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Background:The optimal sampling points and thresholds for initial serum vancomycin (VCM) concentrations have not been determined in hemodialysis (HD) patients. To clarify this, multiple blood tests were performed, and the correlations between VCM concentrations at several sampling points and the area under the concentration-time curve for 24 hours (AUC24h) were analyzed., Methods:A single-center, prospective observational study was conducted. Patients with end-stage renal failure who received VCM treatment while undergoing chronic maintenance HD were enrolled in this study. HD was performed using a high-flux membrane as the dialyzer. After VCM administration, 7 points were sampled between the first and second HD. The AUC24h after the end of the first HD (AUC0-24) and that before the end of the second HD (AUC24-48) were calculated using the linear trapezoidal method. Correlation analysis and simple regression analysis between AUC24h and serum concentrations were performed at each sampling point., Results:Nine patients were evaluated. Strong correlations were found between AUC24-48 and serum concentrations at 24 hours after the initiation of VCM treatment following the first HD (C24h, R = 0.983 and P < 0.001), between AUC0-24 and C24h (R = 0.967 and P < 0.001), and between AUC24-48 and serum concentration just before the second HD (Cpre(HD2), R = 0.965 and P < 0.001). Regression equations with high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.9) were obtained, and a C24h of ≥18.0 mg/L and a Cpre(HD2) of ≥16.5 mg/L were required to achieve an AUC24-48 value of ≥400 mg·h/L. In addition, a C24h of ≤23.3 mg/L was estimated to satisfy the AUC0-24 range of ≤600 mg·h/L., Conclusions:C24h and Cpre(HD2) are optimal sampling points for predicting VCM-AUC24h in HD patients.

Des rapports précis et cohérents sur l'évolution de la superficie forestière et des changements d’occupation du sol sont importants dans le contexte de l’accord de Paris où les pays ont l’obligation de soumettre régulièrement leurs rapports sur le bilan émission absorption des gaz à effet de serre. Cette notification des changements peut avoir un impact direct sur les paiements par le biais de comparaisons avec les niveaux de référence (émissions) nationaux dans le cadre de la réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts, notamment dans le cadre du processus REDD+. Cependant avant cela, les pays sont invités à renforcer leur système national de surveillance des forêts mais aussi de production des produits cartographiques qui respectent des règles robustes d’évaluation de l’incertitude des estimations de l’évolution de la superficie du couvert forestier prescrites par la CCNUCC. Dans cette étude, nous présentons les résultats de la précision des nombreuses cartes forestières dont le Congo dispose en utilisant l’approche assistée par modèle développée par Sannier et al, 2014, adaptée au contexte de la République du Congo. Les résultats de l’étude montrent une sous-estimation des près de 50% des pertes forestières dans la période entre 2000 et 2014 que ce soit par la méthode des estimations directes ou des estimations par régression. La comparaison des deux méthodes montre que les estimations des pertes de la couverture forestière par la méthode échantillons point sous-estime l’estimation des pertes sur la période 2000-2014 ainsi que sur la période 2014-2016. Nous concluons qu’il faut renforcer les équipes nationales en charge de l’élaboration des cartes forestières mais aussi que le pays doit s’approprier cette méthode de Sannier et al. 2014 pour l’évaluation de la précision.

The traditional object detection model based on convolutional neural network contains a large amount of parameters, so it has poor performance when applied to high-real-time and high-precision scenes. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a deep recurrent attention object detection dynamic model (DRA-ODM). The model based on time domain attention mechanism is constructed by using recurrent neural network and dynamic sampling point mechanism, it simulates the way that human-eyes ignore irrelevant information and pay attention to key information when observing things. DRA-ODM model completes object detection on the premise of extracting only part of image features. In addition, this paper visualizes the position in each sampling, thus, it is convenient to observe the position of sampling points during each cycle. Extensive experiment results demonstrate that DRA-ODM model achieves object detection within 5 time steps using about 20 M parameters, its average accuracy could reach 87. 4%.

The purpose of this article is to study the methods of constructing maps of geochemical anomalies using geostatistical methods. The example presented in the article shows the possibility of probabilistic determination of gold in strongly overlapped areas (Urup Island, Kuril Islands). On the site of the Kolenchaty Lidinskoye ore field, the gold ore occurrence of the Kolenchaty is known. It is timed to the incision of the river and disappears outside of it. This is due to the strong overlap of the area by Quaternary sediments. Together with the uneven distribution of gold, these circumstances complicate the construction of maps of geochemical anomalies and the identification of promising areas. To solve this problem, the Statistica program was used. With its help, a matrix of correlations was built, elements of the satellites of gold were selected, and a multiple regression equation for gold was drawn up. This equation was used to probabilistically calculate gold values at each sampling point. In ArcGis, Geostatistical Analyst, geochemical anomalies were mapped from the predicted gold value by kriging, and promising areas were highlighted.

Detection of hazardous gases may be lethal in minute doses, requiring a sensitive detection system. A timely warning, preferably before the gas exceeds a critical threshold, depends on the capability to map the gas concentration inside a complex structure. This requires constant spatial monitoring of gas concentrations at several locations. This letter presents a generic pooling approach for spatial gas concentration mapping using a single detector. It is based on gas sampling from several locations simultaneously at predetermined mixing ratios. The gas concentration at each sampling point is computed using a repetitious scheme based on the sensor readings and the known mixing ratios.

Firstly, a novel FRI sampling model has been proposed according to the characteristics of ultrasonic signals. The model has the advantages such as good stability, strong antinoise ability, simple circuit implementation, and fewer preconditions, compared to the traditional methods. Then, in order to verify the validity of the sampling model, the method is applied to B-type ultrasonic imaging, and a B-type phased array ultrasonic imaging algorithm based on FRI sampling model is proposed. Finally, the algorithm simulation experiment is designed, and the results show that the sampling point required by the proposed FRI sampling model is only 0.1% of the traditional B-type phased array ultrasonic imaging method, and the sampling frequency of the proposed ultrasonic imaging algorithm is only 0.0077% of the traditional B-type ultrasonic imaging method. Additionally, the experiment result indicates that this algorithm is more applicable to phased array ultrasonic imaging than the SOS filter is.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater quality for drinking purpose in selected locations of rural Ajmer and Bhilwara districts of Rajasthan, India. A total of 30 groundwater samples were collected during June 2015 and the samples were analysed for physicochemical properties, major cations and anions in the laboratory using the standard procedures of the American Public Health Association. Major ions like Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, Cl−, NO3− and SO4−2 were calculated. The results of the study are illustrated with the help of descriptive statistics, Piper trilinear, Durov diagram, and geospatial mapping and water quality index (WQI). This work aimed to understand the status of groundwater quality and the spatial distribution of parameters to recognize the quality of drinking water. The results show that majority of sampling point clusters in the Piper diagram fall in the NaCl zone. WQI was used to classify the samples in different classes as per their suitability for drinking purposes. It is observed that most of the samples fall in the water unsuitable for drinking purposes category and few samples are in the very poor water category.

Rock-wallabies occupy outcrops, escarpments and cliffs that incorporate structurally complex refuges; because of this, local populations present methodological challenges for monitoring purposes. We describe the development and adaptive modification of a survey technique intended to measure changes in rock-wallaby activity on a site-by-site basis. Twenty spatially independent field sites were collectively sampled across two geological strata using transects consisting of regularly spaced sampling points, with concentric series of fixed-radius circular plots at each sampling point used to count numbers of fresh/recent and/or older rock-wallaby scats. The presence/absence of fresh and/or recently deposited scats was identified as likely to be the more sensitive measure of changing use. Indexes of Activity (IoA) at each field site were subsequently obtained by transect-based sampling at 10 m intervals using 2 m fixed-radius circular plots and recording the presence/absence of fresh/recent scats therein. Derived rock-wallaby IoA ranged between 0.13 and 0.94 across the 20 sites and were approximately normally distributed. Central tendency measures associated with the IoA metrics imply some potential to develop management-themed activity thresholds. Further refinement and potential applications of the approach are discussed.

The content of cesium-137 in the soil cover of the central and southern parts of Tajikistan was studied. The study area of the regions of the republic is about 45,000 km2. 92 soil samples from the Central and Southern parts of the republic were collected from cultivated and uncultivated fields to a depth of 25 cm from the ground surface. Each sample at the sampling point was cleared of stones, roots and other inclusions. The sample was dried to an air-dry state, crushed and sieved through a sieve with a hole diameter of 2 mm. When measuring the samples, we used a standard 1 L Marinelli beaker. Measurements of the specific activity of cesium-137 in soil samples were carried out on a gamma spectrometer based on highly pure germanium. The maximum content of cesium-137 was observed in soil sample No. 1 of the Kamarob area of the Rasht district, which specific activity in the sample is 148 Bq / kg. The minimum specific activity of cesium-137 is observed in soil samples from the Tajikabad district. The dependence of the concentration of cesium-137 on the topography in the region under study has been established. In some of the investigated samples, the cesium-137 isotope was not detected (sample no. 2 from the Ayvaj area of the Shahritus district and sample no. 4 from the Farkhor district). The dynamics of the distribution of cesium-137 on the soils of uncultivated fields and soils of cultivated fields of the Khatlon region of Tajikistan has been studied. It was found that the content of the isotope of cesium-137 in the treated fields differs from the untreated ones. It has been determined that in the soils of cultivated lands, the content of cesium-137 is concentrated at a depth of 20-25 cm. At the foot of the mountains and clay soils, a relatively high content of the isotope of cesium-137 is observed in comparison with plains and sandy soils.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in modern agricultural management for aviation spraying. Many factors affect the droplet deposition during quadrotor UAV application. To explore the importance of these influencing factors on the droplet deposition effect, this article classified all the factors and determined the core influencing factors. An orthogonal experiment was then designed to explore the importance of each core influencing factor on the droplet deposition effect. The importance of three factors on the droplet deposition volume decreased in the following order: flight parameter (F = 518.688), droplet size (F = 123.813) and crop phenotype (F = 83.688); likewise, the importance of these factors on the droplet deposition uniformity decreased in the following order: flight parameter (F = 31.868), crop phenotype (F = 15.442) and droplet size (F = 9.105). The droplet deposition volume and droplet uniformity should both be considered to determine the optimal application scheme. The results also showed that the overall droplet deposition distribution trend was similar at each sample point on each collection line. Plant deformation with a larger area or deeper depth helped the droplets deposit onto the crop canopy.

This study aims to determine the level of noise caused by flight activities at Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport Pekanbaru, analyze noise levels that occur due to flight activities at Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport Pekanbaru and analyze efforts to control the negative impact of airport noise on the living environment of community settlements. around Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport Pekanbaru. This research uses field observation method, which is making direct observations at the research location by looking at the condition of the location and the suitability of the location which is the sampling point of the study (the noise level boundary at Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport). Observations were made for 16 hours (Ls) at an interval of 06.00 - 22.00. Measurement of sound pressure level is carried out on holidays (Sunday) and weekdays (Monday), which starts on November 1, November 2, November 8, and November 9, 2020, which is carried out in residential areas around Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport Pekanbaru, which are spread across 6 measurement points where the measurement of sound pressure level is done in duplicate, namely: Jl. Kaswari (point 1), Jl. Rawa Indah II (Point 2), Jl. Rawa Indah III (Point 3), Jl. Cinnamon (Point 4), Jl. Pahlawan Kerja gg.Pala 49 (Point 5) and Jl. Nur Asiyah (Point 6) The results of the processing of noise measurement data were made of a mapping model using surfer 11 software and to clarify the noise description at the sampling location, the map of the results of surfer 11 software processing was plotted on the airport area map. Based on the results of measurements of noise levels around Sultan Syarif Kasim II airport, it is known that the location of point 1 (Jl. Rawa Indah II) experienced the highest noise exposure. These results indicate the location of point 1 should receive serious attention for the people who live around the airport, because the impact of airport noise has the potential to negatively affect the lives of residential communities. From the observations, it was also known that the level of noise attenuation was still low, both in terms of trees around the settlement and height, walls and fences were still not effective at reducing noise. Based on the results of measurements of noise levels around Sultan Syarif Kasim II airport, it is known that the location of point 1 (Jl. Rawa Indah II) experienced the highest noise exposure. These results indicate that the location of point 1 should receive serious attention for the people who live around the airport, because the impact of airport noise has the potential to negatively affect the lives of residential communities. From the observations, it was also known that the level of noise attenuation was still low, both in terms of trees around the settlement and height, walls and fences were still not effective at reducing noise. From the results of the research that has been done, several mitigation strategies can be formulated to reduce noise levels around Sultan Syarif Kasim II airport. Planting plants in accordance with the needs of controlling or reducing noise in human settlements. Tree categories suitable for planting in residential areas around the airport are: shady trees that can be planted tightly or with lots of leaves that can grow to a height of about 4 - 15 m (such as acacia, mahogany, flamboyant, ironwood or banyan trees, bamboo or cypress)

BACKGROUND: Many occupations require workers to stand for prolonged periods, which can cause discomfort, pain and even injures. Some supermarkets in life provide a foot pad for checkout staff to let them stand on it at work, thereby reducing standing fatigue caused by standing for a long time. The inclined platform is the same as the foot pad mentioned above. That is, the staff stepped on it and relieved standing fatigue to a certain extent. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to analyze how the standing angle affects fatigue among prolonged standing workers and tries to find an inclined platform with a specific angle to reduce standing fatigue. METHODS: This experiment studied fatigue of the inclined platforms with different angles on prolonged standing workers, eight participants were selected to participate in the test. The plantar pressures and sEMG (Surface Electromyography) were used to collect the physiological information change of prolonged standing participants in the lower limb and waist. The visual analogue scale was used as a subjective method to measure the psychological fatigue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The study highlights the relationship between standing angle and lower limb fatigue. The inclination of the standing platform has different effects on the participants under different time conditions. When participants stand on inclined platforms at 0°, 5° and 10°, the iEMG (Integrated Electromyography) values of the gastrointestinal muscle were not significantly different until the third sampling point (40 minutes). After that self-regulation of lower limb muscles is better when standing on an inclined platform between 5° and 10°, it has a certain effect on alleviating lower limb fatigue. This knowledge is crucial for the design of the inclined working platforms fitting the needs of prolonged standing workers.

espanolEn la zona horticola de Quibor, estado Lara, Venezuela, se ha aplicado como sistema de manejo convencional el cultivo de cebolla con riego por surcos, aunque actualmente se estan implementando cambios en la produccion horticola como es el paso hacia el sistema convencional del cultivo de maiz super dulce que pueden repercutir en el suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el nivel de degradacion que pudiera existir en el suelo de los dos sistemas productivos utilizando analisis multivariado. Se aplico un experimento de parcelas grandes mediante muestreos en cuadricula 10 x10 en los suelos bajo el sistema convencionalmaiz super dulce y convencional-cebolla. En cada punto de muestreo se tomaron nuestras de suelo en tres estratos (0-5, 5-18 y 18- 50 cm de profundidad) y se determinaron los siguientes atributos: quimicos (pH, CE, contenido de macronutrientes, CIC y nitrogeno total; fisicos (textura, distribucion de tamano de particula, densidad aparente, porosidad total, macro y microporosidad, conductividad hidraulica saturada y estabilidad de los agregados); y biologicos (respiracion basal, biomasa microbiana, coeficiente metabolico y la relacion carbono microbiano-carbono organico). El analisis de componentes principales permitio definir los atributos quimicos, fisicos y biologicos que mejor reflejaron las condiciones de degradacion en cada suelo. Se encontraron condiciones importantes de degradacion en ambos suelos las cuales estan relacionadas con las caracteristicas intrinsecas y de manejo en cada sistema productivo. EnglishEvaluation of the level of soil degradation in two productive systems in the Quibor depression. I. Multivariate analysis In the horticultural zone of Quibor, Lara State, Venezuela, cultivation of furrow irrigated onion has been applied as a conventional management system, although changes are currently being implemented in horticultural production, such as the move towards the conventional system of cultivation of super sweet corn, which could affect the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate, using multivariate analysis, the level of degradation that might exist in the soil of the two productive systems. A large-plot experiment was applied by sampling in a 10 x 10 grid in the soils of both production systems. At each sampling point, soil samples were taken in three strata (0-5, 5-18 and 18-50 cm deep) and we measured the following attributes: chemical (pH, EC, macronutrient content, CEC and total nitrogen); physical (texture, particle size distribution, apparent density, total porosity, macro and micro-porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability), and biological (basal respiration, microbial biomass, metabolic coefficient and the microbial carbon-organic carbon ratio). The principal component analysis allowed to define the chemical, physical, and biological attributes that best reflected the degradation conditions in each soil. Important degradation conditions were found in both soils, which are related to the intrinsic and management characteristics of each productive system.

Particulate matter emission from rotating wheels, which imparts a force to the contact surface and causes strong air currents, is one of the important pollutant sources on the road. This study investigates the particulate matter emission by measuring mass and size distributions of particulate matter near an isolated rotating wheel in a deliberately designed setup. Five rotating speeds from 0.7 m/s to 1.5 m/s are conducted to test its impact on the emission of particulate matter. Mass of particulate matter is measured at twenty-six sampling points around the rotating wheel under different experimental conditions. Experimental results show that the farther away from the wheel, the less of particulate matters deposited on the sampling points in general. Moreover, the emission factor increases from 0.12 g/vkt to 0.24 g/vkt when the rotating speed of the wheel increases from 0.7 m/s to 1.5 m/s. The number and proportion of PM2.5 and PM10 on different sampling points are also measured. The results show that the position of the highest number of PM2.5 and PM10 tends to move to a further and higher sampling point with the increasing of the speed. Moreover, the number proportions of PM2.5 and PM10 on the sampling points range from 19% to 97% and 61% to 100% at different speeds, respectively. This study is believed to be helpful to estimate particulate matter emission and make effective control strategies on targeted pollution.

Aiming at the problems of Doppler-induced error and slow measurement rate in frequency-swept interferometry, a novel dynamic clearance measuring method is proposed. By combining frequency-swept and frequency-fixed interferometry, and using fusion processing of interferometric signals, this method not only can eliminate the Doppler-induced error, but also can give the dynamic clearance value at each sampling point. To verify this method, an all fiber-optic measurement system was constructed, and experiments under 500 Hz triangular and 4 kHz sinusoidal vibrations were carried out. Experimental results show that the dynamic clearance can be reconstructed accurately.

Purpose: The acquisition of reliable data on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) composition is very important for the development of environmentally sound, sustainable and economically viable integrated waste management systems. However, no standardized universally accepted waste characterization protocol has been developed, as there are various methodologies described in the relevant literature. In this study, a generic and easy-to-apply MSW sampling and sorting protocol is developed and presented. Methods: The MSW composition characterization was used for the development of an innovative waste management strategy in the Municipality of Halandri (Attica region, Greece). The methodology was applied four times, to study the repeatability of the results, as well as the potential impact of seasonality. In each sampling point one collection bin for each waste stream was employed (mixed waste, recyclables, paper/cardboard and food waste in the region where food waste was separately collected at the source) in order to collect all the separate streams and account for the entire MSW production profile. The sampling points were selected in strictly residential areas (no shops, companies nearby). For 7 consecutive days the content of the bins was collected on a daily basis and transported to a sorting facility, where the content was sorted and weighed. Results: The results repeatedly indicated source separation rates of up to 79% and a level of impurities in the recycling waste source separation and collection streams (recyclables and paper/cardboard) not exceeding 20%. Conclusion: The applied methodology proved to generate accurate results, offering a detailed picture of the Municipal Solid Waste management performance.

This study was aimed to determine the abudance crown of thorn starfish (Acanthaster planci L.) in the Gulf of Tomini, Central Sulawesi. The study was conducted in February─April 2019 preliminary method used a purposive sampling (determining the sampling point for transect sampling) and the belt transect method which is 20 x 2 m. Sampling of A. planci was carried out at 4 stations. Data collected were the number of individuals, measurement of environmental parameters including Temperature, pH, Salinity, DO and Substrate observations on habitat. Based on the results of the study, 48 individuals at all stations and the abundance of A. planci in the Gulf of Tomini, Central Sulawesi were in the natural/normal category with a value of 0.01 ind/m2─0.25 ind/m2.

In this paper, we investigate the smoothness of invariant manifolds and foliations for random dynamical systems with nonuniform pseudo-hyperbolicity in Hilbert spaces. We discuss on the effect of temperedness and the spectral gaps in the nonuniform pseudo-hyperbolicity so as to prove the existence of invariant manifolds and invariant foliations, which preserve the CN,τ(ω) HOlder smoothness of the random system in the space variable and the measurability of the random system in the sample point. Moreover, we also prove that the stable foliation is CN−1,τ(ω) in the base point.