Search

The researches were conducted in the aspect of studying the problem of dairy cows lifetime depending on the linear traits assessment of the conformation type. By the linear classification method were estimated firstborn cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy (UBWD) and Holstein (H) breeds. Descriptive traits of the conformation that characterize the overall body structure were studied: chest width, body depth, angularity, body condition, rear width and position. According to the research results, the relative variability of the descriptive type traits assessment with cow's lifetime was determined. The relative variability of chest width and cow's lifetime was curvilinear. Cows for chest width assessment of 4–7 score had a higher lifespan with a variability of 2704–2844 (UBWD) and 2688–2789 (H) days. The highest lifetime was in animals with an assessment for body depth development of 6-9 score with an unreliable predominance of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed cows, with the highest grades of both breeds 2824 (UBWD) and 2802 (H) days with an assessment of 9 score. Animals with an optimal angularity estimation of 5 score differed, lived the longest – 2842 (UBWD) and 2828 (H) days, while with increasing and decreasing score for this trait, the number of lifetime days of cows declined. According to the rump width assessment, lifespan was highest in cows with a 9 score – 2766 days (UBWD) and 2832 days (H). Cows of UBWD with the highest assessment for this body part development of 9 score were used on 592 (P

The article is devoted to the current state of continuing medical education for general practitioners in the city of Moscow and is based on a survey of general practitioners working in Moscow. Results demonstrate a lack of satisfaction with the organisation and content of training in its previous format, the absence of significant changes in the learning objectives following education reform and an ambiguous attitude towards this reform. The minimum continuing education requirements for general practitioners working in the city of Moscow were shown to consist of day release, short-term training, theoretical and practical orientation and the application of contemporary educational technologies. Conceptual approaches to the development of continuing medical education in the field of general medical practice in Moscow were formulated. These comprised organisation of training, setting of learning objectives, selection of forms and methods of training, determination of interactive training content, application of a competency-based approach and individualisation of the educational path.

The article considers social, demographic and professional factors determining choice by general practitioners and district therapists of place of employment and their professional motivation. The special questionnaire was developed to be applied in sociological survey. The sampling included general practitioners and district therapists of outpatient medical organizations of the Health Department and the private health care sector of Moscow. The final analysis included 399 questionnaires. It is established that possibility of job combining depends on number of children physician has. The significance of conditions for career growth increases with physician age and availability of adult children. The opportunities for research and education activities are of great value for physicians of private health sector who obtained higher education in Russia and having adult children. The preferred management style of line manager and model of communication with patient are affected by level of workload, working conditions and income level. The preferences regarding type of organizational culture are affected by place of birth. For physicians who graduated from Russian universities, significant factor of non-material incitement is possibility of additional rest. The physicians of older age working in private health sector more often consider career advancement as professional development goal. The factors influencing choice of place of employment and professional motivation in general practitioners and district therapists are summarized. The proposals for attracting, retaining and stimulating physicians are formulated.

The article presents comparative analysis of demographic, social and professional characteristics of general practitioners and district therapists in state and private medical organizations. Sociological, statistical and analytical research methods were applied. The study was carried out on the basis of polyclinics of both Moscow Health Department and Moscow private health care sector. The sampling consisted of 399 questionnaires subjected to statistical processing. It is established that in state and private medical organizations, in this group of physicians prevail women 36-55 years old, born in the Russian Federation, in Moscow, married, having children and assessing one's income level as average. Most of them received their higher education in Moscow, graduated residency in therapy and have no medical category or academic degree. The professional experience consists 10 years or more. All physicians in state polyclinics hold more than one position and in private polyclinics 8.6% of physicians are underemployment. In the state sector, paternalistic model of communication with patient is preferable, in the private sector - a collegiate one. In the state sector, the collegiate management style of CEO is convenient and in the private sector - collegiate or dynamic one. In both sectors, adhocratic organizational culture is comfortable. Against the background of readiness to proceed working in current conditions, work in another sector is not excluded. The material factor is considered as main driver of professional motivation. The social, demographic and professional characteristics of general practitioners and district physicians in both sectors of health care in the main are similar, but have their own characteristics.

The patient satisfaction is one of the key criteria of quality of medical care and indicator of patient-oriented approach and factor determining competitiveness of medical organization. The purpose of the study - the comparative analysis of patient satisfaction with primary health care provided by general practitioner and district physician, taking into account their gender, age characteristics, frequency and goals of visiting polyclinic. Sociological study was carried out on the basis of out-patient medical organizations in Moscow, Kemerovo and Belgorod. The final analysis included 415 questionnaires of respondents aged 18 years and older. The patients with different rate and purposes of visiting medical institution are equally satisfied with medical care provided by general practitioner and district physician. The satisfaction with general practitioner may have gender characteristics. The satisfaction with district physician may have age characteristics. The satisfaction with both specialists may depend on health status of patient. The model of providing primary health care according to principle of general practitioner may be more universal, while according to principle of district physician more acceptable for elder patients. In order to increase satisfaction with primary health care for all categories of patients, it is necessary to consolidate best organizational approaches of both models.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which patients lose motor functions due to progressive loss of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Whilst the loss of neurons is central to the disease, it is becoming clear that glia, specifically astrocytes, contribute to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Astrocytes play an important role in maintaining ion homeostasis in the extracellular milieu and regulate multiple brain functions by altering their extracellular concentrations. In this study, we have investigated the ability of astrocytes to maintain K + homeostasis in the brain via direct measurement of the astrocytic K + clearance rate in the motor and somatosensory cortices of an ALS mouse model (SOD1 G93A ). Using electrophysiological recordings from acute brain slices, we show region-specific alterations in the K + clearance rate, which was significantly reduced in the primary motor cortex but not the somatosensory cortex. This decrease was accompanied by significant changes in astrocytic morphology, impaired conductivity via Kir4.1 channels and low coupling ratio in astrocytic networks in the motor cortex, which affected their ability to form the K + gradient needed to disperse K + through the astrocytic syncytium. These findings indicate that the supportive function astrocytes typically provide to motoneurons is diminished during disease progression and provides a potential explanation for the increased vulnerability of motoneurons in ALS., (© 2023 The Authors. GLIA published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The choice of specialty by graduate of medical university can be promoted by particular social, demographic and personal characteristics. Purpose of the study is to investigate demographic, social and personal characteristics of students in residency on specialty "General Medical Practice" in the Russian Federation. The sociological, statistical and analytical methods are applied. The sampling for survey consisted of 81 respondents. The specialty "General Medical Practice" is chosen mainly by women residing in city, non-married and without children. They are not characterized by participation in public life and they are characterized by the presence of hobbies (hobbies). The choice is conditioned by multidisciplinary nature of medical care and scope of professional horizons. They are attracted by treatment work and are less interested in pedagogy and science. In perspective, 80% of female respondents are going to get another specialty. More than 70% of respondents plan to work in out-patient conditions and predominantly in state sector of health care. For women, main goals of further professional training are improvement in main and adjoining specialties and career promotion. And in educational program, internal diseases are of greatest interest. The preferred forms of training are internships and e-learning. The main direction of improving educational process is increasing of scope of practical training. The comparative analysis of study results with data of previous publications was implemented. The factors influencing commitment to specialty are revealed. The proposals increasing attractiveness of general medical practice for graduates of medical universities and keeping in specialty after residency are formulated.

In conditions of active development of medical and pharmaceutical sciences and dynamically changing work environment the education of physician is to be both continuous and personalized. Purpose of the study. To investigate effect of gender, age and work experience on educational needs and on preferences of forms and methods of training in the system of continuing medical education of Russian general practitioners. The research bases were Chairs occupied with issues of personnel training for general medical practice in Moscow, Belgorod and Kemerovo. The sociological, statistical and analytical research methodologies were applied. The overall analysis covered 402 questionnaires for general practitioners. The sampling of respondents included 19.1% of men, 80.9% of women; 52.4% were aged 36-55 (60) years, 29.3% - 24-35 years and 18.3% - 56 (61) years and older; 45.0% had experience in general medical practice up to 2 years, 16.3% - 3-4 years, 27.0% - 5-6 years, 11.7% - 7 or more years. The results of comparative analysis of opinions of physicians of both genders and various age with different time of experience concerning level of significance for practice of various areas of competence within the framework of specialty and their preferences regarding organizational forms, training methods and its duration are presented. It is established that gender, age and length of service had no significant effect on the studied parameters. However, certain characteristics associated with these factors are identified. The further study of possible influence of other internal and external factors can contribute in the future into formulation of scientifically grounded approach to choosing personalized trajectory of education of general practitioner.

The feminization and middle age decreasing in general practitioner profession is a worldwide trend.Purpose of the study is to explore gender and age structure, professional characteristics of general practitioners in Moscow.The retrospective analysis of personal records of students of the Chair of General Medical Practice of the Institute of Professional Education of the The I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University trained from 2016 to 2020 (n = 400).It is established that women made 80.5% out of them. The average age was 50.7 ± 0.7 years; average general professional experience - 28.8 ± 0.8 years, in general medical practice - 9.7 ± 0.3 years. The internship/residency in therapy was graduated by 84.2% of students. Up to 96.3% worked in state medical organizations. The majority (97.0%) had no academic degree. Indicators with positive dynamics: share of women, physicians with internship/residency in therapy, employees of state medical organizations, without an academic degree. Indicators with negative dynamics: age, professional experience. Differences between men and women were established for residency and professional experience in general medical practice.The average social and professional portrait of general practitioner in Moscow: woman 50 years old graduated internship/residency in therapy, professional experience of more than 20 years, with professional retraining about 10 years ago, working in state medical organization, no academic degree.The activities were proposed considering gender and age specifics, professional characteristics of general practitioners, directed to increasing efficiency and comfort of training.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between the time perspective and the psychophysiological state of the elderly during the pandemic COVID-19. 433 residents from 11 Russian cities aged 60,8±9,8 years (range - 50-94 years, women - 78,7%) took part in the study. During the online survey, each participant of the study provided personal data (place of residence, sex, age, height, and weight) and completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Yale Food Addiction Scale. It was found that elderly people with a balanced time perspective had the lowest level of depression during the pandemic COVID-19 and less expressed sleep inertia at work days, while those with a past negative time perspective had the highest level of depression, high frequency of detection of food addiction and low sleep efficiency. The other types of time perspective (past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and future) had intermediate values of indicators between these two extreme options. Thus, the conducted studies have shown that elderly people with a balanced time perspective showed the highest level of resistance to psychoemotional stress caused by the pandemic COVID-19.

Potassium homeostasis is fundamental for brain function. Therefore, effective removal of excessive K+ from the synaptic cleft during neuronal activity is paramount. Astrocytes play a key role in K+ clearance from the extracellular milieu using various mechanisms, including uptake via Kir channels and the Na + -K + ATPase, and spatial buffering through the astrocytic gap-junction coupled network. Recently we showed that alterations in the concentrations of extracellular potassium ([K + ] o ) or impairments of the astrocytic clearance mechanism affect the resonance and oscillatory behavior of both the individual and networks of neurons. These results indicate that astrocytes have the potential to modulate neuronal network activity, however, the cellular effectors that may affect the astrocytic K+ clearance process are still unknown. In this study, we have investigated the impact of neuromodulators, which are known to mediate changes in network oscillatory behavior, on the astrocytic clearance process. Our results suggest that while some neuromodulators (5-HT; NA) might affect astrocytic spatial buffering via gap-junctions, others (DA; Histamine) primarily affect the uptake mechanism via Kir channels. These results suggest that neuromodulators can affect network oscillatory activity through parallel activation of both neurons and astrocytes, establishing a synergistic mechanism to maximize the synchronous network activity.

Glia, a non-excitable cell type once considered merely as the connective tissue between neurons, is nowadays acknowledged for its essential contribution to multiple physiological processes including learning, memory formation, excitability, synaptic plasticity, ion homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Moreover, as glia are key players in the brain immune system and provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, they are intimately involved in multiple neurological disorders. Recent advances have demonstrated that glial cells, specifically microglia and astroglia, are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While there is compelling evidence for glial modulation of synaptic formation and regulation that affect neuronal signal processing and activity, in this manuscript we will review recent findings on neuronal activity that affect glial function, specifically during neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss the nature of each glial malfunction, its specificity to each disorder, overall contribution to the disease progression and assess its potential as a future therapeutic target., (Copyright © 2020 Stevenson, Samokhina, Rossetti, Morley and Buskila.)

A reduction in glucose consumption has been shown in both patients with acquired epilepsy and in animal epilepsy models. However, the question remains whether the disturbance of glucose metabolism is the driving force of epileptogenesis. We have recently reported that a chronic partial inhibition of brain glycolysis by the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) triggers epileptogenesis in initially healthy rats. In this study, we further investigated whether chronic 2-DG treatment caused a cellular loss in the dorsal hippocampus and mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus. We found that prolonged (four weeks) treatment with 2-DG induced a neuronal loss in the CA1 field and the dentate hilus. We also found mossy fibers reorganization in the 2-DG group. In addition, we showed that pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions were considerably strengthened and prolonged in 2-DG-treated rats. Our results demonstrate that the chronically impaired brain glucose metabolism likely leads to a structural remodeling resembling epileptogenesis and has a proconvulsive effect.

Metabolic abnormalities found in epileptogenic tissue provide considerable evidence of brain hypometabolism, while major risk factors for acquired epilepsy all share brain hypometabolism as one common outcome, suggesting that a breakdown of brain energy homeostasis may actually precede epileptogenesis. However, a causal link between deficient brain energy metabolism and epilepsy initiation has not been yet established. To address this issue we developed an in vivo model of chronic energy hypometabolism by daily intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and also investigated acute effects of 2-DG on the cellular level. In hippocampal slices, acute glycolysis inhibition by 2-DG (by about 35%) led to contrasting effects on the network: a downregulation of excitatory synaptic transmission together with a depolarization of neuronal resting potential and a decreased drive of inhibitory transmission. Therefore, the potential acute effect of 2-DG on network excitability depends on the balance between these opposing pre- and postsynaptic changes. In vivo, we found that chronic 2-DG i.c.v. application (estimated transient inhibition of brain glycolysis under 14%) for a period of 4 weeks induced epileptiform activity in initially healthy male rats. Our results suggest that chronic inhibition of brain energy metabolism, characteristics of the well-established risk factors of acquired epilepsy, and specifically a reduction in glucose utilization (typically observed in epileptic patients) can initiate epileptogenesis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

We have developed an assay for single strand DNA and RNA detection which is based on novel pyrene-perylene FRET pairs attached to short LNA/DNA probes. The assay is based on ratiometric emission upon binding of target DNA/RNA by three combinations of fluorescent LNA/DNA reporter strands. Specific geometry of the pyrene fluorophore attached to the 2'-amino group of 2'-amino-LNA in position 4 allows for the first time to efficiently utilize dipole-dipole orientation parameter for sensing of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nucleic acid targets by FRET. Using novel probes, SNP detection is achieved with advantages of large Stokes shift (115 nm), high fluorescence quantum yields and low limit of target detection values (< 5 nM). Rapid and accurate genotyping of highly polymorphic HIV Pol cDNA and RNA fragments performed herein proves the possibility for broad application of the novel pyrene-perylene FRET pairs, e.g., in imaging and clinical diagnostics.

We describe fluorescent oligonucleotide probes labeled with novel (phenylethynyl)pyrene dyes attached to locked nucleic acids. Furthermore, we prove the utility of these probes for the effective detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in natural nucleic acids. High-affinity hybridization of the probes and excellent fluorescence responses to single-base mismatches in DNA/RNA targets are demonstrated in model dual-probe and doubly labeled probe formats. This stimulated us to develop two diagnostic systems for the homogeneous detection of a drug-resistance-causing mutation in HIV-1 protease cDNA and RNA gene fragments. Target sequences were obtained by analysis of 200 clinical samples from patients currently receiving anti-HIV/AIDS combination therapy at the Russian Federal AIDS Center. Using these fluorescent oligonucleotides, we were able to detect the target mutation despite all the challenges of the natural targets, that is, the presence of additional mutations, neighboring sequence variation, and low target concentration, which typically reduce binding and effectiveness of sensing by fluorescent oligonucleotides., (Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Seroepidemiological study of hepatitis A (HA) morbidity was carried out in three Russian cities, with different levels of HA morbidity. The study included the analysis of HA morbidity for 22 years, the determination of antibodies to HA virus (anti-HAV) in 2,958 healthy persons aged 0-12 months to 40 years and older. In one of the cities 7 isolates of HA virus were obtained from unrelated sources and the genotypes of the virus were determined. The study revealed that the frequency of seropositive cases among persons of different ages correlated with the level and prolonged dynamics of HA morbidity. According to the occurrence of anti-HAV, such cities as St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don and Yakutsk may be at present classified as territories, moderately endemic in HA. At the same time in the 90 s the epidemic situation in HA was more favorable in Rostov-on-Don than in two other cities. The suggestion was made that a high proportion of seropositive persons among the population of St. Perersburg was linked with an almost twofold rise in HA morbidity in 1993-1995 caused by genotype 1 of the virus. Seroepidemiological studies in HA during the period of a drop in morbidity acquire special importance in the surveillance and control system of this infection.

To describe the dependence of arterial pressure on the speed of spreading of pulse wave, an curvilinear regression equation with two constants was proposed. The causes of the discrepancy in the dependences reported in literature are discussed.

Magnetic field in physiotherapeutic doses has no negative effects either on hemodynamics or thermoregulation in females. Magnetic field's positive action on inflammation can be explained by stimulation of nonspecific resistance of immune system. Hemodynamic and thermoregulation parameters may serve for control and regulation of the exposure to magnetic field.