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The presence of equines in Northwestern Portuguese rock art reflects the tendential figurative engravings that along with weapons, vessels, or solar symbols, stands apart from the traditional abstract grammar from both Atlantic and Schematic arts. Its naturalistic or schematic nature is based on the adopted engraving technique: using several grooves (defining head and body) or a single groove (defining head, body, and tail), respectively. The geographical dispersion of these motifs is extended, roughly speaking, between the South of the Galician (Rias Baixas) and river Ave. Except for rare cases chronologically attributed, with some reserves, to the Paleolithic, these motifs are included in the Bronze and Iron Ages, that is, between the end of the 3rd and the end of the 1st millenniums BC. In the region of Minho there are, until now, 71 engraved places inventoried that include horses. Their proximity to abstract art manifestations is understood as resulting from processes of addition over time, and its relationship with segmented circles has been interpreted as a metaphor of cults to the solar horse, whose existence during the Bronze Age is attested. From the Late Bronze Age onwards and during the Iron Age, new equines would have been engraved, however, being part of dynamic narratives where horseman and weapons reflect new socio-ontological transformations. Thus, it can be assumed that during more than 2000 years equines held a great significance in terms of the ideological systems from the communities inhabiting the region, that is, the South of Galicia and the Northwest of Portugal. Remnants and reinterpretations of this imagery seem to have endured within local populations’ imaginary until the XX century. This can be assumed by the presence of toponomy, legends, beliefs, and some habits, moment when horses seem to lose their impact due to the substitution of the old fashioned and traditional lifestyles. In this sense, it is imperative safeguarding and disclosing this kind of material and immaterial cultural heritage, important to a better comprehension of Minho’s traditional landscape and populations. If not all the rock art including equines is liable for tourism valorization, there are cases where that is possible, and desirable: (1) whenever accompanied with tangible discourses destined to the public in general, and (2) being part of wider networks linked to places where horses are still active in the popular imagery, to spaces where the Garrano still grows and lives in herds, and to places where the Equestrian Tourism is active. Thus, this work focusses the tourism valorization of the places from Minho with engraved equines in interrelation with Equestrian Tourism, considering that its target audience is sensible to this thematic, whether seeking for horse observation or equitation. The combination of these two local resources allows to dynamize and to create distinguish tourism offer, in some cases, accessible even to public with any constrains., Luciano Vilas Boas would like to thank to Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia for its Ph.D fellowship (reference FCT-2020.07121.BD).

Deposition of metal artefacts during the Bronze Age is a wider phenomenon attested in Northwestern Iberia, as well as all over Europe. The study of such a phenomenon in that area has been conducted using several approaches, including typological, metallurgical, contextual, and interpretative. The main goal of this paper is to interpret the Late Bronze Age hoards - mainly those containing axes or spearheads - considering that they resulted from intentional and structured depositions made in one or more selected places in the context of the Bronze Age network landscape. Based on recent research this approach will consider several variables, such as the physical organisation or orientation of the objects’ deposition, and the micro and medium contexts of their deposition. Interpretations related to the importance of certain liminal places or hills positioned over natural pathways can be explained by a communal interpretation about the cosmos and in the framework of an increasing amount of autochthonous and non-autochthonous journeys and exchanges that connected peoples during the Late Bronze Age, and fostered encounters between different communities.

Já com duas edições realizadas, O EJI – PATER tem como objetivo ser um evento científico de partilha, discussão e reflexão direcionado para os jovens investigadores e profissionais que trabalham nas mais diversas áreas científicas, como a Arqueologia, a Antropologia, a Arquitetura, a Geologia, a História, a Geografia, as Artes Visuais entre muitas outras. O presente livro resulta dos trabalhos apresentados no EJI – PATER II – 2º Encontro de Jovens Investigadores em Estudos do Património & Território, realizado entre 6 e 7 de junho de 2019, na Universidade do Minho.

El objetivo de este trabajo es publicar los grabados rupestres del Monte das Porreira 6, situado en Paredes de Coura, en el no de Portugal. El estudio se ha basado en un levantamiento fotogramétrico y el posterior contraste con la determinación de la distancia geométrica. Se trata de una roca profusamente decorada con una larga diacronía de grabados. La fase inicial incluye el arte atlántico clásico, integrado en el Calcolítico Reciente. La segunda fase incluye la representación de équidos, jinetes y puñales con mango de antenas. Basándose en los paralelos de dichas armas, es posible integrar estos motivos entre la Edad de Bronce Final y la Edad de Hierro Inicial. También es posible observar el paso de una gramática abstracta, durante la primera fase, a una gramática figurativa, en la que se puede identificar una narrativa relacionada con los sacrificios humanos y de animales, asociada al uso de puñales con mango de antenas. Estas representaciones evocan un simbolismo que recuerda a los textos de Estrabón y objetos de bronce que contienen escenas de sacrificio. La última fase del grabado indica nuevos cambios simbólicos, con la valorización de acciones aisladas perpetradas por un jinete, portando un arma arrojadiza, que pueden representar a una divinidad o a un héroe., The aim of this work is to publish the rock engravings of Monte das Porreira 6, located in the council of Paredes de Coura, in the Northwest of Portugal. The study was based on photogrammetric surveys and subsequent contrast recurring to geometric distance determination. It is a profusely decorated rock with a long diachrony of carving. The initial phase includes Classical Atlantic Art, integrated in the regional Neo-Chalcolithic period. The second phase includes representation of several types of equids, horsemen, and antenna-hilted daggers. Based on parallels for such weapons, it is possible to integrate these motifs between the Late Bronze Age and an Early Iron Age of North-western Iberia. It is also possible to observe a change from an abstract grammar, during the first phase, to a figurative grammar, in which we can identify a narrative related to human and animal sacrifices, associated with the use of antenna-hilted daggers. These depictions recall a symbolism reminiscent of Strabo’s writings, including bronze objects containing sacrificial scenes. The final phase of engraving indicates new symbolic changes, with valorisation of isolated actions perpetrated by horsemen, carrying throwing weapons, which may be a representation of a deity or hero.

[Excerpt] The depiction of weapons and tools in rock art is a universal phenomenon found throughout the five continents, covering different chronological periods and cultural backgrounds. It reveals the different perceptions of human groups, from hunter-gatherer communities to state-run societies. It should be viewed as a complex phenomenon, where multiple inter pretative approaches are more than comprehensible and acceptable. Rock art may include engraved or painted representa tions and is found both in open-air rocky surfaces and rock shelters. In either case, the sites mark different places on a wider landscape. Identification and iconographic description of rock art sites is relatively easy, through the use of adequate tools and the latest technological improvements (e.g. photogramme try, 3D models or drones). However, their interpretation is extremely complicated and highly subjective. The exercise of interpreting rock art sites, and the depic tion of weapons and tools in particular, implies a suitable theoretical background, competences and methodological approaches, that vary according to the different lines of research or even in function of the available data. However, all these frameworks are important in order to build a wider and multivariate body of knowledge. These practices seek to explain why past societies decided to represent their ideo logical universe in rock outcrops and rocky shelters, and, in many cases, how and why they reused and celebrated, or even obliterated, such places, during more or less long diachronic periods. [...]

Em pleno século XXI é imperativo lutar por uma sociedade mais justa. A igualdade é um assunto discutido na sociedade, mas as pessoas com deficiências são muitas vezes esquecidas. Porque a atividade turística está em constante evolução, é imprescindível que o Turismo Acessível garanta as condições de acesso e integre políticas equitativas. Garantir a acessibilidade de websites permite quebrar barreiras, não só a pessoas com algum tipo de deficiência, como aos cidadãos em geral, pois num determinado estágio da vida todos viremos a necessitar de equipamentos concebidos para auxiliar nas nossas debilidades. O presente estudo pretende analisar se os websites das quinze atrações turísticas mais emblemáticas da cidade de Braga apresentam conteúdos acessíveis a todos os utilizadores, segundo os padrões de acessibilidade recomendadas pela WCAG 2.0. Com recurso ao AccessMonitor, os resultados revelam que os websites submetidos a estudo apresentam autênticas barreiras para indivíduos com deficiência., In the 21st century it is imperative to fight for a more fair society. Equality is a discussed issue in society, but people with disabilities are often forgotten. Because tourism activity is constantly evolving, Accessible Tourism is essential to guarantee access conditions and integrate equitable policies. Ensuring the accessibility of websites allows breaking barriers, not only to people with some kind of disability, but to citizens in general, because at a certain stage of life we will all need equipment designed to help in our weaknesses. This study aims to analyse whether the websites of fifteen tourist attractions of the city of Braga have accessible contents to all users according to the Accessibility Standards recommended by the WCAG 2.0. Using AccessMonitor, the results reveal that the websites submitted to study include real barriers for individuals with some kinds of disabilities.

The neo-glaciation, characterized by a cooling and a decrease in humidity, despite the existence of several episodes of slight climatic improvement, which occurred between the middle of the 4th and the end of the 2nd millennia BCE in the Iberian Northwest, is a well-known reality. The effects of this climate change on the Atlantic coast are also known. It was found that the coastline would be more to the west and irregular than it currently is, with numerous lagoons and different types of wetlands favourable to salt extraction. In this region the earliest evidences of sea salt exploitation are the removable sinks, excavated in slabs of schist. One of these was discovered in a camp-size found at Praia de Carreço in Viana do Castelo, dated by the thermoluminescence of the end of the 3rd, beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, a period that, in regional terms, is considered from the end of the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Due to the geographic distribution of this type of sinks in the north coast, the exploitation of salt during the Bronze Age would have been a relevant activity. Other archaeological evidence of sea salt exploration during the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE comes from the Areias Altas site in Oporto. At this locus, remains of poorly preserved, fragile and fragmented ceramic vessels have been found morphologically similar to those found in other prehistoric salt extraction contexts in western and eastern Europe (Fig. 1). These are containers used for the evaporation of salt water through the brine process, or as moulds for salt. On the northwest coast, in areas with an abundance of granite outcrops or other rocks other than shale, there are also innumerable rock sinks. These were performed by percussion, probably with stone hammers, and polished with rolled pebbles. Some of them are currently on the coastline. By their manufacturing conditions they can also begging in the Bronze Age. In the rare excavations carried out in its environs, still unpublished, they were find network weights, on rolled pebbles, whose chronology dates back at least to the 2nd millennium BCE, in moments of the Middle Bronze Age. Extraction of sea salt may explain, at least in part, the intensity of settlement during the Bronze Age at the edge of the shoreline.

O sítio arqueológico de Vale Ferreiro situa-se no lugar de Godarilhas, na freguesia de Serafão, no concelho de Fafe e no distrito de Braga (Norte de Portugal). Ocupa um pequeno outeiro num remate de esporão dos contrafortes oeste da Serra da Cabreira. A sua descoberta, ocorrida em finais de 1999, deveu-se à abertura de um estradão que cortou o topo aplanado de um outeiro. Tal obrigou a trabalhos de escavação arqueológica de emergência que salvaguardassem um registo adequado dos dados. A particularidade do local tornou-o uma referência ao nível da Idade do Bronze regional do Noroeste português, pelo que a necessidade de compilar os dados ali recolhidos levaram, mais recentemente, a que que este tenha sido enquadrado no Doutoramento desenvolvido pelo primeiro subscritor do presente trabalho. Durante os trabalhos de escavação arqueológica e num primeiro momento, a identificação de um túmulo levou a que, posteriormente, o local fosse estudado de forma mais aprofundada. Tonava-se, assim, necessário identificar e delimitar a existência de eventuais novos túmulos e/ou outras estruturas, perceber se o conjunto se inseria nas proximidades de uma área habitacional, aferir relações de continuidade ou de descontinuidade entre esse conjunto para, posteriormente, tentar aferir a dinâmica diacrónica de ocupação do lugar, ou seja, a sua biografia. No total contam-se quatro estruturas tumulares, das quais dois túmulos denotando um alto investimento arquitectónico e sem paralelo na região, além de uma série de outras estruturas em negativo, incluindo fossas e buracos de poste, datáveis da Idade do Bronze. Entre as estruturas em negativo destaque para a fossa 9, cuja articulação com uma série de 12 buracos de poste permite, hipoteticamente, pensar numa funcionalidade distinta das demais. A par da forte evidência de uma ampla ocupação atestada pelo conjunto de estruturas identificadas, um grupo significativo de seis datas de radiocarbono efetuadas a diferentes estruturas permitem definir quatro fases de ocupação datáveis da Idade do Bronze. Tal facto, aliado às práticas funerárias inegáveis que aí foram perpetradas, tornam Vale Ferreiro um lugar de substancial interesse para melhor entender as comunidades da Idade do Bronze regional, denotando uma ocupação que abrangeu uma diacronia que se perpetuou ao longo de cerca de um milénio., The archaeological site of Vale Ferreiro is located at Godarilhas, parish of Serafão, council of Fafe, district of Braga (North of Portugal). It occupies a little hill positioned in the West end spur of Serra da Cabreira’s foothills. Its discovery occurred in 1999, during the opening of a dirt road cutting the plain top of the hill. This situation lead to the implementation of archaeological excavation works in order to safeguard the record of all evidences. The importance of the place turn it in a reference of the Portuguese North-western regional Bronze Age. As such, the necessity of compiling the recovered data helped to its inclusion, more recently, in a Doctoral thesis developed by the first author of the present work. At a first time and during the archaeological works, the detection of a tumulus lead to deepen the site research. It was necessary to identify and delimit other eventual new structures, to understand if the set of structures was positioned nearby an residential area, to check any relations of continuity or discontinuity between the identified structures and, posteriorly, to try to understand the diachronic occupational dynamic of the place, that is, its biography. Generally, it were identified four sepulchral structures, two of which denouncing a high architectural investment without parallels in the region. Along that, a series of structures excavated in the bedrock dating back to the regional Bronze Age, such as pits and post holes, were also detected. Among those structures it must be highlighted pit number 9, whose articulation with twelve post holes evidences a hypothetical different kind of function when compared to the remaining. Along with evidences of a significant occupation of the place due to a suggestive set of structures, a group of radiocarbon dates related to different contexts allowed to define four phases of occupation dating back to the regional Bronze Age. This fact, associated to unequivocal evidences of funerary practices made Vale Ferreiro a site of substantial interest to better comprehend Bronze Age communities, denouncing a diachronic occupation perpetrated for about one millennium., Este trabalho tem o apoio financeiro do Projeto Lab2PT- Laboratório de Paisagens, Património e Território - AUR/04509 com o apoio financeiro da FCT/MCTES através de fundos nacionais (PIDDAC) e o cofinanciamento do Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), refª POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007528, no âmbito do novo acordo de parceria PT2020 através do COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI).

A gruta de Lorga de Dine (concelho de Vinhais) implementa-se num pequeno maciço calcário. Os vários trabalhos de escavação, ocorridos nos anos 60 e 80 do século XX, permitiram a recolha de um variado espólio arqueológico datável do Calcolítico e da Idade do Bronze. Os dados recolhidos comprovam o uso do local para práticas funerárias recorrendo ao uso do rito de inumação. O presente trabalho considerou o estudo antropológico de 5 crânios de indivíduos, incluindo a determinação da diagnose sexual e da estimativa da idade à morte (observação das suturas cranianas e dentição) e o estudo paleopatológico do esqueleto craniano e respetivos vestígios de dentição. O estudo, suportado por datas de radiocarbono, apura o enquadramento cronológico-cultural destas práticas e contribui para o avanço do conhecimento das populações do 3o e 2o milénios da bacia hidrográfica do rio Douro., The cave of Lorga de Dine (Council of Vinhais) occupies a little limestone massif. The several exca- vation works occurred during the 60’s and the 80’s of the XX century allowed to recover a wide range of archaeological materialities dating back from the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. The recovered data prove the use of this place for funerary practices recurring to rites of inhumation. The present work considered the anthro- pological study of 5 human skulls, reaching the determination of sexual diagnosis and death age estimation (by observing cranial sutures and dentition), and the paleopathological study of cranial skeletons and dentition re- mains. The study, supported by radiocarbon dates, identifies the use of this place for funerary purposes and contributes to a better understanding of human populations living between the 3rd and 2nd millennia in the river Douro basin.

The archaeological site of Vale Ferreiro is located at Godarilhas, parish of Serafão, council of Fafe, district of Braga (North of Portugal). It occupies a little hill positioned in the West end spur of Serra da Cabreira’s foothills. Its discovery occurred in 1999, during the opening of a dirt road cutting the plain top of the hill. This situation lead to the implementation of archaeological excavation works in order to safeguard the record of all evidences. The importance of the place turn it in a reference of the Portuguese North-western regional Bronze Age. As such, the necessity of compiling the recovered data helped to its inclusion, more recently, in a Doctoral thesis developed by the rst author of the present work. At a rst time and during the archaeological works, the detection of a tumulus lead to deepen the site research. It was necessary to identify and delimit other eventual new structures, to understand if the set of structures was positioned nearby an residential area, to check any relations of continuity or discontinuity between the identi ed structures and, posteriorly, to try to understand the diachronic occupational dynamic of the place, that is, its biography. Generally, it were identi ed four sepulchral structures, two of which denouncing a high architectural investment without parallels in the region. Along that, a series of structures excavated in the bedrock dating back to the regional Bronze Age, such as pits and post holes, were also detected. Among those structures it must be highlighted pit number 9, whose articulation with twelve post holes evidences a hypothetical different kind of function when compared to the remaining. Along with evidences of a signi cant occupation of the place due to a suggestive set of structures, a group of radiocarbon dates related to different contexts allowed to de ne four phases of occupation dating back to the regional Bronze Age. This fact, associated to unequivocal evidences of funerary practices made Vale Ferreiro a site of substantial interest to better comprehend Bronze Age communities, denouncing a diachronic occupation perpetrated for about one millennium. Keywords: funerary practices; tombs; offerings; diachronic occupation; biography of place; deathscape., O sítio arqueológico de Vale Ferreiro situa-se no lugar de Godarilhas, na freguesia de Sera- fão, no concelho de Fafe e no distrito de Braga (Norte de Portugal). Ocupa um pequeno outeiro num remate de esporão dos contrafortes oeste da Serra da Cabreira. A sua descoberta, ocorrida em nais de 1999, deveu-se à abertura de um estradão que cor- tou o topo aplanado de um outeiro. Tal obrigou a trabalhos de escavação arqueológica de emergência que salvaguardassem um registo adequado dos dados. A particularidade do local tornou-o uma referência ao nível da Idade do Bronze regional do Noroeste português, pelo que a necessidade de compilar os dados ali recolhidos levaram, mais recentemente, a que que este tenha sido enquadrado no Doutoramento desenvolvido pelo primeiro subscritor do presente trabalho. Durante os trabalhos de escavação arqueológica e num primeiro momento, a identi cação de um túmulo levou a que, posteriormente, o local fosse estudado de forma mais aprofun- dada. Tonava-se, assim, necessário identi car e delimitar a existência de eventuais novos túmulos e/ou outras estruturas, perceber se o conjunto se inseria nas proximidades de uma área habitacional, aferir relações de continuidade ou de descontinuidade entre esse con- junto para, posteriormente, tentar aferir a dinâmica diacrónica de ocupação do lugar, ou seja, a sua biogra a. No total contam-se quatro estruturas tumulares, das quais dois túmulos denotando um alto investimento arquitectónico e sem paralelo na região, além de uma série de outras estrutu- ras em negativo, incluindo fossas e buracos de poste, datáveis da Idade do Bronze. Entre as estruturas em negativo destaque para a fossa 9, cuja articulação com uma série de 12 bura- cos de poste permite, hipoteticamente, pensar numa funcionalidade distinta das demais. A par da forte evidência de uma ampla ocupação atestada pelo conjunto de estruturas iden- ti cadas, um grupo signi cativo de seis datas de radiocarbono efetuadas a diferentes estru- turas permitem de nir quatro fases de ocupação datáveis da Idade do Bronze. Tal facto, aliado às práticas funerárias inegáveis que aí foram perpetradas, tornam Vale Ferreiro um lugar de substancial interesse para melhor entender as comunidades da Idade do Bronze regional, denotando uma ocupação que abrangeu uma diacronia que se perpetuou ao longo de cerca de um milénio. Palavras-chave: práticas funerárias; túmulos; oferendas; longa diacronia de ocupação; bio- gra a de lugar; paisagem funerária., Este trabalho tem o apoio financeiro do Projeto Lab2PT- Laboratório de Paisagens, Património e Território - AUR/04509 com o apoio financeiro da FCT/MCTES através de fundos nacionais (PIDDAC) e o cofinanciamento do Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), refª POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007528, no âmbito do novo acordo de parceria PT2020 através do COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI).

A Horta do Cabral 6 localiza-se próximo da vila do Torrão, numa faixa aplanada com substrato de calcreto (caliço), no qual foram abertas e, posteriormente, colmatadas, estruturas negativas de tipo fossa. Nas 17 estruturas intervencionadas recuperaram-se elementos cerâmicos, pedra lascada e afeiçoada e fauna mamalógica, entre a qual se conta um veado juvenil completo e articulado, depositado intencionalmente numa das fossas e atribuível ao Bronze Final do Sudoeste, através da datação pelo radiocarbono de uma amostra do seu material ósseo. Foram ainda recolhidos e identificados elementos vegetais carbonizados. O carácter doméstico da ocupação do sítio parece evidente. Insere-se num conjunto de sítios caracterizados pelo agrupamento de estruturas negativas e, normalmente, sem estruturas positivas, que têm vindo a ser identificados em diversos locais do Sudoeste peninsular. Este tipo de jazida da Pré-História recente permaneceu desconhecido até muito recentemente., The Horta do Cabral 6 site is located near the town of Torrão. It covers a flat area with a calcrete bedrock, in which some filled-up pit features were identified. The 17 excavated features yielded pottery sherds, flaked and ground stone artefacts as well as mammal remains, including a complete and articulated, intentionally deposited ju‑ venile deer. Radiocarbon dating of a sample of this deer’s skeleton places the site in the Southwestern Bronze Age. Charred plant remains were also found. The domestic nature of the occupation is apparent. Similar sites, characterized by concentrations of negative features and, often, lacking positive ones, have been identified in several areas of Southwestern Iberia. Until recently, this type of late prehistoric site was virtually unknown.

Em 1915, durante a construção do Hospital da Santa Casa da Misericórdia (Santo Tirso), e num pinhal pertença da Quinta do Gião, foram recuperados seis vasos cerâmicos e um bracelete em bronze. Ainda que os seus micro-contextos de deposição não sejam claros, a quantidade de vasos recolhidos e as suas tipologias têm permitido equacionar a hipótese da existência, naquele local, de uma necrópole da Idade do Bronze. Visando o seu enquadramento cronológico mais preciso, foi efetuada a recolha de fuligem do interior de um dos vasos para posterior datação por AMS. O resultado obtido, ainda que não podendo ser extrapolado aos restantes materiais, confirma, ainda assim, o uso do local para práticas funerárias já durante a Idade do Bronze Médio., In 1915, during the construction of Hospital da Santa Casa da Misericórdia (Santo Tirso), in a pinewood at Quinta do Gião, six ceramic containers and one bronze bracelet were recovered. Although their micro context of deposition are not clear, the quantity of containers and their typologies allow to hypothesize the existence, in that same area, of a Bronze Age necropolis. In order to chronologically accurate this context, soot residues from the interior of one ceramic container was dated by AMS. The result, although it cannot be extrapolated to all the recovered materials, confirms the funerary use of this place during the Middle Bronze Age.

O presente trabalho aborda as estratégias de povoamento da Idade do Bronze na bacia do rio Ave, no Noroeste português. Verifica-se a ocupação multivariada do espaço durante o Bronze Médio e Final. Naquela fase prevalece a ocupação de sítios abrigados, de baixa altitude, com fácil acesso a vales e a corredores naturais de circulação. Nas zonas montanhosas as ocupações verificamse em áreas abrigadas de planalto, bem irrigadas, em locais de fácil circulação, e, mais raramente, no topo de maiores altitudes. Para o Bronze Final dá-se a ocupação multivariada do espaço e a crescente preferência por locais de altura, consentindo o domínio real e simbólico do território imediato e dos seus recursos. Muitas destas ocupações procuraram intencionalmente o contacto visual com determinadas orografias de grande significação/importância coletiva, no quadro de uma rede de lugares e de significados interconectados e em regime de complementaridade., This work addresses the settlement strategies during the regional Bronze Age in the basin of the river Ave, Northwest of Portugal. A multivariate occupation of the space during the Middle and the Late Bronze Age is observed. In that phase prevails the occupation of sheltered loci, in lower altitudes, easily acceding to valleys and natural corridors of circulation. In mountain zones occupations are identified in sheltered and well irrigated plateau areas, well irrigated, and near circulation routes. More rare are the occupations on the top of higher altitudes. During the Late Bronze Age a multivariate occupation of space continues, although a higher preference for higher altitude occupations is observed. These last ones authorized both the symbolic and the real domination of the surrounding territory and its resources. Many of these seek intentionally the visual contact with certain orographies of great collective significance/importance, as part of a network of places and meanings in straight interconnection and complementarity.

This work aims to study the context of engraved weapons dating back to the Late Chalcolithic/ Early Bronze Age, located in the South-west of Galicia and North-west of Portugal. It is assumed that prehistoric and premodern societies experience the surrounding physical world and its forms as full of meanings, and not as simple sets of random entities. The physical elements forming the landscape, such as rivers, mountains or rocks, were seen and felt as meaningful. Thus, the rock art within that meaningful world materialises some ideas and meanings from the communities, which engraved these motifs or, in some cases, even added new ones. In this sense, engraved panels with similar iconography may occur in similar contexts. Weapon engravings in outcrops were presented in an active or passive position. There are some differences in the contextual location of each group that lead to some interpretations regarding their meaning within an animistic perspective of experiencing the world. The first group, which is most unusual, occurred in high altitude places, that is, in the platforms of higher slopes of certain impressive and rocky hills, close to wetlands. Taking into consideration its physical context and the orientation of the weapons in the rock, these places seem to materialise a cosmogony connected to the solar cycle, the stars and the symbolic importance of some hills, that seem to have served as structuring places of the Bronze Age landscape. The group of places with passive weapon engravings is more heterogeneous in physical contexts but are always within an intimate scenario. They seem to relate to intersection areas and several natural paths connecting the lower lands with the middle or higher lands. The orientation of the weapons in the rock is also heterogeneous, but seems to indicate the importance of votive offering to deities of the outcrops, the water sources and the earth., This work was accomplished within the scope of the project Paisagem e Representação do Poder na Pré-história Recente: Arte Atlântica e Estátuas-Menir, developed byManuel Santos Estévez, post-doctoral fellowship (ref. SFRH/BPD/93700/2013), and the pro-jectNorth-western Iberia Rock Art. Liminality and He-terotopy, developed by Ana M. S. Bettencourt, research fellowship (ref. SFRH/BSAB/114296/2016). Both pro-jects are funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)., info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

The aim of this paper is to focus the importance of dialog between outcrops morphology and prehistoric motifs engraved or inscribed in them. Altogether, these elements form a well-adapted methodology that contributes to interpretation of rock art and prehistoric landscapes. The theoretical framework was based in the landscape assumptions proposed by C. Tilley (2002): “physical” world is not simply made of inert things, but full of significant properties that matter to its inhabitants. In this sense, outcrops and their forms were not simple surfaces to carve, but acting agents that added meanings to these rock art places and stories to tell for posterity. The rock engravings of Crastoeiro (Mondim de Bastos) and Lage dos Sinais/Monte do Olheiro (Barcelos) form the first and second case studies. In both cases there appears to be an inter and deep relationship between the topography of the engraved outcrops and the topography where they are located. By the arrangement of the motifs in the outcrops, both cases evidence intentional will to influence how to look to the slopes and ridges of both hills, probably of great symbolism during the past. The third case study is Santo Adrião, in the parish of Âncora (Caminha). In this case, either the orientation of the slope of the outcrop and the engraved weapons indicate a narrative of blind and passive deposition of weapons. A fourth case study, which clearly illustrates these assumptions, is Fornelos, in the parish of Carreço (Viana do Castelo). In different panels, several equines,horsemen, a dog, and an anthropomorphic were engraved. The space chosen for the carvings of these signs, the orientation of motifs, the topography of the outcrop and its coloration create an impressive scenic effect for its audience. At the same time, all these elements appear to tell a real or a mythical narrative, where horses and horsemen seem to have travelled a certain path - narrowed, poorly lighted, and limited – from where only a few would return. A fifth case study consists in the different outcrops engraved with footprints identified at Monte de São Romão (Guimarães). Here, the orientation of footprints, and their dialogue with the outcrops orientations suggest certain paths, related to some kind of symbolic interpretation. During the difficult task of interpreting past landscape, it is important to think in outcrops not as simple carving surfaces, but as active elements in the surroundings, already bearers of stories and senses in the landscape, resulting from the complex social structures and, at the same time, acting as actors in between that structure., Ana M.S. Bettencourt would like to thank to Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) by the conceded grant to the project Northwest Iberia Rock Art.Liminarity and Heterotopy, at the scope of which the current work was developed.

Os dados para o Bronze Final permanecem desconhecidos. Durante o Bronze Inicial a presença de objetos metálicos e de alguns túmulos opulentos conectados com o vale parecem “marcar fisicamente” a paisagem. Nas montanhas os monumentos sob tumuli indiciam a importância do papel social da morte e da necessária preservação da memória ancestral. Durante o Bronze Médio os dados revelam modos de vida e concepções distintas da morte. Se para as comunidades serranas esta parece continuar a ser um importante marco espacial, nos vales predomina a morte invisível, quiçá associada à perda da importância do cadáver enquanto referência coletiva e espacial. Há, ainda, certos lugares ancestrais de memória e de grande significado coletivo (re)visitados entre o Bronze Inicial e o Bronze Final., Late Bronze Age data is unknown. During Early Bronze the presence of metallic objects and some opulent tombs connected to valley areas seems to “physically sign” landscape. In mountain areas cairns indicate the social importance of death and the necessity of preserving ancestral memory. During Middle Bronze Age data reveals distinct lifestyles and conceptions of death. For communities linked to mountain areas death prevails as a significant form of landscape “imprinting”. In valleys prevails an invisible death, perhaps connected to the increasing lost of corpses importance as collective and spatial references. There are also some immemorial ancestral places (re)visited between Early and Late Bronze Age that denounce collective meaningfulness.

São poucos os lugares de arte rupestre conhecidos na bacia do rio Cávado. Tornando-se crucial a divulgação de sítios inéditos, são apresentados novos dados relativos a lugares com gravuras rupestres no concelho de Barcelos, distrito de Braga. Considerado como a representação clássica de Arte Atlântica, o complexo da Quinta de Paranho conjuga círculos concêntricos, círculos segmentados e covinhas. Motivo raro nesta área geográfica, a representação de um possível equídeo, surge no corpo da capela de Santiago de Moldes. Por fim, em Campo de Moinhos ocorre a representação de outro raro motivo, uma mão com antebraço. Entre outras considerações, os dados revelam uma ampla tradição na gravação de afloramentos nesta área, entre a Pré- história Recente e a Proto-história ou mesmo época posterior. A presença de um equídeo, a sul da bacia do rio Lima, considerada a “fronteira” destas representações, permite colocar a hipótese de que a expansão deste tipo de motivos possa ter ocorrido de norte para sul, quiçá por via marítima., Este trabalho foi realizado no âmbito dos projetos Rota da Arte Rupestre do Noroeste. Um projeto de Turismo Cultural, desenvolvido no seio do Laboratório de Paisagem, Património e Território (Lab2PT), e Arte Rupestre do Noroeste Ibérico. Liminaridade e Heterotopia, apoiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia através da bolsa SFRH/BSAB/114296/2016., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

New interpretations to a selected set of “hoards” of palstave axes with two rings from the North-western Iberia are proposed. This task was based not only on morphological study of these objects but also on their spatial contexts of deposition. The morphological (dimensions and weight) variations observed between objects of a same deposit allow us to consider its formation by unique and individual objects. This reveals the use of different casting molds and alloys and, hypothetically, distinct production origins. At the same time, the distribution of different sets appears to have relations with natural circulation corridors (rivers basins and ridges areas). These were routes known and used since long ago, which certainly promoted more than occasional encounters between distinct human groups., No presente trabalho são propostas novas interpretações a um conjunto de depósitos de machados de talão de dois anéis do Noroeste da Península Ibérica. Tal tarefa teve por base o estudo morfológico dos objetos mas, também, os seus contextos de deposição. As variações morfológicas (dimensões e peso) observadas entre objetos de um mesmo depósito permitem considerar conjuntos formados por objetos únicos e individuais. Isto revela o uso de diferentes moldes e ligas com, hipoteticamente, distintas origens produtivas. Ao mesmo tempo, a distribuição de diferentes conjuntos parece apresentar relações com corredores naturais de circulação (bacias de rios e cumeeiras). Estas rotas seriam conhecidas e utilizadas desde longa data, certamente promovendo mais do que meros encontros casuais entre distintos grupos humanos., (undefined)

Se por um lado são parcas ou inexistentes as informações relativas à maioria desses contextos, por outro, as “descobertas” aconteceram, invariavelmente, pela mão de cidadãos comuns (trabalhadores, proprietários de terrenos, etc.). Como tal, não tem sido possível perceber muitas das condições primárias em que se encontravam este tipo de materialidades, pois delas restam apenas descrições orais tantas vezes ambíguas. É neste quadro que se inscrevem a maioria dos achados nos dois casos de estudo aqui analisados: os Montes da Penha e da Saia. Pese embora a pouca informação arqueográfica e arqueológica de que dispomos, acreditamos existirem variáveis metodológicas que podem contribuir para novas interpretações sobre alguns destes fenómenos e dos propósitos por detrás de tais acções. Estas passam por um estudo contextual das materialidades a diferentes escalas de análise e pela adopção de novas premissas teóricas., Trabalho realizado no âmbito dos projectos A Idade do Bronze no vale do Ave (IBVA 2008/1 (554) e Espaços naturais, arquitecturas, arte rupestre e deposições na pré -história recente da fachada ocidental do centro -norte português: das acções aos significados – ENARDAS (PTDC/HIS -ARQ/112983/2009), financiado pelo Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade (COMPETE) e comparticipado pelo Fundo Comunitário Europeu FEDER.

Dissertação de mestrado em Arqueologia, A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento das representações de “paletas” na arte rupestre do noroeste de Portugal, através de uma catalogação, individualização tipológica e colocação de hipóteses funcionais e cronológicas. Para chegar a este objetivo foi necessária uma conciliação de trabalho inicial de gabinete (que visou pesquisa e recolha bibliográfica e cartográfica), de trabalho de campo (inventariação e estudo dos sítios) e de trabalho avançado de gabinete, em que se redigiu a dissertação e se trataram os dados recolhidos através de determinados programas e premissas. Foram identificados 12 afloramentos com paletas gravadas, alguns inéditos, desde já, denunciando a raridade destas representações. Através da morfologia das pás e dos cabos das paletas foram reconhecidos 4 grupos tipológicos, com subgrupos caraterizados pelas especificidades dos seus cabos. Através de observação técnica e cronologia relativa, observa-se posterioridade destes motivos em relação à Arte Atlântica Clássica e à Arte Esquemática Antiga, sendo, portanto, de um período posterior ao Neolítico-Calcolítico. Um estreitamento cronológico foi realizado através de paralelos com objetos de madeira e metal, definindo-se uma cronologia entre a Idade do Bronze e o Ferro Antigo (cerca do séc. IV a.C.). Uma análise das orientações geográficas das paletas sugere celebrações de eventos solares ligados com os solstícios e equinócios, para dois grupos tipológicos (1 e 2). Outro grupo tipológico (o nº 3), aparentemente mais recente do que os anteriores, poderá relacionar-se com a importância da estrela polar e da orientação das populações no espaço. Nalguns casos, a distribuição das paletas no afloramento indicia que representam depósitos. Numa perspetiva geral, os afloramentos com diversidade de paletas, considerados lugares coletivos, terão sido locais ativos simbolicamente, durante algum tempo, hipótese que se apoia na gravação de tipos diferentes de paletas, na reorientação e sobreposição de algumas, bem como em técnicas distintas, indiciando que estes afloramentos teriam sido usados para a realização de ritos cíclicos., The main goal of the present dissertation is to contribute to the increase of the knowledge of "palette" representations in the rock art of the northwestern Portugal, which is still incipient, through cataloguing, typological individualization and placement of functional and chronological hypotheses. In order to reach this goal, it was necessary to conciliate initial office work (which aimed at bibliographic and cartographic data collection), field work (inventory and study of the sites) and advanced office work, in which the dissertation was written and the collected data was treated through certain programs and assumptions. Twelve outcrops with engraved palettes were identified, some unpublished, denouncing the rarity of these representations. Through the morphology of the blades and handles of the palettes 4 typological groups were recognized, with subgroups characterized by the specificities of their handles. Through technical observation and relative chronology, a posteriority of these motifs in relation to Classical Atlantic Art and to Ancient Schematic Art is observed, being therefore from a period posterior to the Neolithic-Chalcolithic. A chronological narrowing was carried out through parallels with wooden and metal objects, defining a chronology between the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (around the 4th century BC). An analysis of the palettes' geographical orientations suggests celebrations of solar events connected with the solstices and equinoxes, for two typological groups (1 and 2). Another typological group (No. 3), apparently more recent than the previous ones, could be related to the importance of the polar star and the orientation of populations in space. In some cases, the distribution of the palettes on the outcrop indicates that they represent deposits. From a general perspective, the outcrops with a diversity of palettes, considered as collective places, would have been symbolically active sites for some time. This hypothesis is supported by the engraving of different types of palettes, the reorientation and superimposition of some, as well as distinct techniques, indicating that these outcrops would have been used to perform cyclic rites.

Dissertação de mestrado em Arqueologia, O objetivo primordial desta dissertação é aumentar o conhecimento sobre as manifestações de arte rupestre nacional. Para tal, decidiu-se estudar os círculos segmentados no espaço circunscrito do Noroeste de Portugal. Para a realização deste trabalho foi necessário elaborar uma lista de objetivos a responder. Para o efeito recorreu-se à vasta bibliografia existente sobre o tema, trabalho de campo (através da prospeção arqueológica) e trabalho de gabinete, através do uso das novas tecnologias. A conjugação de todas estas ferramentas possibilitou construir um inventário e discutir os dados obtidos, o que permitiu responder a todos os objetivos que se definiram. Deste modo, foi possível perceber que os círculos segmentados, considerados pré-históricos, ocorrem em 29 afloramentos desta região, quer destacados do solo ou rasante ao mesmo. Neste conjunto foram contabilizados 125 motivos. Através dos dados recolhidos, percebeu-se que estes afloramentos se situam, na sua maioria, abaixo dos 700 metros de altitude, em locais de fácil acesso, sobretudo, na base e a meio da vertente de montes. A proximidade com recursos hídricos é um cenário que ocorre em todos os afloramentos. Relativamente à proximidade com recursos mineiros observa-se que, uma parte significativa dos dados revela especial proximidade com recursos de estanho. Todos os afloramentos gravados que possuem uma boa exposição solar, existindo uma grande parte deles onde se consegue contemplar o movimento do sol no horizonte, na sua totalidade, isto é, desde o nascente ao ocaso, em várias épocas do ano. Nos afloramentos que possuem uma visibilidade parcial para o mesmo acontecimento, revela-se uma maior tendência para a observação do ocaso. Através da observação, à microescala de análise, da inter-relação destes motivos gravados com outros estilos de arte rupestre e conjugando-os com vários paralelos existentes, considera-se que estes motivos começaram a ser gravados no início da Idade do Bronze, ocorrendo, com maior frequência, durante todo este período e terminado no início da Idade do Ferro. Partindo desta hipótese, observou-se a proximidade entre alguns afloramentos com círculos segmentados e povoados da Idade do Bronze, tendo-se verificado que os lugares gravados se inserem, sistematicamente, no território teórico de exploração destes, embora com tendência para se localizarem na periferia, o que pode ser significativo e marcar divisórias entre espaços para diferentes funções. A proximidade de muitos lugares gravados a recursos de estanho parece ser mais um dado atribuído para esta cronologia. Quanto às interpretações, as orientações dos painéis gravados, a distribuição espacial dos círculos segmentados nos afloramentos e a orientação dos seus segmentos indiciam que estes representam o movimento solar em determinados momentos do ano, bem como expressam conhecimentos sobre determinadas estrelas, podendo assim, admitir-se que são, simultaneamente, observatórios astronómicos e lugares de culto solar. A relação dos círculos segmentados com quadrúpedes, especialmente equídeos e barquiformes, que ocorrem principalmente no litoral, permitem colocar a hipótese de que estes lugares representam ideologias solares de inspiração nórdica, chegadas através da navegação atlântica., The main objective of this work is to increase the knowledge about specific topic related to Portuguese rock art. To this end, it was decided to study the engraved prehistoric segmented circles in the circumscribed space of the Northwest of Portugal. To carry out this work, a list of objectives was prepared. For this purpose, it was used the vast existing bibliography available related on the subject, so as fieldwork (through archaeological prospecting and photography) and office work (including the use of new technologies, such as photogrammetry). The combination of all these tools allowed to build an inventory, and to discuss the collected data, shedding light about possible answers to the defined objectives. It was possible to perceive that segmented circles dating back from prehistoric times occur in 29 archaeological sites of the region, either engraved on outcrops detached from the ground or leveled with it. In this set of outcrops, 125 motifs were counted. Through the data collected, it was noticed that these archaeological sites are mainly located below 700 meters of altitude, occupying places of easy access, specially at the base or in the middle of the slopes of different hills. Their proximity to water resources occurs in all archaeological sites, regarding their proximity to mining resources, it is also observed that a significant part of the data reveals a special affinity to tin resources. All engraved outcrops have good sun exposure, with a large part of them allowing the contemplation of the entirely sun movement on the horizon, that is, from sunrise to sunset, and at various times of the year. In rock art sites that have partial visibility for the same event, it was detected a greater tendency to observe the sunset. Through the observation, at the micro-scale of analysis, interrelating these engraved motifs with other rock art styles, and combining them with several known parallels, it is considered that segmented circles began to be engraved at the beginning of the Bronze Age, occurring, more frequently, throughout this period, and ending at the beginning of the Iron Age. Based on this hypothesis, it was observed the proximity between some rock art sites with engraved segmented circles to settlements dating from the Bronze Age. What was verified is that the engraved places are systematically inserted in the theoretical territory of exploration of those settlements, although with a tendency to be located on their periphery. That raises the question of either, or not, these motifs could have been significant, marking divisionsbetween spaces with different functions. The proximity of many rock art sites to tin resources seems to be another factor attributed to this chronology. As for the interpretations, the orientations of the engraved panels, the spatial distribution of the segmented circles in the rock surfaces, and the orientation of their segments indicate that they could be representing the solar movement at certain times of the year, as well as expressing knowledge about certain stars. Thus, it is possible to admit that these sites are, at the same time, astronomical observatories, and places dedicated to solar worship. The relationship of segmented circles with quadrupeds, especially equines and boats, which occur mainly on the Atlantic coast, allows us to hypothesize that these places may represent solar ideologies related to Nordic inspiration and myths, that may arrived here through navigation.

[Excerpt] Weapons and tools are frequently found depicted in rock art in many parts of the globe and different periods and in varying social contexts. This collection of papers by leading rock art specialists examines the subjective and metaphorical value of weapons and tools in art, the actions that created them, and their contexts. It also takes into account that such representations incorporate and transmit some kind of understanding about the world and the relationship between objects and humans. Contributors analyse objects and weapons as status symbols, as evidences of cultural contacts, as ideological devices, etc. Divided into regional sections which, for once, do not focus on Scandinavia, chapters deal with the representations of weapons and certain kinds of tools (such as axes and sickles) in different prehistoric, protohistoric and traditional community contexts all over the world. Attention focuses on rock art, but also looks at stelae and statue-menhirs, as well as other kinds of ‘container’ or vehicle for this kind of depiction. The major concern is to discuss the possible meanings of these embodied signs in different areas and periods, since meanings are permeable both to time and space. Papers either centre their attention in broader approaches based on a specific area, region or people, or focus on particular case studies. [...]

Esta obra foi editada no âmbito do projecto: Espaços Naturais, Arquitecturas, Arte Rupestre e Deposições na Pré-História Recente da Fachada Ocidental do Centro e Norte Português: das Acções aos Significados – ENARDAS (PTDC/HIS-ARQ/112983), financiado pelo Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competiti-vidade (COMPETE) e comparticipados pelo Fundo Comunitário Europeu FEDER., Esta obra foi editada no âmbito do projecto Espaços Naturais, Arquitecturas, Arte Rupestre e Deposições na Pré-História Recente da Fachada Ocidental do Centro e Norte Português: das Acções aos Significados – ENARDAS (PTDC/HIS-ARQ/112983), financiado pelo Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competiti-vidade (COMPETE) e comparticipados pelo Fundo Comunitário Europeu FEDER., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion