 veterinary science, Vaccination, Epidemiology, medicine, Viral disease, Anatomy
Abstract: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats. It is among the major infectious diseases that affect the production and productivity of small ruminants in Ethiopia. Cross-sectional and retrospective studies were undertaken to estimate the sero-prevalence, risk factors, and distribution of PPR in Amhara region. A total of 672 (329 sheep and 343 goats) sera were collected from 30 kebeles in 10 districts. Of the 672 sheep and goat sera samples tested using c-ELISA, 123 were positive for PPR antibodies, with the overall prevalence of 18.30% (95%CI 15.37, 21.24). The sero-prevalence of PPR was 21.57% (95%CI 17.15, 25.86) in goats and 14.89% (95%CI 10.96–18.65) in sheep. The variation of sero-prevalence among study zones was statistically significant (p
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

31. COVID-19: A Systematic Analysis of the Evidences

Author: Lisa Cavalerie, Matthew Bayliss, Frehiwot Mesele, Sintayehu Dejen, Samson Leta, and Siobhan M. Mor
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, integumentary system, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), viruses, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), food and beverages, virus diseases, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Biology, skin and connective tissue diseases, Virology, Virus
Abstract: Background: The novel coronavirus SARS- CoV-2, a virus that succeeded in making its transition from animals to humans on the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan city
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

32. Modeling the global distribution of Culicoides imicola: an Ensemble approach

Author: Samson Leta, Megarsa Bedasa Jaleta, Haileleul Negussie, Kebede Amenu, Tesfaye Mulatu, Crawford W. Revie, Eyerusalem Fetene, and Tariku Jibat Beyene
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Culicomorpha, Culicoides imicola, China, Livestock, Climate, 030231 tropical medicine, HA, lcsh:Medicine, Distribution (economics), Subtropics, Land cover, Bluetongue, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, African Horse Sickness, Animals, SF, Precipitation, Horses, lcsh:Science, Ecosystem, Ecological modelling, Ecological epidemiology, Multidisciplinary, Sheep, biology, Ensemble forecasting, business.industry, lcsh:R, Temperature, Tropics, 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, Insect Vectors, Europe, Geography, Virus Diseases, Climatology, lcsh:Q, business, Bluetongue virus
Abstract: Culicoides imicola is a midge species serving as vector for a number of viral diseases of livestock, including Bluetongue, and African Horse Sickness. C. imicola is also known to transmit Schmallenberg virus experimentally. Environmental and demographic factors may impose rapid changes on the global distribution of C. imicola and aid introduction into new areas. The aim of this study is to predict the global distribution of C. imicola using an ensemble modeling approach by combining climatic, livestock distribution and land cover covariates, together with a comprehensive global dataset of geo-positioned occurrence points for C. imicola. Thirty individual models were generated by ‘biomod2’, with 21 models scoring a true skill statistic (TSS) >0.8. These 21 models incorporated weighted runs from eight of ten algorithms and were used to create a final ensemble model. The ensemble model performed very well (TSS = 0.898 and ROC = 0.991) and indicated high environmental suitability for C. imicola in the tropics and subtropics. The habitat suitability for C. imicola spans from South Africa to southern Europe and from southern USA to southern China. The distribution of C. imicola is mainly constrained by climatic factors. In the ensemble model, mean annual minimum temperature had the highest overall contribution (42.9%), followed by mean annual maximum temperature (21.1%), solar radiation (13.6%), annual precipitation (11%), livestock distribution (6.2%), vapor pressure (3.4%), wind speed (0.8%), and land cover (0.1%). The present study provides the most up-to-date predictive maps of the potential distributions of C. imicola and should be of great value for decision making at global and regional scales.
Published: 2019

33. Updating the global occurrence of Culicoides imicola, a vector for emerging viral diseases

Author: Eyerusalem Fetene, Kebede Amenu, Crawford W. Revie, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Tesfaye Mulatu, Megarsa Bedasa Jaleta, Samson Leta, Haileleul Negussie, and Darren J. Kriticos
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, Culicoides imicola, 030231 tropical medicine, Library and Information Sciences, Ceratopogonidae, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, 030308 mycology & parasitology, Education, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk mapping, QA273, Animals, SF, lcsh:Science, Ecological epidemiology, 0303 health sciences, biology, biology.organism_classification, Compendium, Insect Vectors, Computer Science Applications, Habitat suitability, Geography, Southern china, Viral infection, Virus Diseases, Vector (epidemiology), African horse sickness, lcsh:Q, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Entomology, Cartography, Information Systems
Abstract: Culicoides imicola is the main vector transmitting viruses causing animal diseases such as Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness, and Schmallenberg. It has become widely distributed, with reports from South Africa to southern Europe, and from western Africa to southern China. This study presents a global compendium of Culicoides imicola occurrence between 1943 and 2018, reflecting the most recently compiled and harmonized global dataset derived from peer-reviewed literature. The procedures used in producing the data, as well as the geo-coding methods, database management and technical validation procedures are described. The study provides an updated and comprehensive global database of C. imicola occurrence, consisting of 1 039 geo-coded records from 50 countries. The datasets can be used for risk mapping of the diseases transmitted by C. imicola as well as to develop the global habitat suitability for the vector., Measurement(s)publication • Disease VectorTechnology Type(s)digital curationFactor Type(s)year • geographic locationSample Characteristic - OrganismCulicoides imicolaSample Characteristic - LocationEarth (planet) Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9804509
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

34. Evaluation of the Control Options of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

Author: Rebecca L. Smith, Samson Leta, Fanta Desissa Gutema, Takele Beyene Tufa, M.C.M. Mourits, Getahun E. Agga, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Kohei Makita, Beksissa Urge, Gobena Ameni, and Zerihun Asefa
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 040301 veterinary sciences, Bedrijfseconomie, 030231 tropical medicine, WASS, stakeholders, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Business Economics, Environmental health, medicine, bovine tuberculosis, Original Research, Government, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, Food security, General Veterinary, Public health, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Multiple-criteria decision analysis, multi-criteria decision analysis, Test (assessment), Vaccination, Ranking, lcsh:SF600-1100, Veterinary Science, Business, Ethiopia, control, Decision analysis
Abstract: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis and is characterized by the development of granulomatous lesions in the lymph nodes, lungs and other tissues. It poses serious public health impacts and food security challenges to the agricultural sector in terms of dairy and meat productions. In Ethiopia, BTB has been considered as a priority disease because of its high prevalence in urban and peri-urban dairy farms. However, there has not been any national control program in the country. Thus, in order to initiate BTB control program in the country, information on control options is needed to tailor the best option for the Ethiopian situation. The objective of this study was to identify, evaluate and rank various BTB control options in Ethiopia using a multi-criteria decision analysis based on preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) approach while accounting for the stakeholders' preferences. Control options were evaluated under two scenarios: with (scenario 1) and without (scenario 2) bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Nine potential control options were identified that include combinations of three control options (1) test and slaughter with or without government support, (2) test and segregation, and (3) BCG vaccination. Under scenario 1, BCG vaccination, BCG vaccination and test and slaughter with partial compensation by government, and BCG vaccination and test and slaughter with full compensation by government were the top three ranked control options. Under scenario 2, test and slaughter with full compensation by government was the preferred control option, followed by test and segregation supported by test and slaughter with full government compensation, and test and slaughter with half compensation by government. Irrespective of the variability in the weighting by the stakeholders, the sensitivity analysis showed the robustness of the ranking method. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that BCG vaccination, and test and slaughter with full compensation by government were the two most preferred control options under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. National level discussions were strongly recommended for further concretization and implementation of these control measures.
Published: 2020

35. Global Distribution of Culicoides imicola, a Major Vector of Bluetongue, Schmallenberg and African Horse Sickness Viruses

Author: Haileleul Negussie, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Megersa Bedasa, Eyerusalem Fetene, Kebede Amenu, Crawford W. Revie, Tesfaye Mulatu, and Samson Leta Regassa
Subjects: Culicoides imicola, General Veterinary, Global distribution, Vector (epidemiology), African horse sickness, Zoology, Biology, biology.organism_classification
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

36. Assessment of post-harvest fish losses in two selected lakes of Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia

Author: Fufa Abunna, Samson Leta, Wubet Biset, and Ayalew Assefa
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Multidisciplinary, Food security, Flood myth, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fish farming, Fishing, Developing country, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Livelihood, 01 natural sciences, Diversity of fish, Article, Agricultural science, Geography, 040102 fisheries, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, lcsh:H1-99, lcsh:Social sciences (General), business, lcsh:Science (General), lcsh:Q1-390
Abstract: Fisheries play a significant role in food security, livelihood, and source of income in developing countries. The annual fish production potential of Ethiopia reaches up to 51, 000 tones, however, the actual production is much less than the potential that the country has. The fisheries sector of Ethiopian is not well developed regarding pre and post-harvest handling practices. Besides, post-harvest loss in the fisheries sector is not yet well-studied. This study objective aims to assess causes and extent of post-harvest loss associated with fish in Lakes of Hayq and Tekeze. Post-harvest loss assessment was conducted using a simple random sampling approach from October 2017 to May 2018. The study was conducted based on FAO recommendations of qualitative and quantitative field assessment methods. These methods include Informal fish loss assessment method (IFLAM), load tracking (LT) and the questionnaire loss assessment method (QLAM) methods were used to assess the causes and to estimate the amount of PHL of fish. The data generated by these methods were analyzed descriptively as well as a GLM model was used to understand the causes of fish loss in the two study lakes. A total of 140 randomly selected participants were included in the interview process. From these participants, 85 of them were from lake Tekeze while the rest were from Hayq. Results indicate that high environmental temperature, absence or delayed marketing, harvesting immature fish, predators, and flood are the most important causes of post-harvest loss of fish in the two Lakes. Besides a GLM model predicted that study lake, boat type used, boat ownership, species of fish harvested, preservation method used, distance to market (Km), Maximum catch/day (Kg), Minimum catch/day (Kg), and Fishing experience were essential predictors for post-harvest loss incurred by fishermen on daily basis. Based on secondary data from agricultural office, the monetary value of the post-harvest loss of fish was estimated to be 10,934,000 Ethiopian birrs (397,600 USD) for the last six years in the study areas. A considerable product loss in the fisheries sector indicates the need for intervention by stakeholders. Provision of support services and assets such as freezers, electricity generators, boats, legal net and on job training about proper handling practices may play a tremendous role in decreasing post-harvest loss in the fisheries sector of the study areas.
Published: 2018

37. Gastrointestinal helminths of backyard chickens in selected areas of West Shoa Zone Central, Ethiopia

Author: Bizunesh Mideksa Borena, Kebede Abdisa, Morka Dandecha Bayu, Ketema Motuma, Samson Leta, Getachew Kebebew, Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin, and Edilu Jorga Sarba
Subjects: Male, Veterinary medicine, Veterinary parasitology, Parasitism, Risk Factors, Helminths, parasitic diseases, Animals, Ascaridia galli, Animal Husbandry, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Ascaridida, Poultry Diseases, General Veterinary, biology, Significant difference, biology.organism_classification, Gastrointestinal parasites, Gastrointestinal Tract, Nematode, Cross-Sectional Studies, Heterakis gallinarum, Cestoda, Parasitology, Female, Ethiopia, Helminthiasis, Animal, Chickens
Abstract: Gastrointestinal parasites of chickens are prevalent in many parts of the world including Ethiopia. This study was conducted with backyard chickens in Ambo, Holeta and, Dire Inchini in the West Shoa zone with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections, identifying the species present and determining associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 252 chickens purchased from local markets. Chickens were killed humanely and gastrointestinal tracts were examined for adult helminths. Identification of the helminths was performed using morphology and microscopy. The overall prevalence of helminth parasites in chickens was 92.1% (232/252) [95% confidence interval (CI): 88.0% - 95.1%]. 80.2% (204/252) [95% CI: 75.3% - 86.9%] and 77.8% (196/252) [95% CI: 72.1% - 82.8%] of chickens were infected with diverse nematode and cestode species, respectively. Parasitological examination revealed the presence of three nematode and five cestode species. Ascaridia galli (69.8%) and Heterakis gallinarum (13.5%) were the dominant nematode species and Railletina tetragona (54.0%) and Railletina echinobothrida (46.8%) were the most prevalent species of cestodes identified. A significant difference (p .05) was observed between the prevalence of nematode parasites and sex, age, and origin of the chicken. Similarly, sex and origin of the chickens were significantly different with the prevalence of cestode infections. Higher prevalence was observed in male versus female chickens, in young versus adult chickens and in chickens from Holeta and Direinchin compared to Ambo. In contrast, weight, health status, diarrhea status, and age (for cestodes) were not significantly associated with nematode and cestode infection. In conclusion, the present study detected a high prevalence of diverse types of gastrointestinal helminths in backyard chickens, which could result in poor health and reduce productivity. Therefore, the present study strongly suggests appropriate and strategic control of helminthiasis to improve the health and output of backyard chickens in the study areas.
Published: 2018

38. Sero-prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in bulls originated from Borena pastoral area of Southern Ethiopia

Author: Berhanu Hailu, Gezahegn Alemayehu, and Samson Leta
Subjects: Male, Veterinary medicine, animal diseases, Prevalence, Cattle Diseases, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, Disease Outbreaks, Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Food Animals, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Pneumonia, Mycoplasma, medicine, Animals, Seroprevalence, Animal Husbandry, Pleuropneumonia, Contagious, business.industry, Mycoplasma mycoides, Outbreak, Animal husbandry, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Herd, Cattle, Animal Science and Zoology, Livestock, Ethiopia, Seasons, business
Abstract: Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly infectious cattle disease, which is widespread in pastoral areas of Africa, and it imposes a major problem on Ethiopian livestock export market. Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 on bulls originated from Borena pastoral area to determine seroprevalence of CBPP. Forty batches of bulls containing 38,187 Borana bulls were tested using c-ELISA. Of the total 40 batches tested for the presence of antibodies, 25 (62.5 %) of them contained at least one seropositive bull. From the total of 38,187 bulls tested, 150 (0.4 %) bulls were positive. The number of seropositive animals increases as the herd size increases (P 0.05). Both at herd and individual level, the highest CBPP prevalence was recorded in herd size1000, and the difference was found statistically significant (P 0.05). There was statistically significant (χ (2) = 23.73, df = 9, P = 0.005) difference of CBPP prevalence between months of the year. The present low prevalence of CBPP in the cattle feedlots indicates that the disease is decreasing progressively in Borena pastoral area, this might be associated with the ongoing mass vaccination campaign against economically important livestock diseases in pastoral areas. The decrease in the prevalence of CBPP offered a great opportunity to livestock producers and live animal and meat exporters by improving the demand of Ethiopian livestock on international market. Regular reintroduction of infected cattle from neighboring countries or herds where the disease remains endemic may change the disease dynamics again. Therefore, mass blanket vaccinations coupled with prompt diagnosis, isolation and stamping out of the outbreaks, intensive surveillance, followed by strict cattle movement control should be implemented by concerned parties.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

39. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Nancy, Fullman, Jamal, Yearwood, Solomon, M, Abay, Cristiana, Abbafati, Foad, Abd-Allah, Jemal, Abdela, Ahmed, Abdelalim, Zegeye, Abebe, Teshome, Abuka, Abebo, Victor, Aboyans, Haftom, Niguse, Abraha, Daisy, M, X, Abreu, Laith, Abu-Raddad, J, Akilew, Awoke, Adane, Rufus, Adesoji, Adedoyin, Olatunji, Adetokunboh, Tara, Ballav, Adhikari, Mohsen, Afarideh, Ashkan, Afshin, Gina, Agarwal, Dominic, Agius, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Miloud, Taki, Eddine, Aichour, Mohammed, Akibu, Rufus, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, Akinyemiju, F, Nadia, Akseer, Faris, Hasan, Lami, Al, Fares, Alahdab, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Mohammed, I, Albittar, Kefyalew, Addis, Alene, Ayman, Al-Eyadhy, Syed, Danish, Ali, Mehran, Alijanzadeh, Syed, M, Aljunid, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Mahmoud, A, Alomari, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Kebede, Amenu, Walid, Ammar, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Nahla, Anber, Catalina, Liliana, Andrei, Sofia, Androudi, Carl, Abelardo, Antonio, T, Valdelaine, E, Araújo, M, Olatunde, Aremu, Johan, Ärnlöv, Artaman, Al, Krishna, Kumar, Aryal, Hamid, Asayesh, Ephrem, Tsegay, Asfaw, Solomon, Weldegebreal, Asgedom, Rana, Jawad, Asghar, Mengistu, Mitiku, Ashebir, Netsanet, Abera, Asseffa, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Sachin, R, Atre, Madhu, Atteraya, S, Leticia, Avila-Burgos, Euripide, Frinel, Arthur, G, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Animut, Alebel, Ayalew, Henok, Tadesse, Ayele, Rakesh, Ayer, Tambe, Betrand, Ayuk, Peter, Azzopardi, Natasha, Azzopardi-Muscat, Tesleem, Kayode, Babalola, Hamid, Badali, Alaa, Badawi, Maciej, Banach, Amitava, Banerjee, Amrit, Banstola, Ryan, M, Barber, Miguel, Barboza, A, Suzanne, L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Simon, Barquera, Lope, H, Barrero, Quique, Bassat, Sanjay, Basu, Bernhard, T, Baune, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Behzadifar, Bayu, Begashaw, Bekele, Abate, Bekele, Belachew, Saba, Abraham, Belay, Yihalem, Abebe, Belay, Michelle, L, Bell, Aminu, Bello, K, Derrick, A, Bennett, James, Bennett, R, Isabela, M, Bensenor, Derbew, Fikadu, Berhe, Eduardo, Bernabé, Robert, Steven, Bernstein, Mircea, Beuran, Ashish, Bhalla, Paurvi, Bhatt, Soumyadeep, Bhaumik, Zulfiqar, A, Bhutta, Belete, Biadgo, Ali, Bijani, Boris, Bikbov, Charles, Birungi, Stan, Biryukov, Hailemichael, Bizuneh, Ian, W, Bolliger, Kaylin, Bolt, Ibrahim, R, Bou-Orm, Kayvan, Bozorgmehr, Oliver, Jerome, Brady, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, J, Breitborde, K, Hermann, Brenner, Gabrielle, Britton, Traolach, S, Brugha, Zahid, Butt, A, Lucero, Cahuana-Hurtado, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos-Nonato, Julio, Cesar, Campuzano, Josip, Car, Mate, Car, Rosario, Cárdenas, Juan, Jesus, Carrero, Felix, Carvalho, Carlos, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Kelly, Cercy, Julian, Chalek, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chang, Aparajita, Chattopadhyay, Pankaj, Chaturvedi, Peggy, Pei-Chia, Chiang, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee-Young, J, Choi, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesudas, Christopher, Sheng-Chia, Chung, Liliana, G, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Danny, Colombara, Sara, Conti, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie, Cornaby, Paolo, Angelo, Cortesi, Monica, Cortinovis, Alexandre, Costa, Pereira, Ewerton, Cousin, Michael, H, Criqui, Elizabeth, Cromwell, A, Christopher, Stephen, Crowe, John, Crump, A, Alemneh, Kabeta, Daba, Berihun, Assefa, Dachew, Abel, Fekadu, Dadi, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul, I, Dargan, Ahmad, Daryani, Maryam, Daryani, Jai, Das, Siddharth, Kumar, Das, José, Das, Neves, Nicole, Davis, Weaver, Kairat, Davletov, Barbora, De, Courten, Diego, Leo, De, Jan-Walter, De, Neve, Robert, Dellavalle, P, Gebre, Demoz, Kebede, Deribe, Don, C, Des, Jarlais, Subhojit, Dey, Samath, D, Dharmaratne, Meghnath, Dhimal, Shirin, Djalalinia, David, Teye, Doku, Kate, Dolan, Ray, E, Dorsey, Kadine, Priscila, Bender, Dos, Santos, Kerrie, E, Doyle, Tim, Driscoll, R, Manisha, Dubey, Eleonora, Dubljanin, Bruce, Bartholow, Duncan, Michelle, Echko, Dumessa, Edessa, David, Edvardsson, Joshua, R, Ehrlich, Erika, Eldrenkamp, Ziad, El-Khatib, Matthias, Endres, Aman, Yesuf, Endries, Babak, Eshrati, Sharareh, Eskandarieh, Alireza, Esteghamati, Mahdi, Fakhar, Tamer, Farag, Mahbobeh, Faramarzi, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, André, Faro, Farshad, Farzadfar, Adesegun, Fatusi, Mir, Sohail, Fazeli, Valery, Feigin, L, Andrea, B, Feigl, Netsanet, Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda, Fernandes, João, C, Fernandes, Daniel, Obadare, Fijabi, Irina, Filip, Florian, Fischer, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Abraham, D, Flaxman, Luisa, Sorio, Flor, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, J, Foreman, Joseph, Frostad, J, Thomas, Fürst, Neal, D, Futran, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Silvano, Gallus, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Morsaleh, Ganji, Abadi, Kahsu, Gebre, Tsegaye, Tewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Yalemzewod, Assefa, Gelaw, Johanna, M, Geleijnse, Demeke, Geremew, Peter, W, Gething, Reza, Ghadimi, Khalil, Ghasemi, Falavarjani, Maryam, Ghasemi-Kasman, Paramjit, Singh, Gill, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, William, W, Godwin, Srinivas, Goli, Hector, Gomez-Dantes, Philimon, N, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Yevgeniy, Goryakin, Alessandra, Carvalho, Goulart, Ayman, Grada, Max, Griswold, Giuseppe, Grosso, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Yuming, Guo, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Juanita, A, Haagsma, Vladimir, Hachinski, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Graeme, J, Hankey, Hilda, Harb, L, Heather, C, Harewood, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep, Maria, Haro, Hamid, Yimam, Hassen, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Caitlin, Hawley, Simon, I, Hay, Jiawei, He, Stephen, J, Hearps, C, Mohamed, I, Hegazy, Behzad, Heibati, Mohsen, Heidari, Delia, Hendrie, Nathaniel, J, Henry, Victor, Hugo, Herrera, Ballesteros, Claudiu, Herteliu, Desalegn, Tsegaw, Hibstu, Molla, Kahssay, Hiluf, Hans, W, Hoek, Enayatollah, Homaie, Rad, Nobuyuki, Horita, Dean, H, Hosgood, Mostafa, Hosseini, Seyed, Reza, Hosseini, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hostiuc, Damian, G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung, Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, John, J, Huang, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Fachmi, Idris, Ehimario, Uche, Igumbor, Chad, Ikeda, Bogdan, Vasile, Ileanu, Olayinka, Ilesanmi, S, Kaire, Innos, Seyed, Sina, Naghibi, Irvani, Caleb, M, Irvine, S, Farhad, Islami, Troy, A, Jacobs, Kathryn, Jacobsen, H, Nader, Jahanmehr, Rajesh, Jain, Sudhir, Kumar, Jain, Mihajlo, Jakovljevic, M, Moti, Tolera, Jalu, Amr, Jamal, A, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Ravi, Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Jha, Jacek, Józwiak, Oommen, John, Sarah, Charlotte, Johnson, Jost, Jonas, B, Vasna, Joshua, Mikk, Jürisson, Zubair, Kabir, Rajendra, Kadel, Amaha, Kahsay, Rizwan, Kalani, Chittaranjan, Kar, Marina, Karanikolos, André, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Seyed, Karimi, M, Amir, Kasaeian, Dessalegn, Haile, Kassa, Getachew, Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye, Dessale, Kassa, Nicholas, Kassebaum, J, Srinivasa, Vittal, Katikireddi, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Konstantin, Kazanjan, Seifu, Kebede, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Grant, Rodgers, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Maia, Kereselidze, Ezra, Belay, Ketema, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Morteza, Abdullatif, Khafaie, Alireza, Khajavi, Ibrahim, A, Khalil, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Nuruzzaman, Md, Khan, Muhammad, Ali, Khan, Mukti, Nath, Khanal, Young-Ho, Khang, Mona, M, Khater, Abdullah, Tawfih, Abdullah, Khoja, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Getiye, Dejenu, Kibret, Daniel, Ngari, Kiirithio, Daniel, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Ruth, Kimokoti, W, Yohannes, Kinfu, Sanjay, Kinra, Adnan, Kisa, Niranjan, Kissoon, Sonali, Kochhar, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Jacek, A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, A, Koul, Koyanagi, Ai, Michael, Kravchenko, Kewal, Krishan, Kristopher, J, Krohn, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Anil, G, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Michael, Kutz, Igor, Kuzin, Hmwe, H, Kyu, Deepesh, Pravinkumar, Lad, Alessandra, Lafranconi, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Qing, Lan, Justin, J, Lang, Van, Lansingh, C, Sonia, Lansky, Anders, Larsson, Arman, Latifi, Jeffrey, Victor, Lazarus, Janet, Leasher, L, Paul, H, Lee, Yirga, Legesse, James, Leigh, Cheru, Tesema, Leshargie, Samson, Leta, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, Juan, Liang, Misgan, Legesse, Liben, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen, S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Stefan, Listl, Patrick, Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Rakesh, Lodha, Alan, D, Lopez, Scott, Lorch, A, Stefan, Lorkowski, Paulo, A, Lotufo, Timothy, C, D, Lucas, Raimundas, Lunevicius, Grégoire, Lurton, Ronan, A, Lyons, Fadi, Maalouf, Erlyn, Rachelle, King, Macarayan, Mark, T, Mackay, Emilie, Maddison, R, Fabiana, Madotto, Hassan, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mohammed, Magdy, Abd, Razek, El, Marek, Majdan, Reza, Majdzadeh, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Rajesh, Malhotra, Deborah, Carvalho, Malta, Abdullah, Mamun, A, Helena, Manguerra, Treh, Manhertz, Mohammad, Ali, Mansournia, Lorenzo, Mantovani, G, Tsegahun, Manyazewal, Chabila, C, Mapoma, Christopher, Margono, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Sheila, Cristina, Ouriques, Martins, Francisco, Rogerlândio, Martins-Melo, Ira, Martopullo, Winfried, März, Benjamin, Ballard, Massenburg, Manu, Raj, Mathur, Pallab, K, Maulik, Mohsen, Mazidi, Colm, Mcalinden, Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Suresh, Mehata, Ravi, Mehrotra, Kala, M, Mehta, Varshil, Mehta, Toni, Meier, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Kidanu, Gebremariam, Meles, Mulugeta, Melku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad, A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Degu, Abate, Mengiste, Desalegn, Tadese, Mengistu, Bereket, Gebremichael, Menota, George, Mensah, A, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo, J, Meretoja, Haftay, Berhane, Mezgebe, Tomasz, Miazgowski, Renata, Micha, Robert, Milam, Anoushka, Millear, Ted, R, Miller, Mini, Gk, Shawn, Minnig, Andreea, Mirica, Erkin, M, Mirrakhimov, Awoke, Misganaw, Philip, B, Mitchell, Fitsum, Weldegebreal, Mlashu, Babak, Moazen, Karzan, Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Roghayeh, Mohammadibakhsh, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Ali, H, Mokdad, Glen, Liddell, D, Mola, Mariam, Molokhia, Fatemeh, Momeniha, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio, Cesar, Montañez, Hernandez, Mahmood, Moosazadeh, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Paula, Moraga, Lidia, Morawska, Ilais, Moreno, Velasquez, Rintaro, Mori, Shane, D, Morrison, Mark, Moses, Seyyed, Meysam, Mousavi, Ulrich, Mueller, O, Manoj, Murhekar, Gudlavalleti, Venkata, Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Jonah, Musa, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Ghulam, Mustafa, Saravanan, Muthupandian, Chie, Nagata, Gabriele, Nagel, Mohsen, Naghavi, Aliya, Naheed, Gurudatta, A, Naik, Nitish, Naik, Farid, Najafi, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Jobert, Richie, Njingang, Nansseu, K, M, Venkat, Narayan, Bruno, Ramos, Nascimento, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra, Irina, Negoi, Charles, Newton, R, Josephine, Wanjiku, Ngunjiri, Grant, Nguyen, Long, Nguyen, Trang, Huyen, Nguyen, Emma, Nichols, Dina, Nur, Anggraini, Ningrum, Ellen, Nolte, Vuong, Minh, Nong, Ole, Norheim, F, Norrving, Bo, Jean, Jacques, Noubiap, N, Alypio, Nyandwi, Carla, Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Richard, Ofori-Asenso, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, In-Hwan, Oh, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Andrew, Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke, Oluwasefunmi, Olagunju, Pedro, R, Olivares, Patricia, Pereira, Vasconcelos, Oliveira, De, Helen, E, Olsen, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, Kanyin, Ong, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Doris, V, Ortega-Altamirano, Alberto, Ortiz, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, Pa, Amanda, W, Pain, Marcos, Roberto, Tovani, Palone, Adrian, Pana, Songhomitra, Panda-Jonas, Jeyaraj, D, Pandian, Eun-Kee, Park, Hadi, Parsian, Tejas, Patel, Sanghamitra, Pati, Snehal, T, Patil, Ajay, Patle, George, C, Patton, Vishnupriya, Rao, Paturi, Deepak, Paudel, Marcel, De, Moares, Pedroso, Sandra, P, Pedroza, David, Pereira, M, Norberto, Perico, Hannah, Peterson, Max, Petzold, Niloofar, Peykari, Michael, Robert, Phillips, Frédéric, Piel, B, David, M, Pigott, Julian, David, Pillay, Michael, A, Piradov, Suzanne, Polinder, Constance, D, Pond, Maarten, Postma, J, Farshad, Pourmalek, Swayam, Prakash, Prakash, V, Narayan, Prasad, Noela, Marie, Prasad, Caroline, Purcell, Mostafa, Qorbani, Hedley, Knewjen, Quintana, Amir, Radfar, Anwar, Rafay, Alireza, Rafiei, Kazem, Rahimi, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad, Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad, Rahman, Ur, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Sree, Bhushan, Raju, Usha, Ram, Saleem, M, Rana, Zane, Rankin, Davide, Rasella, David, Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, Sarah, E, Ray, Christian, Aspacia, Razo-García, Priscilla, Reddy, Robert, C, Reiner, Cesar, Reis, Marissa, B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Andre, M, Renzaho, N, Serge, Resnikoff, Satar, Rezaei, Mohammad, Sadegh, Rezai, Antonio, Ribeiro, L, Maria, Jesus, Rios, Blancas, Juan, A, Rivera, Leonardo, Roever, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Ali, Rostami, Gregory, A, Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Roy, George, Mugambage, Ruhago, Yogesh, Damodar, Sabde, Perminder, S, Sachdev, Nafis, Sadat, Mahdi, Safdarian, Saeid, Safiri, Rajesh, Sagar, Amirhossein, Sahebkar, Sahraian, Haniye, Sadat, Sajadi, Joseph, Salama, Payman, Salamati, Raphael, De, Freitas, Saldanha, Hamideh, Salimzadeh, Joshua, A, Salomon, Abdallah, Samy, M, Juan, Ramon, Sanabria, Parag, Sancheti, K, Maria, Dolores, Sanchez-Niño, Damian, Santomauro, Itamar, S, Santos, Milena, Santric, M, Milicevic, Abdur, Razzaque, Sarker, Nizal, Sarrafzadegan, Benn, Sartorius, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Sonia, Saxena, Mete, I, Saylan, Elke, Schaeffner, Josef, Schmidhuber, Maria, Inês, Schmidt, Ione, J, C, Schneider, Austin, Schumacher, E, Aletta, E, Schutte, David, Schwebel, C, Falk, Schwendicke, Mario, Sekerija, Sadaf, G, Sepanlou, Edson, Servan-Mori, E, Azadeh, Shafieesabet, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh-Nazarova, Mehran, Shams-Beyranvand, Heidar, Sharafi, Mahdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Sheikh, Mohammed, Shariful, Islam, Meenakshi, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Aziz, Sheikh, Mebrahtu, Teweldemedhin, Shfare, Peilin, Shi, Chloe, Shields, Mika, Shigematsu, Yukito, Shinohara, Rahman, Shiri, Reza, Shirkoohi, Ivy, Shiue, Mark, G, Shrime, Sharvari, Rahul, Shukla, Soraya, Siabani, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Donald, Silberberg, H, Diego, Augusto, Santos, Silva, João, Pedro, Silva, Dayane, Gabriele, Alves, Silveira, Jasvinder, Singh, A, Lavanya, Singh, Narinder, Pal, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Dhirendra, Narain, Sinha, Abiy, Hiruye, Sinke, Mekonnen, Sisay, Vegard, Skirbekk, Karen, Sliwa, Alison, Smith, Adauto, Martins, Soares, Filho, Badr, H, Sobaih, A, Melek, Somai, Samir, Soneji, Moslem, Soofi, Reed, J, Sorensen, D, Joan, B, Soriano, Ireneous, Soyiri, N, Luciano, A, Sposato, Chandrashekhar, Sreeramareddy, T, Vinay, Srinivasan, Jeffrey, D, Stanaway, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Nicholas, Steel, Dan, J, Stein, Mark, Andrew, Stokes, Lela, Sturua, Muawiyyah, Babale, Sufiyan, Rizwan, Abdulkader, Suliankatchi, Bruno, F, Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, J, Bryan, L, Sykes, P, Sylaja, N, Cassandra, E, Szoeke, I, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Santosh, Kumar, Tadakamadla, Andualem, Henok, Tadesse, Getachew, Redae, Taffere, Nikhil, Tandon, Amare, Tariku, Tariku, Nuno, Taveira, Arash, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Girma, Temam, Shifa, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Abdullah, Sulieman, Terkawi, Azeb, Gebresilassie, Tesema, Dawit, Jember, Tesfaye, Belay, Tessema, Thakur, Js, Nihal, Thomas, Matthew, J, Thompson, Taavi, Tillmann, Quyen, G, Ruoyan, Tobe-Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor-Madry, Fotis, Topouzis, Anna, Torre, Miguel, Tortajada, Bach, Xuan, Tran, Khanh, Bao, Tran, Avnish, Tripathi, Srikanth, Prasad, Tripathy, Christopher, Troeger, Thomas, Truelsen, Derrick, Tsoi, Lorainne, Tudor, Car, Kald, Beshir, Tuem, Stefanos, Tyrovolas, Uche, S, Uchendu, Kingsley, Nnanna, Ukwaja, Irfan, Ullah, Rachel, Updike, Olalekan, A, Uthman, Benjamin, Chudi, S, Uzochukwu, Pascual, Rubén, Valdez, Job, F, Van, M, Boven, Santosh, Varughese, Tommi, Vasankari, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Francesco, S, Violante, Sergey, Vladimirov, K, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Theo, Vos, Fasil, Wagnew, Yasir, Waheed, Mitchell, T, Wallin, Judd, Walson, L, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wang, Molla, Mesele, Wassie, Marcia, Weaver, R, Elisabete, Weiderpass, Robert, G, Weintraub, Jordan, Weiss, Kidu, Gidey, Weldegwergs, Andrea, Werdecker, Eoin, T, West, Ronny, Westerman, Richard, G, White, Harvey, Whiteford, A, Justyna, Widecka, Andrea, Sylvia, Winkler, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Charles, D, Wolfe, A, Yohanes, Ayele, Wondimkun, Abdulhalik, Workicho, Grant, M, Wyper, A, Denis, Xavier, Gelin, Xu, Lijing, L, Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Nigus, Bililign, Yimer, Peng, Yin, Paul, Yip, Biruck, Desalegn, Yirsaw, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Gerald, Yonga, Seok-Jun, Yoon, Marcel, Yotebieng, Mustafa, Z, Younis, Chuanhua, Yu, Vesna, Zadnik, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa, El, Sayed, Zaki, Sojib, Bin, Zaman, Mohammad, Zamani, Zerihun, Menlkalew, Zenebe, Maigeng, Zhou, Jun, Zhu, Stephanie, R, Zimsen, M, Ben, Zipkin, Sanjay, Zodpey, Liesl, Joanna, Zuhlke, Christopher, J, L, Murray, Rafael, Lozano., Fullman, N, Yearwood, J, Abay, S, Abbafati, C, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abebe, Z, Abebo, T, Aboyans, V, Abraha, H, Abreu, D, Abu-Raddad, L, Adane, A, Adedoyin, R, Adetokunboh, O, Adhikari, T, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agius, D, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Aichour, M, Akibu, M, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Al Lami, F, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, M, Alene, K, Al-Eyadhy, A, Ali, S, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, S, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Alomari, M, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amenu, K, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Antonio, C, Araújo, V, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, E, Asgedom, S, Asghar, R, Ashebir, M, Asseffa, N, Atey, T, Atre, S, Atteraya, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayalew, A, Ayele, H, Ayer, R, Ayuk, T, Azzopardi, P, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Babalola, T, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, A, Banstola, A, Barber, R, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, S, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Bernstein, R, Beuran, M, Bhalla, A, Bhatt, P, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bizuneh, H, Bolliger, I, Bolt, K, Bou-Orm, I, Bozorgmehr, K, Brady, O, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano, J, Car, J, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Catalá-López, F, Cercy, K, Chalek, J, Chang, H, Chang, J, Chattopadhyay, A, Chaturvedi, P, Chiang, P, Chisumpa, V, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Chung, S, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Colombara, D, Conti, S, Cooper, C, Cornaby, L, Cortesi, P, Cortinovis, M, Costa Pereira, A, Cousin, E, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Crowe, C, Crump, J, Daba, A, Dachew, B, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Daryani, M, Das, J, Das, S, das Neves, J, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, De Neve, J, Dellavalle, R, Demoz, G, Deribe, K, Des Jarlais, D, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Djalalinia, S, Doku, D, Dolan, K, Dorsey, E, dos Santos, K, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duncan, B, Echko, M, Edessa, D, Edvardsson, D, Ehrlich, J, Eldrenkamp, E, El-Khatib, Z, Endres, M, Endries, A, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Fakhar, M, Farag, T, Faramarzi, M, Faraon, E, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatusi, A, Fazeli, M, Feigin, V, Feigl, A, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Fijabi, D, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Flaxman, A, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Frostad, J, Fürst, T, Futran, N, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Ganji, M, Gebre, A, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremedhin, A, Gelaw, Y, Geleijnse, J, Geremew, D, Gething, P, Ghadimi, R, Ghasemi Falavarjani, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Gill, P, Giref, A, Giroud, M, Gishu, M, Giussani, G, Godwin, W, Goli, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, S, Goryakin, Y, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Griswold, M, Grosso, G, Gugnani, H, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, J, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, G, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Harb, H, Harewood, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hawley, C, Hay, S, He, J, Hearps, S, Hegazy, M, Heibati, B, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herrera Ballesteros, V, Herteliu, C, Hibstu, D, Hiluf, M, Hoek, H, Homaie Rad, E, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, M, Hosseini, S, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Htet, A, Hu, G, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Idris, F, Igumbor, E, Ikeda, C, Ileanu, B, Ilesanmi, O, Innos, K, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islami, F, Jacobs, T, Jacobsen, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, R, Jain, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalu, M, Jamal, A, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Jha, V, Jóúwiak, J, John, O, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Joshua, V, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Kar, C, Karanikolos, M, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Kassa, G, Kassa, T, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Kebede, S, Keiyoro, P, Kemp, G, Kengne, A, Kereselidze, M, Ketema, E, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khajavi, A, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khanal, M, Khang, Y, Khater, M, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kibret, G, Kiirithio, D, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kinra, S, Kisa, A, Kissoon, N, Kochhar, S, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, P, Kutz, M, Kuzin, I, Kyu, H, Lad, D, Lafranconi, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Lansky, S, Larsson, A, Latifi, A, Lazarus, J, Leasher, J, Lee, P, Legesse, Y, Leigh, J, Leshargie, C, Leta, S, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liang, J, Liben, M, Lim, L, Lim, S, Lind, M, Linn, S, Listl, S, Liu, P, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Lopez, A, Lorch, S, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lucas, T, Lunevicius, R, Lurton, G, Lyons, R, Maalouf, F, Macarayan, E, Mackay, M, Maddison, E, Madotto, F, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manhertz, T, Manguerra, H, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, C, Margono, C, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, März, W, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehrotra, R, Mehta, K, Mehta, V, Meier, T, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Meles, K, Melku, M, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengiste, D, Mengistu, D, Menota, B, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, T, Micha, R, Milam, R, Millear, A, Miller, T, Mini, G, Minnig, S, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mitchell, P, Mlashu, F, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Mohammed, E, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mola, G, Molokhia, M, Momeniha, F, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreno Velasquez, I, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Moses, M, Mousavi, S, Mueller, U, Murhekar, M, Murthy, G, Murthy, S, Musa, J, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naik, G, Naik, N, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Narayan, K, Nascimento, B, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Newton, C, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nolte, E, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nyandwi, A, Obermeyer, C, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olivares, P, Oliveira, P, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, K, Opio, J, Oren, E, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Ortiz, A, Ozdemir, R, Pa, M, Pain, A, Palone, M, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandian, J, Park, E, Parsian, H, Patel, T, Pati, S, Patil, S, Patle, A, Patton, G, Paturi, V, Paudel, D, Pedroso, M, Pedroza, S, Pereira, D, Perico, N, Peterson, H, Petzold, M, Peykari, N, Phillips, M, Piel, F, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Piradov, M, Polinder, S, Pond, C, Postma, M, Pourmalek, F, Prakash, S, Prakash, V, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Qorbani, M, Quintana, H, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, S, Rai, R, Raju, S, Ram, U, Rana, S, Rankin, Z, Rasella, D, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Razo-García, C, Reddy, P, Reiner, R, Reis, C, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rios Blancas, M, Rivera, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Roy, N, Ruhago, G, Sabde, Y, Sachdev, P, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, H, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Saldanha, R, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sancheti, P, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarker, A, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, M, Schaeffner, E, Schmidhuber, J, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schumacher, A, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Sekerija, M, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Shafieesabet, A, Shaikh, M, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Sharafi, H, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Shariful Islam, S, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shfare, M, Shi, P, Shields, C, Shigematsu, M, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, M, Shukla, S, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Silberberg, D, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, L, Singh, N, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Sinke, A, Sisay, M, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Smith, A, Soares Filho, A, Sobaih, B, Somai, M, Soneji, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Soyiri, I, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Stokes, M, Sturua, L, Sufiyan, M, Suliankatchi, R, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Sykes, B, Sylaja, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Tadesse, A, Taffere, G, Tandon, N, Tariku, A, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temam Shifa, G, Temsah, M, Terkawi, A, Tesema, A, Tesfaye, D, Tessema, B, Thakur, J, Thomas, N, Thompson, M, Tillmann, T, To, Q, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Torre, A, Tortajada, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tripathi, A, Tripathy, S, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tsoi, D, Tudor Car, L, Tuem, K, Tyrovolas, S, Uchendu, U, Ukwaja, K, Ullah, I, Updike, R, Uthman, O, Uzochukwu, B, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Walson, J, Wang, Y, Wassie, M, Weaver, M, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, West, T, Westerman, R, White, R, Whiteford, H, Widecka, J, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Wolfe, C, Wondimkun, Y, Workicho, A, Wyper, G, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimer, N, Yin, P, Yip, P, Yirsaw, B, Yonemoto, N, Yonga, G, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, M, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zenebe, Z, Zhou, M, Zhu, J, Zimsen, S, Zipkin, B, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, L, Murray, C, Lozano, R, Fullman, Nancy, Yearwood, Jamal, Abay, Solomon M., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy M.X., Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fare, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alomari, Mahmoud A., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amenu, Kebede, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Araújo, Valdelaine E.M., Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ashebir, Mengistu Mitiku, Asseffa, Netsanet Abera, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R., Atteraya, Madhu S., Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayalew, Animut Alebel, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Azzopardi, Peter, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Banstola, Amrit, Barber, Ryan M., Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H., Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belay, Saba Abraham, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bennett, James R., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert Steven, Beuran, Mircea, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhatt, Paurvi, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Bori, Birungi, Charle, Biryukov, Stan, Bizuneh, Hailemichael, Bolliger, Ian W., Bolt, Kaylin, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R., Bozorgmehr, Kayvan, Brady, Oliver Jerome, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Brenner, Hermann, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S., Butt, Zahid A., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Car, Mate, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chalek, Julian, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chattopadhyay, Aparajita, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young J., Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Conti, Sara, Cooper, Cyru, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Costa Pereira, Alexandre, Cousin, Ewerton, Criqui, Michael H., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Crump, John A., Daba, Alemneh Kabeta, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I., Daryani, Ahmad, Daryani, Maryam, Das, Jai, Das, Siddharth Kumar, Das Neves, José, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Davletov, Kairat, De Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Dellavalle, Robert P., Demoz, Gebre, Deribe, Kebede, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhimal, Meghnath, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doku, David Teye, Dolan, Kate, Dorsey, E. Ray, Dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, Edessa, Dumessa, Edvardsson, David, Ehrlich, Joshua R., Eldrenkamp, Erika, El-Khatib, Ziad, Endres, Matthia, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fakhar, Mahdi, Farag, Tamer, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatusi, Adesegun, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L., Feigl, Andrea B., Fentahun, Netsanet, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, João C., Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Frostad, Joseph J., Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gallus, Silvano, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganji, Morsaleh, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gelaw, Yalemzewod Assefa, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Geremew, Demeke, Gething, Peter W., Ghadimi, Reza, Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W., Goli, Sriniva, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon N., Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goryakin, Yevgeniy, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Grada, Ayman, Griswold, Max, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Harb, Hilda L., Harewood, Heather C., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hawley, Caitlin, Hay, Simon I., He, Jiawei, Hearps, Stephen J.C., Hegazy, Mohamed I., Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Mohsen, Hendrie, Delia, Henry, Nathaniel J., Herrera Ballesteros, Victor Hugo, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw, Hiluf, Molla Kahssay, Hoek, Hans W., Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseini, Seyed Reza, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idris, Fachmi, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Ilesanmi, Olayinka S., Innos, Kaire, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb M.S., Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jain, Rajesh, Jain, Sudhir Kumar, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo M., Jalu, Moti Tolera, Jamal, Amr A., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Józwiak, Jacek, John, Oommen, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B., Joshua, Vasna, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Rizwan, Kar, Chittaranjan, Karanikolos, Marina, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M., Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn Haile, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kebede, Seifu, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Grant Rodger, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kereselidze, Maia, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khajavi, Alireza, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khanal, Mukti Nath, Khang, Young-Ho, Khater, Mona M., Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kiirithio, Daniel Ngari, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinra, Sanjay, Kisa, Adnan, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kochhar, Sonali, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kuzin, Igor, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lad, Deepesh Pravinkumar, Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lang, Justin J., Lansingh, Van C., Lansky, Sonia, Larsson, Ander, Latifi, Arman, Lazarus, Jeffrey Victor, Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Paul H., Legesse, Yirga, Leigh, Jame, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leta, Samson, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Listl, Stefan, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Lodha, Rakesh, Lopez, Alan D., Lorch, Scott A., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lucas, Timothy C.D., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lurton, Grégoire, Lyons, Ronan A., Maalouf, Fadi, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T., Maddison, Emilie R., Madotto, Fabiana, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manguerra, Helena, Manhertz, Treh, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C., Margono, Christopher, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins, Sheila Cristina Ourique, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, März, Winfried, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mehta, Kala M., Mehta, Varshil, Meier, Toni, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Melku, Mulugeta, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengiste, Degu Abate, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Micha, Renata, Milam, Robert, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G.K., Minnig, Shawn, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B., Mlashu, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh, Mohammed, Ebrahim, Mohammed, Mohammed A., Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen Liddell D., Molokhia, Mariam, Momeniha, Fatemeh, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Moreno Velasquez, Ilai, Mori, Rintaro, Morrison, Shane D., Moses, Mark, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mueller, Ulrich O., Murhekar, Manoj, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Jonah, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta A., Naik, Nitish, Najafi, Farid, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie Njingang, Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Newton, Charles R., Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Long, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Ellen, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F., Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Nyandwi, Alypio, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olivares, Pedro R., De Oliveira, Patricia Pereira Vasconcelo, Olsen, Helen E., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V., Ortiz, Alberto, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W., Palone, Marcos Roberto Tovani, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Park, Eun-Kee, Parsian, Hadi, Patel, Teja, Pati, Sanghamitra, Patil, Snehal T., Patle, Ajay, Patton, George C., Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao, Paudel, Deepak, De Moares Pedroso, Marcel, Pedroza, Sandra P., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Peterson, Hannah, Petzold, Max, Peykari, Niloofar, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B., Pigott, David M., Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A., Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D., Postma, Maarten J., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prakash, Swayam, Prakash, V., Prasad, Narayan, Prasad, Noela Marie, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintana, Hedley Knewjen, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M., Rankin, Zane, Rasella, Davide, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E., Razo-García, Christian Aspacia, Reddy, Priscilla, Reiner, Robert C., Reis, Cesar, Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Rios Blancas, Maria Jesu, Rivera, Juan A., Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sachdev, Perminder S., Sadat, Nafi, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, De Freitas Saldanha, Raphael, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sancheti, Parag K., Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S., Santric Milicevic, Milena M., Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Saylan, Mete I., Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schumacher, Austin E., Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Sekerija, Mario, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sharafi, Heidar, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Sharma, Meenakshi, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shfare, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Shukla, Sharvari Rahul, Siabani, Soraya, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H., Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sisay, Mekonnen, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Soares Filho, Adauto Martin, Sobaih, Badr H.A., Somai, Melek, Soneji, Samir, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Soriano, Joan B., Soyiri, Ireneous N., Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J., Stokes, Mark Andrew, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick J., Sykes, Bryan L., Sylaja, P.N., Szoeke, Cassandra E.I., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Tadesse, Andualem Henok, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Tandon, Nikhil, Tariku, Amare Tariku, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temam Shifa, Girma, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Tessema, Belay, Thakur, J.S., Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Matthew J., Tillmann, Taavi, To, Quyen G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Avnish, Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsoi, Derrick, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, Valdez, Pascual Rubén, Van Boven, Job F.M., Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagnew, Fasil, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell T., Walson, Judd L., Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wassie, Molla Mesele, Weaver, Marcia R., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Jordan, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, West, T. Eoin, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard G., Whiteford, Harvey A., Widecka, Justyna, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wondimkun, Yohanes Ayele, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Wyper, Grant M.A., Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimer, Nigus Bililign, Yin, Peng, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Jun, Zimsen, Stephanie R.M., Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J.L., Lozano, Rafael, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Abay, Sm, Abebo, Ta, Abraha, Hn, Abreu, Dmx, Abu-Raddad, Lj, Adane, Aa, Adedoyin, Ra, Adhikari, Tb, Aichour, Mte, Akinyemi, Ro, Akinyemiju, Tf, Al Lami, Fh, Albittar, Mi, Alene, Ka, Ali, Sd, Aljunid, Sm, Alomari, Ma, Altirkawi, Ka, Amare, At, Amoako, Ya, Andrei, Cl, Antonio, Cat, Araújo, Vem, Aryal, Kk, Asfaw, Et, Asgedom, Sw, Asghar, Rj, Ashebir, Mm, Asseffa, Na, Atey, Tm, Atre, Sr, Avokpaho, Efga, Ayala Quintanilla, Bp, Ayalew, Aa, Ayele, Ht, Ayuk, Tb, Babalola, Tk, Barber, Rm, Barboza, Ma, Barker-Collo, Sl, Barrero, Lh, Baune, Bt, Bekele, Bb, Belachew, Ab, Belay, Sa, Belay, Ya, Bell, Ml, Bello, Ak, Bennett, Da, Bennett, Jr, Bensenor, Im, Berhe, Df, Bhutta, Za, Bolliger, Iw, Bou-Orm, Ir, Brady, Oj, Breitborde, Njk, Butt, Za, Campos-Nonato, Ir, Campuzano, Jc, Carrero, Jj, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ca, Chang, Hy, Chang, Jc, Chiang, Pp, Chisumpa, Vh, Choi, Jj, Christopher, Dj, Chung, Sc, Ciobanu, Lg, Cortesi, Pa, Criqui, Mh, Cromwell, Ea, Crump, Ja, Daba, Ak, Dachew, Ba, Dadi, Af, Dargan, Pi, Das, Sk, De Neve, Jw, Dellavalle, Rp, Des Jarlais, Dc, Dharmaratne, Sd, Doku, Dt, Dorsey, Er, Dos Santos, Kpb, Doyle, Ke, Driscoll, Tr, Duncan, Bb, Ehrlich, Jr, El-Khatib, Zz, Endries, Ay, Faraon, Eja, Feigin, Vl, Feigl, Ab, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, Jc, Fijabi, Do, Flaxman, Ad, Foreman, Kj, Frostad, Jj, Futran, Nd, Gebre, Ak, Gebrehiwot, Tt, Gebremedhin, At, Gelaw, Ya, Geleijnse, Jm, Gething, Pw, Giref, Az, Gishu, Md, Godwin, Ww, Gona, Pn, Gopalani, Sv, Goulart, Ac, Gugnani, Hc, Haagsma, Ja, Hailu, Gb, Hamadeh, Rr, Hankey, Gj, Harb, Hl, Harewood, Hc, Haro, Jm, Hassen, Hy, Hay, Si, Hearps, Sjc, Hegazy, Mi, Henry, Nj, Herrera Ballesteros, Vh, Hibstu, Dt, Hiluf, Mk, Hoek, Hw, Hosgood, Hd, Hosseini, Sr, Hoy, Dg, Huang, Jj, Iburg, Km, Igumbor, Eu, Ileanu, Bv, Irvani, Ssn, Irvine, Cm, Jacobs, Ta, Jacobsen, Kh, Jain, Sk, Jakovljevic, Mb, Jalu, Mt, Jamal, Aa, Jayatilleke, Au, Jha, Rp, Johnson, Sc, Jonas, Jb, Karema, Ck, Karimi, Sm, Kassa, Dh, Kassa, Gm, Kassa, Td, Kassebaum, Nj, Katikireddi, Sv, Keiyoro, Pn, Kemp, Gr, Kengne, Ap, Ketema, Eb, Khafaie, Ma, Khalil, Ia, Khan, Ea, Khan, Mn, Khan, Ma, Khanal, Mn, Khang, Yh, Khater, Mm, Khoja, Ata, Kibret, Gd, Kiirithio, Dn, Kim, Yj, Kimokoti, Rw, Kopec, Ja, Koul, Pa, Krohn, Kj, Kumar, Ga, Kyu, Hh, Lad, Dp, Lal, Dk, Lang, Jj, Lansingh, Vc, Lazarus, Jv, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Ph, Leshargie, Ct, Liben, Ml, Lim, Ll, Lopez, Ad, Lorch, Sa, Lotufo, Pa, Lucas, Tcd, Lyons, Ra, Macarayan, Erk, Mackay, Mt, Maddison, Er, Malta, Dc, Mamun, Aa, Mansournia, Ma, Mantovani, Lg, Mapoma, Cc, Martins, Sco, Martins-Melo, Fr, Massenburg, Bb, Mathur, Mr, Maulik, Pk, Mcgrath, Jj, Mehta, Km, Meles, Kg, Memish, Za, Mengiste, Da, Mengistu, Dt, Menota, Bg, Mensah, Ga, Meretoja, Tj, Mezgebe, Hb, Miller, Tr, Mini, Gk, Mirrakhimov, Em, Mitchell, Pb, Mlashu, Fw, Mohammad, Ka, Mohammed, Ma, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Montañez Hernandez, Jc, Morrison, Sd, Mousavi, Sm, Mueller, Uo, Murthy, Gv, Musa, Ki, Naik, Ga, Nansseu, Jrn, Narayan, Kv, Nascimento, Br, Negoi, Ri, Newton, Cr, Ngunjiri, Jw, Nguyen, Th, Ningrum, Dna, Nong, Vm, Norheim, Of, Noubiap, Jjn, Obermeyer, Cm, Ogbo, Fa, Oh, Ih, Olagunju, At, Olagunju, To, Olivares, Pr, Oliveira, Ppv, Olsen, He, Olusanya, Bo, Olusanya, Jo, Opio, Jn, Ortega-Altamirano, Dv, Pain, Aw, Palone, Mrt, Pandian, Jd, Park, Ek, Patil, St, Patton, Gc, Paturi, Vr, Pedroso, Mm, Pedroza, Sp, Pereira, Dm, Phillips, Mr, Piel, Fb, Pigott, Dm, Pillay, Jd, Piradov, Ma, Pond, Cd, Postma, Mj, Prasad, Nm, Quintana, Hk, Rahman, Ma, Rahman, Su, Rai, Rk, Raju, Sb, Rana, Sm, Rawaf, Dl, Ray, Se, Razo-García, Ca, Reiner, Rc, Reitsma, Mb, Renzaho, Amn, Ribeiro, Al, Rios Blancas, Mj, Rivera, Ja, Roth, Ga, Ruhago, Gm, Sabde, Yd, Sahraian, Ma, Saldanha, Rf, Salomon, Ja, Samy, Am, Sanabria, Jr, Sancheti, Pk, Sanchez-Niño, Md, Santric Milicevic, Mm, Sarker, Ar, Saylan, Mi, Schmidt, Mi, Schneider, Ijc, Schumacher, Ae, Schutte, Ae, Schwebel, Dc, Sepanlou, Sg, Servan-Mori, Ee, Shaikh, Ma, Shariful Islam, Sm, Shfare, Mt, Shrime, Mg, Shukla, Sr, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Silva, Da, Silva, Jp, Silveira, Dga, Singh, Ja, Singh, Np, Sinha, Dn, Sinke, Ah, Soares Filho, Am, Sobaih, Bha, Sorensen, Rjd, Soriano, Jb, Soyiri, In, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stanaway, Jd, Stein, Dj, Stokes, Ma, Sufiyan, Mb, Suliankatchi, Ra, Sunguya, Bf, Sur, Pj, Sykes, Bl, Sylaja, Pn, Tadakamadla, Sk, Tadesse, Ah, Taffere, Gr, Tariku, At, Temsah, Mh, Tesema, Ag, Tesfaye, Dj, Thompson, Mj, To, Qg, Tran, Bx, Tran, Kb, Tripathy, Sp, Tuem, Kb, Ukwaja, Kn, Uthman, Oa, Uzochukwu, Bsc, Valdez, Pr, van Boven, Jfm, Vladimirov, Sk, Vlassov, Vv, Vollset, Se, Wallin, Mt, Walson, Jl, Wang, Yp, Wassie, Mm, Weaver, Mr, Weintraub, Rg, Weldegwergs, Kg, West, Te, White, Rg, Whiteford, Ha, Wolfe, Cd, Wondimkun, Ya, Wyper, Gma, Yan, Ll, Yimer, Nb, Yirsaw, Bd, Yoon, Sj, Younis, Mz, Zaki, Me, Zaman, Sb, Zenebe, Zm, Zimsen, Srm, Zuhlke, Lj, Murray, Cjl, and Lozano, R.
Subjects: Peformance, Coverage, Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, GBD, Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best), universal health coverage, Article, access quality health care, health care access and quality index, Nations, Healthcare Acce, Cause-specific mortality, Psychology, Healthcare Access and Quality Index, Mælitæki, States, Medicine (all), Health care, Þjóðir, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Quality, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Sálfræði, Indicator, Amenable mortality, Transition, we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0–100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8–98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9–97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5–97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1–24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3–23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2–26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1–93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4–53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6–68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3–38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view—and subsequent provision—of quality health care for all populations, Trends, Inequalities
Abstract: Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97.1 (95% UI 95.8-98.1) in Iceland, followed by 96.6 (94.9-97.9) in Norway and 96.1 (94.5-97.3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18.6 (13.1-24.4) in the Central African Republic, 19.0 (14.3-23.7) in Somalia, and 23.4 (20.2-26.8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91.5 (89.1-936) in Beijing to 48.0 (43.4-53.2) in Tibet (a 43.5-point difference), while India saw a 30.8-point disparity, from 64.8 (59.6-68.8) in Goa to 34.0 (30.3-38.1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4.8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20.9-point to 17.0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17.2-point to 20.4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view and subsequent provision of quality health care for all populations., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Barbora de Courten is supported by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100864). Ai Koyanagi’s work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII —General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Alberto Ortiz was supported by Spanish Government (Instituto de Salud Carlos III RETIC REDINREN RD16/0019 FEDER funds). Ashish Awasthi acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through INSPIRE Faculty scheme Boris Bikbov has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Boris Bikbov acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Panniyammakal Jeemon acknowledges support from the clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015–20). Job F M van Boven was supported by the Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology of the University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Olanrewaju Oladimeji is an African Research Fellow hosted by Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and he also has honorary affiliations with Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Eastern Cape, South Africa and School of Public Health, University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia. He is indeed grateful for support from HSRC, WSU and UNAM. EUI is supported in part by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF UID: 86003). Ulrich Mueller acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study grant No 01ER1511/D, Gabrielle B Britton is supported by Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación and Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá. Giuseppe Remuzzi acknowledges that the work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Behzad Heibati would like to acknowledge Air pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Syed Aljunid acknowledges the National University of Malaysia for providing the approval to participate in this GBD Project. Azeem Majeed and Imperial College London are grateful for support from the Northwest London National Insititute of Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care. Tambe Ayuk acknowledges the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies for office space provided. José das Neves was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). João Fernandes gratefully acknowledges funding from FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grant number UID/Multi/50016/2013). Jan-Walter De Neve was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (201900). Kazem Rahimi was supported by grants from the Oxford Martin School, the NIHR Oxford BRC and the RCUK Global Challenges Research Fund. Laith J Abu-Raddad acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 9-040-3-008) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-IHME effort. Liesl Zuhlke is funded by the national research foundation of South Africa and the Medical Research Council of South Africa. Monica Cortinovis acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Chuanhua Yu acknowleges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552 and grant number 81273179) Norberto Perico acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Charles Shey Wiysonge’s work is supported by the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant numbers 106035 and 108571). John J McGrath is supported by grant APP1056929 from the John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship). Quique Bassat is an ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) research professor at ISGlobal. Richard G White is funded by the UK MRC and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union (MR/P002404/1), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium: OPP1084276/OPP1135288, CORTIS: OPP1137034/OPP1151915, Vaccines: OPP1160830), and UNITAID (4214-LSHTM-Sept15; PO 8477-0-600). Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowleges contribution from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (grant OI 175 014). Shariful Islam is funded by a Senior Fellowship from Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University and received career transition grants from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Sonia Saxena is funded by various grants from the NIHR. Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (reference number CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII–Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. Stefanos was awarded with a 6 months visiting fellowship funding at IHME from M-AES (reference no. MV16/00035 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III). S Vittal Katikreddi was funded by a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_ UU_12017/15) and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15). Traolach S Brugha has received funding from NHS Digital UK to collect data used in this study. The work of Hamid Badali was financially supported by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. The work of Stefan Lorkowski is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A). Mariam Molokhia’s research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We also thank the countless individuals who have contributed to GBD 2016 in various capacities.
Published: 2018

40. Species distribution modelling for Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Benin, West Africa: Comparing datasets and modelling algorithms

Author: Sophie O. Vanwambeke, E. De Clercq, Agustín Estrada-Peña, Safiou Adehan, Maxime Madder, and Samson Leta
Subjects: Generalized linear model, Wet season, Databases, Factual, Environmental data, Climate, Invasive tick, Tick, Models, Biological, Risk Assessment, Food Animals, Abundance (ecology), Species distribution modelling, Rhipicephalus, Animals, Ecosystem, Demography, Spatial Analysis, biology, Agriculture, biology.organism_classification, Environmental niche modelling, Random forest, Africa, Western, Geography, Rhipicephalus microplus, MODIS, Linear Models, Arachnid Vectors, Cattle, Animal Science and Zoology, WorldClim, Algorithm, Algorithms
Abstract: Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most widely distributed and economically important ticks, transmitting Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma marginale. It was recently introduced to West Africa on live animals originating from Brazil. Knowing the precise environmental suitability for the tick would allow veterinary health officials to draft vector control strategies for different regions of the country. To test the performance of modelling algorithms and different sets of environmental explanatory variables, species distribution models for this tick species in Benin were developed using generalized linear models, linear discriminant analysis and random forests. The training data for these models were a dataset containing reported absence or presence in 104 farms, randomly selected across Benin. These farms were sampled at the end of the rainy season, which corresponds with an annual peak in tick abundance. Two environmental datasets for the country of Benin were compared: one based on interpolated climate data (WorldClim) and one based on remotely sensed images (MODIS). The pixel size for both environmental datasets was 1km. Highly suitable areas occurred mainly along the warmer and humid coast extending northwards to central Benin. The northern hot and drier areas were found to be unsuitable. The models developed and tested on data from the entire country were generally found to perform well, having an AUC value greater than 0.92. Although statistically significant, only small differences in accuracy measures were found between the modelling algorithms, or between the environmental datasets. The resulting risk maps differed nonetheless. Models based on interpolated climate suggested gradual variations in habitat suitability, while those based on remotely sensed data indicated a sharper contrast between suitable and unsuitable areas, and a patchy distribution of the suitable areas. Remotely sensed data yielded more spatial detail in the predictions. When computing accuracy measures on a subset of data along the invasion front, the modelling technique Random Forest outperformed the other modelling approaches, and results with MODIS-derived variables were better than those using WorldClim data.The high environmental suitability for R. microplus in the southern half of Benin raises concern at the regional level for animal health, including its potential to substantially alter transmission risk of Babesia bovis. The northern part of Benin appeared overall of low environmental suitability. Continuous surveillance in the transition zone however remains relevant, in relation to important cattle movements in the region, and to the invasive character of R. microplus.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

41. Global Distribution of Culicoides imicola, a Major Vector of Bluetongue, Schmallenberg and African Horse Sickness Viruses

Author: Regassa, Samson Leta, primary, Fetene, Eyerusalem, additional, Mulatu, Tesfaye, additional, Amenu, Kebede, additional, Bedasa, Megersa, additional, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, additional, Negussie, Haileleul, additional, and Revie, Crawford, additional
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

42. Production performance of Fayoumi chickens under intensive management condition of Adami Tulu research center

Author: Tesfa Geleta, Endalew Bekana, and Samson Leta
Subjects: Animal science, Starter, food.ingredient, food, Feed consumption, Yolk, embryonic structures, Sexual maturity, Biology, Egg laying, Intensive management, Breed, Fayoumi chicken
Abstract: The study was done to characterize the production performance of exotic/Fayoumi chicken/under intensive management condition in semi-arid Ethiopia. Feed consumption, age at 40% egg laying, egg production, mortality rate, hatchability, external and internal their egg quality parameters used as evaluation parameters. Mean feed consumption of starter, grower and layer Fayoumi chicken under intensive management condition in Adami Tulu research center is 48.9±5.5, 71.4±5.4 and 113.5±8.1, respectively. Fayoumi chickens attain sexual maturity at 150 days and produced 159.9± 10.7 eggs in a year. Hatchability and mortality rate is 63.5 and 7.2%, respectively. Egg weight (g), egg length (mm), egg width (mm), shell thickness (mm) and shell weight in percent of egg weight of Fayoumi chicken`s egg was 44.3±4.51, 50.77±2.6, 39.3±1.41, 0.35±0.04 and 13.3, respectively. Yolk color, yolk weight in percent of egg weight, albumin weight in percent of egg weight and egg shape index of Fayoumi chicken is 1.59±0.76, 32.3%, 54.5% and 77.7±3.9, respectively. The result of the present study showed that Fayoumi chicken well adapted to semi-arid Ethiopia and their production performance is better than the indigenous village chicken means it is a good choice for egg producer who can regularly supply supplementary feed. Fayoumi chicken were active can easily escape predators and preferred perch after onset egg lay. Poultry breeder can also use the breed for the production of commercial breed by crossing with others in semi-arid Ethiopia. Key words: Intensive, semi-arid, mortality rate, hatchability, indigenous.
Published: 2013
Full Text: View/download PDF

43. Sero-prevalence, risk factors and distribution of sheep and goat pox in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Author: Tsegaw Fentie, Nigusie Fenta, Samson Leta , Wassie Molla, Birhanu Ayele, Yechale Teshome, Seleshe Nigatu and Ashenafi Assefa
Abstract: No abstract available for this resource
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. High-resolution predictive mapping for Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Horn of Africa

Author: Samson Leta, Eva M. De Clercq, and Maxime Madder
Subjects: Ecology, Range (biology), Rain, Theileria parva, Temperature, General Medicine, Africa, Eastern, Biology, Cattle Diseases, Tick, biology.organism_classification, Theileriasis, Animal ecology, Insect Science, Rhipicephalus, Animals, East Coast fever, Arachnid Vectors, Cattle, Acari, Ecosystem, Ixodidae
Abstract: The brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, vector of East Coast fever (ECF) and related cattle diseases caused by Theileria parva has never been reported from the Horn of Africa. Habitat suitability for this tick species was predicted using Maxent modelling technique based on R. appendiculatus records in Sub-Saharan Africa. Two models were developed: the first is based on the tropical R. appendiculatus distribution and the one is based on the distribution records in the temperate region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The tropical model shows favourable habitat in much of the Ethiopian highlands. The whole Djibouti, the south eastern Ethiopian lowlands, majority of Somalia and Eritrea were found to be not suitable for the survival and development of this tick species. Highly suitable areas occur in areas which have moderate temperature and high precipitation. Introductions of R. appendiculatus into the Horn of Africa probably have been prevented by the natural barrier between the known R. appendiculatus distribution range in East Africa and the Horn of Africa. The effect of an introduction of R. appendiculatus and thereby ECF into the Horn of Africa could be catastrophic since the cattle in this area have no immunity against ECF, and mortality might be considerable in all age groups of cattle.
Published: 2013
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. Effect of dietary energy and protein combination on egg production performance of Fayoumi chickens

Author: Tesfa Geleta, * Samson Leta
Abstract: No abstract available for this resource
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

46. Sero-prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in bulls originated from Borena pastoral area of Southern Ethiopia

Author: Gezahegn Alemayehu, Samson Leta & Berhanu Hailu
Abstract: No abstract available for this resource
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

47. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: An Evolving Disease

Author: Frehiwot Mesele, Gezahegn Alemayehu, Thi Ha Thanh Dao, and Samson Leta
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Veterinary medicine, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, Population, Review, Environment, Disease Outbreaks, Risk Factors, Environmental health, Epidemiology, parasitic diseases, medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Humans, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreak, Biology and Life Sciences, Leishmaniasis, lcsh:RA1-1270, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Visceral leishmaniasis, Neglected tropical diseases, Leishmaniasis, Visceral, Ethiopia, business, geographic locations
Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) is classified as one of the most neglected tropical diseases. It is becoming a growing health problem in Ethiopia, with endemic areas that are continually spreading. The annual burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Ethiopia is estimated to be between 4,500 and 5,000 cases, and the population at risk is more than 3.2 million. There has been a change in the epidemiology of VL in Ethiopia. Over the last decades, almost all cases and outbreaks of VL were reported from arid and semi-arid parts of the country; however, recent reports indicated the introduction of this disease into the highlands. Migration of labourers to and from endemic areas, climatic and environmental changes, and impaired immunity due to HIV/AIDS and malnutrition resulted in the change of VL epidemiology. HIV spurs the spread of VL by increasing the risk of progression from asymptomatic infection towards full VL. Conversely, VL accelerates the onset of AIDS. In Ethiopia, VL epidemiology remains complex because of the diversity of risk factors involved, and its control is becoming an increasing challenge. This paper reviews the changes in epidemiology of VL in Ethiopia and discusses some of the possible explanations for these changes. The prospects for novel approaches to VL control are discussed, as are the current and future challenges facing Ethiopia's public health development program.
Published: 2014

48. Spatial analysis of cattle and shoat population in Ethiopia: growth trend, distribution and market access

Author: Samson Leta and Frehiwot Mesele
Subjects: education.field_of_study, Livestock population, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Research, Population, Market access, Distribution (economics), Survey sampling, GIS, Agricultural economics, Gross domestic product, Geography, Environmental protection, Agriculture, Population growth, Spatial distribution, Livestock, business, education
Abstract: The livestock subsector has an enormous contribution to Ethiopia's national economy and livelihoods of many Ethiopians. The subsector contributes about 16.5% of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 35.6% of the agricultural GDP. It also contributes 15% of export earnings and 30% of agricultural employment. The livestock subsector currently support and sustain livelihoods for 80% of all rural population. The GDP of livestock related activities valued at 59 billion birr. Ethiopian livestock population trends, distribution and marketing vary considerably across space and time due to a variety of reasons. This study was aimed to assess cattle and shoat population growth trend, distribution and their access to market. Regression analysis was used to assess the cattle and shoat population growth trend and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques were used to determine the spatial distribution of cattle and shoats, and their relative access to market. The data sets used are agricultural census (2001/02) and annual CSA agricultural sample survey (1995/96 to 2012/13). In the past eighteen years, the livestock population namely cattle, sheep and goat grew from 54.5 million to over 103.5 million with average annual increment of 3.4 million. The current average national cattle, sheep and goat population per km(2) are estimated to be 71, 33 and 29 respectively (excluding Addis Ababa, Afar and Somali regions). From the total livestock population the country owns about 46% cattle, 43% sheep and 40% goats are reared within 10 km radius from major livestock market centres and all-weather roads. On the other hand, three fourth of the country's land mass which comprises 15% of the cattle, 20% of the sheep and 21% of goat population is not accessible to market (greater than 30 km from major livestock market centres). It is found that the central highland regions account for the largest share of livestock population and also more accessible to market. Defining the spatial and temporal variations of livestock population is crucial in order to develop a sound and geographically targeted livestock development policy.
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

49. Biosecurity practices in Central Ethiopian cattle feedlots: Its implication for live cattle export

Author: Gezahegn Alemayehu, Samson Leta
Abstract: No abstract available for this resource
Published: 2014

50. Production performance of Fayoumi chickens under intensive management condition of Adami Tulu research center

Author: Tesfa Geleta*, Samson Leta and Endalew Bekana
Abstract: No abstract available for this resource
Published: 2013
Full Text: View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

76 results on '"Samson Leta"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources