Search

A spectroscopy study was performed to investigate the absorption and emission behavior of zinc–lead phosphate-doped Sm3+ glasses sample. The parameters, density, ρ, molar volume, Vm, samarium ion concentration N, and mean samarium ion separation, R were calculated. The absorption peaks were assigned and discussed. The band gap and Urbach’s energies analysis were illustrated. The emission spectra and the emission lifetime decay were studied. The CIE diagram coordinate (0.393, 0.601) of the sample’s emission was very close to the TV standard value. The oscillator strength fcal and fexp were calculated using Judd–Ofelt theory, and the model parameter trend was found to be Ω4 > Ω2 > Ω6 which indicates high glasses rigidity. The Absorption and emission cross-sections were studied and illustrated. The obtained optical parameters, absorption, and emission behaviors introduce the samples under investigation as a candidate for orange and reddish-orange photonic applications.

BACKGROUND Non-invasive tests (NITs), such as Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), developed using classical statistical methods, are increasingly used for determining liver fibrosis stages and recommended in treatment guidelines replacing the liver biopsy. Application of conventional cutoffs of FIB-4 and APRI resulted in high rates of misclassification of fibrosis stages. AIM There is an unmet need for more accurate NITs that can overcome the limitations of FIB-4 and APRI. PATIENTS AND METHODS Machine learning with the random forest algorithm was used to develop a non-invasive index using retrospective data of 7238 patients with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C from two centers in Egypt; derivation dataset (n = 1821) and validation set in the second center (n = 5417). Receiver operator curve analysis was used to define cutoffs for different stages of fibrosis. Performance of the new score was externally validated in cohorts from two other sites in Egypt (n = 560) and seven different countries (n = 1317). Fibrosis stages were determined using the METAVIR score. Results were also compared with three established tools (FIB-4, APRI, and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio [AAR]). RESULTS Age in addition to readily available laboratory parameters such as aspartate, and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, albumin (g/dl), and platelet count (/cm3 ) correlated with the biopsy-derived stage of liver fibrosis in the derivation cohort and were used to construct the model for predicting the fibrosis stage by applying the random forest algorithm, resulting in an FIB-6 index, which can be calculated easily at http://fib6.elriah.info. Application of the cutoff values derived from the derivation group on the validation groups yielded very good performance in ruling out cirrhosis (negative predictive value [NPV] = 97.7%), compensated advance liver disease (NPV = 90.2%), and significant fibrosis (NPV = 65.7%). In the external validation groups from different countries, FIB-6 demonstrated higher sensitivity and NPV than FIB-4, APRI, and AAR. CONCLUSION FIB-6 score is a non-invasive, simple, and accurate test for ruling out liver cirrhosis and compensated advance liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C and performs better than APRI, FIB-4, and AAR.

Multicomponent glasses doped with erbium oxide 70P2O5–14ZnO-(15-x)CdO-xEr2O3 (where x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mol%) named as [Er1 →Er6] have been prepared using the melt quenching method. The density was increased with increasing Er2O3 content and the molar volume increased linearly showing exactly like the behavior of the density. The optical absorption spectra indicate that erbium ions lived as an Er3+ environment. The measurement of the optical mobility difference and the breadth of the UV–VIS absorption energy tail of glass revealed a small decrease accompanied by a rise in their values. The optical energy band gap (Eg) varied from 2.9929 to 2.088 eV. The linear (no) and nonlinear refractive indices (n2) changed from 2.3989 to 2.451 and from 5.494 × 10−11 to 6.603 × 10−11 esu, respectively. It was found that the optical dielectric constant (εo) changed from 5.755 to 6.005, while the nonlinear susceptibility (χ3) varied from 3.494 × 10−12 to 4.289 × 10−12 esu. From the calculated oscillator intensity of the specific absorption bands, the parameters of the Judd – Offet intensity were tested to test the bonding condition around the Er3+ ions in the prepared glasses. The spectroscopic efficiency element has been determined. Branching ratio (βr) and lifespan (τ) is determined using J-O parameters. Absorption and emission cross-sections were determined to measure the probability of an absorption or emission process. Additionally, the capacity of the Er1–Er6 glasses for gamma-ray shielding was evaluated via calculating some significant parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), half value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP). Results revealed that the MAC and LAC follow the trend: (MAC,LAC)Er1< (MAC,LAC)Er2 (HVL,MFP)Er2 > (HVL,MFP)Er3 > (HVL,MFP)Er4 > (HVL,MFP)Er5 > (HVL,MFP)Er6. Generally, the studied Er1–Er6 glasses are attractive for various optical and radiation shielding applications.

The nominal glasses composition ((40-x) % H3BO3—30% CaO—30% Al2O3—x Dy2O3), where x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were prepared using the melt quenching technique. The absorption spectra reveal the common normal 13 transition peaks of the Dy2O3-doped glasses. The linear and nonlinear optical properties were calculated. The Photoluminescence spectra and the decay lifetime were examined. The Judd–Ofelt parameters trend was Ω4 > Ω2 > Ω6. The oscillator strength of the experimental, and calculated electronic dipole absorption transition were estimated. The radiative life-time, the radiative branching ratio, the emission and absorption transition cross section were also calculated. The gain coefficient of the transitions was predicted. All the calculated parameters were compared with the previous work. The results reveal that the current glasses composition is a good candidate as a lasing host material and the glasses are highly efficient composition when using in the optical communication fibers.

lead borosilicate glasses comprising samarium oxide (Sm2O3) had been developed by using melt-quenching procedure. The values of glass density became reported to enhance as Sm2O3 raise from 3.632 g/cm3 for 1 percent Sm2O3 to 3.764 g/cm3 for 6 percent Sm2O3, were attributable to the substitution of boron with lower density by samarium with higher density. The molar volume of the samples prepared was calculated from the density data. Optical absorption spectra have been reported and optical parameter values like the optical transformation, optical electronegative behavior, index of refraction, high frequency constant of dielectric, singular oscillator energy and dispersive energy have been calculated. The optical parameters were associated with the Sm2O3 ratio. Judd–Official concept has been extended to the glass absorption spectra to the model of radiative and laser properties. Judd–Official parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) were defined as Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6 and linked to the composition of glass. Such glasses have been realized to be used as photonic devices. The maximum & least MAC values were obtained at the energies of 15 keV & 6 MeV for all Sm-Glasses. The trend of the LAC values follows the trend: (LAC)Sm1

Glass composition of (0.15-x)LiF–0.15NaF–0.01Al2O3–0.24SiO2–0.45B2O3–xTm2O3, in which x varies from 0.01 to 0.08, has been prepared by melt-annealing technique. The glass density values increased as thulium content increases from 2.359 to 2.735 g/cm3. The structure of glass showed the presence of trigonal BO3, O2B–F, tetrahedral BO4, O3B–F units, Si–O–Si, B–O–Si, and B–O–B linkages. The optical properties of the prepared glass were investigated. The optical absorption spectra revealed four characteristic bands in the ultraviolet and near-infrared regions for thulium ions. Judd–Ofelt parameters such as Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6 were calculated and took the order of Ω2 > Ω6 > Ω4. The radiative transition probability, branching ratio, and radiative lifetime were deduced from the Judd–Ofelt parameters. Moreover, the optical transition, refractive index, and phonon energy were calculated to show the effect of thulium content on borosilicate glass.

Kinetic, mechanical properties of xPbO-(10-x)Er2O3-90Bi2O3: x = 3 (BEP-3), 5 (BEP-5), 7 (BEP-7), 9 (BEP-9), and 10 (BEP-10) mol% glass system were investigated experimentally utilizing the pulse-echo technique and theoretically via bond compression and Makishima and Mackenzie models. Radiation shielding capacity of the investigated BEP-glasses was also evaluated via Phy-X/PSD code. The longitudinal and shear ultrasonic wave velocities were increased with the increase in PbO content in BEP-glasses. Values of the elastic moduli, longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and microhardness, for BEP-glasses were enhanced when the PbO content increased from 3 to 10 mol % content. There was good agreement between the obtained values of experimental and theoretical values of elastic moduli. The maximum mass attenuation coefficient value of 10368.30, 10381.78, 10395.25, 10408.93, and 10415.417 cm2/g was obtained at the least energy of 15 keV while corresponding least value of 4.102, 4.108, 4.114, 4.120, and 4.124 was obtained at E value of 4 MeV for BEP-3, BEP-5, BEP-7, BEP-9, and BEP-10, respectively. The half value layer of the BEP-glasses was lower than those of ordinary concrete and RS-360. The fast neutron removal cross section values varied from 0.0733 to 0.0903 cm-1 for BEP-3 – BEP-10. The total stopping power (TSP) follows the trend (TSP)BEP-3 < (TSP)BEP-5 < (TSP)BEP-10 < (TSP)BEP-9 < (TSP)BEP-7. Generally, one can conclude that the optimum PbO concentration for gamma-ray shielding is BEP-9 glasses, while for electron absorption is BEP-7 glasses.

Bi2O3–ZnO–PbO glass formulations with various concentrations of samarium oxide Sm2O3 were synthesized using the rapid-quenching route. The deconvoluted FTIR spectra were recorded through the domain of 400–2000 cm−1. System characteristics including density as well as molar volume have been studied. Ultrasonic longitudinal and shear wave velocities and elastic moduli were found to reduce with Sm2O3 concentration. Both bulk compression and Makishima–Mackenzie models were found to diminish with the increase of Sm2O3 and in good harmony with the experimental results. Theoretical radiation shielding properties have been analyzed for the obtained glass system and showed high tendency to be used as radiation protection fabrics for γ rays.

SrO-Bi2O3- B2O3 glass systems with different content of neodymium oxide Nd2O3 were prepared by rapid-quenching technique. On Record FTIR deconvoluted spectra were in the range of 400–2000 cm-1. Some parameters such as; density and molar volume were acquired. Ultrasonic wave velocities (longitudinal and shear) and elastic moduli were acquired. The results were interpreted as due to the role of Nd2O3. Formation of BO4 causes an increase in the rigidity of glass, and consequently resulted an increase in the glass density. Increment of molar volume revealed that addition of Nd2O3 results in an extension of glass network. The presence of [BiO6] octahedral units builds up the bismuthate structure of investigated glasses. The Nd3+ ions caused the proportion of average bonds elongations to diminish from 48.18 % to reach the value of 45.59 % at 5.7 mol. % of Nd2O3.

This research investigates the influence of the concentration of Sm+3 ions on the properties of a new borosilicate glass system with the composition 50B2O3– 14SiO2- 20Li2O– 15Na2O– 1.0Al2O3-x(Sm2O3), where × = 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The glasses are characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV– Vis-NIR, and photoluminescence spectra. The XRD results proved that all glasses prepared are amorphous. Moreover, it was found that the values of density (ρ), and refractive index (n), rise with increasing of Sm+3 content. Otherwise, the value of molar volume, optical energy gap, and boron-boron distance decrease by increasing Sm+3 concentration. The structure of glasses studied was investigated by computing I n t e r n u c l e a r r i , Polaron radius r p , field strength F and the deconvolution of FTIR spectra. Judd-Ofelt theory was applied to clarify the structural changes and nature of the bonds of glasses prepared. Moreover, a spectroscopic quality factor, the branching ratio (βr), and lifetime (τ) are calculated with the use of Judd-Ofelt parameters. The color chromaticity of the glasses confirmed that the emission in the white-reddish orange region under 402 nm excitation is affected by the concentration of Sm3+ ions. The results of photoluminescence emission stimulated emission cross-section, and CIE chromaticity leads to the conclusion that the glass BSLNA5 are promising candidates as laser material for light-emitting diode (LED).

Melt quenching technique is used for preparing glasses with chemical formula (70P2O5)–(16 − x)CdO–(14ZnO)–(xEr2O3), (x = 1–6 mol%). These glasses were named Er1, Er2, Er3, Er4, Er5, and Er6, respectively. Photon buildup factors, fast neutron absorption, and electron stopping of the prepared glasses were examined. Glasses’ density was varied from 3.390 ± 0.003 for the Er1 glass sample to 3.412 ± 0.003 for the Er6 glass sample. The Buildup factor (BUF) spectra have relatively higher values in the Compton Scattering (CS) dominated areas compared to both Photoelectric effect (PE), and Pair Production (PP) dominated energy regions. The highest BUF appeared at the Er atom K-absorption edge, whose intensity increases as the molar concentration of Er2O3 in the glasses increases. The photon absorption efficiency (PAE) of the glasses increases according to the trend (PAE)Er1 < (PAE)Er2 < (PAE)Er3 < (PAE)Er4 < (PAE)Er5 < (PAE)Er6. Fast neutron removal cross-section, FNRC (ΣR) values of the glasses obtained via calculation varied from 0.1045–0.1039 cm−1 for Er1–Er6. Furthermore, the continuous slowing down approximation mode (CSDA) range enhances the kinetic energy of electrons for all glasses. Generally, results revealed that the investigated glasses could be applied for radiation shielding and dosimetric media.

Two glasses compositions (50B2O3–30PbO–20SrO–xDy) and (50B2O3–30PbO–20BaO–xDy) where x = 0.0.5%, and 1.0% in wt.% ratio were prepared using melt quenching technique in order to investigate the effect of Ba2+ and Sr2+ ions in Dy3+ ions doped lead borate glass. The optical properties such as bandgap and the refractive index distribution were examined using UV–vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy. The FTIR absorption spectra of all prepared samples were similar except for the metallic bands in the fingerprint region. The obtained experimental data were compared with theoretical data calculated by Judd–Ofelt framework. The Judd–Ofelt parameters Ωλ (λ = 2, 4 and 6) were calculated and the trend was Ω2

New tellurite glasses in the composition of 0.7TeO2–0.1ZnO–0.1NaF–(0.1–x) WO3−xNd2O3 and x = 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.04 and 0.05 mol% were prepared. Density (ρ) and molar volume (Vm) have measured and calculated. Longitudinal and shear ultrasonic wave velocities (Ul, Us) were measured by the pulse-echo technique using Krautkramer USIP 20 at 4 MHz. Moduli of elasticity, longitudinal modulus (L), shear modulus (G), bulk modulus (K), Young’s modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio (σ) were calculated for every glass sample. The UV spectra in the range 200–2500 nm were measured. The Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ = 2, 4, 6) were measured for the whole glass series. The Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters were in the order Ω2

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) approach is presented as strong frameworks to solve the inaccuracy problems. The major purpose of this paper is to improve a CAD system depended on supervised classification that can be useful in diagnosing and detecting the changes of breast cancers in digitized mammograms earlier, accurately and faster than standard examination programs by applying CAD according to image processing techniques beginning with preprocessing step, segmentation, feature extraction and finally classification stage. The work presented in this study is based on the integration of different features such as shape, texture and invariant moment features. This integration achieved best results for sensitivity and specificity rather than using the one type of features in breast cancer classification. The accuracy of our integration system reached 96% in the automatic mode of ANN while best accuracy accomplished by features result according to invariant moments that reached 97% by ANN in an automatic way. Keywords: Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), Mammograms, K-nearest neighbor classifier (KNN), Support vector machine (SVM), Artificial neural network (ANN)

We manufactured a new series of borosilicate glass doped with Dy3+ ions using a glass-quenching technique. To achieve the unique luminescence properties of our prepared glass, rare earth (Dy2O3) was incorporated into the glass matrix. The photoluminescence spectrum revealed five intense emission bands allocated at wavelengths 483 nm, 575 nm, 665 nm, 712 nm, and 752 nm, attributed to the transition from 4F9/2 → 6H15/2, 4F9/2 → 6H13/2, 4F9/2→ 6H11/2, 4F9/2→ 6F3/2, and 4F9/2→ 6H9/2 respectively. From the emission results of prepared glass at excitation wavelength 350 nm, we used our glass as a new solid laser source for the production of white light. From radiative properties measurements, the luminescence performance of fabricated samples showed a strong transition, with limited transition life and high values of branching ratio. Additional physical parameters were evaluated, such as density, optical packing density, and molar volume. By X-ray diffraction, we observed that all the prepared samples were of the amorphous phase. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy demonstrated the effect of incorporating Dy2O3 on the structure of our prepared glass. From the spectrum of absorption transitions, optical band gap Eg, refractive index (n), and Urbach energy (ΔE) were obtained. To research glass bonding nature, Judd-Ofelt strength parameters (Ωλ and λ = 2, 4, 6) were obtained; these parameters were used to achieve the spectroscopic efficiency factor, branching ratios (βr), and lifetime (τ). Moreover, the cross-sections of emission and absorption of our prepared glass was estimated. Finally, our cumulative study findings indicate that these manufactured samples may be used in luminescent display devices as a white light laser diode (W-LED).

In this paper, the peristaltic motion of nano-coupled stress fluid through non-Darcy porous medium is investigated, and the heat transfer is taken into account. The system is stressed by an external magnetic field. The Ohmic and viscous couple stress dissipations, heat generation and chemical reaction are considered. This motion is modulated mathematically by a system of non-linear partial differential equations, which describe the fluid velocity, temperature and nanoparticles’ concentration. These equations are transformed to non-dimensional form with the associated appropriate boundary conditions. The homotopy perturbation method is used to find the solutions of these equations as a function of the physical parameters of the problem. The effects of the parameters on the obtained solutions are discussed numerically and illustrated graphically. It is found that these parameters play an important role to control the solutions. Significant outcomes from graphical elucidation envisage that the inclusion of more magnetic field strength increases the resistance of the fluid motion. Intensification of the couple stress parameter attenuates the temperature values, while it increases with increasing thermophoresis parameter.

The peristaltic flow with heat and mass transfer for non-Newtonian fluid through non- darcy porous medium is investigated. The fluid obeys Casson model and the effects of Hall currents, Ohmic and viscous dissipations, heat generation and chemical reaction are taken into account. Problem is mathematically modulated using a system of partial differential equations describing velocity, temperature and concentration of the fluid .The non-dimensional partial differential equations are simplified using the approximations of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. Then this system subjected to appropriate boundary conditions is solved by using homotopy perturbation method. The effect of obtained solutions of velocity, temperatures and concentration as functions of the physical parameters of the problem are discussed computationally and illustrated graphically. It is shown that the velocity decreased by increasing of the magnetic field, non –Newtonian parameter, while it increases with non- darcian parameter and heat generation, also, the tempartial decreases with increasing of Eckert and Grashoff numbers while it increases with heat generations. Dufour number and non-direction furthermore, the concentration decreases with Newtonian and magnetic parameters, while it increases with chemical reaction and Eckert number.

The ionizing radiation shielding parameters of (90-y)TeO2-yV2O3-5CaO-5Na2O (TVCN): y = 5–20 mol% semiconductor glasses were investigated. The avarage track lengths of photons with different energies (0.015- 15 MeV) in the TVCN-glasses were simulated via MCNP-5 code, then the corresponding LAC were computed. Based on LAC values, the MACs were calculated and compared with values which obtained via XCOM software. The highest LAC achieved for low energy (0.015 MeV) and reduced from 199.549 to 169.891 cm− 1, while the lowest values achieved for gamma photon with higher energies and reduced from 0.188 to 0.161 cm− 1 with replacment of TeO2 compound by V2O5. The highest (I/Io) achieved for TVCN20 glasses and decreased from 0.703 to 0.172., while the lowest (I/Io) performed for TVCN5 glasses and decreased from 0.680 to 0.145 for glasses thickness varied between 1 and 5 cm. The thinner HVL was achieved for TVCN5 and increases from 0.003 to 3.684 cm, while the thicker HVL was achieved for TVCN20 and increases from 0.004 to 4.293 cm. The highest dose rate was recorded in the presence of theTVCN20 glasses and varied between 5.680 and 23.210 µSv/hr, while the lowest dose rate recorded in the presence of the TVCN5 glasses and varied between 4.807 and 22.448 µSv/hr for glass thickness varied in range between 1–5 cm. The highest values of the Zeff was recorded for glasses TVCN5 and varied between 21.209 and 50.402, while the lowest Zeff achieved for TVCN20 and varied between 18.489 and 40.479. The calculated buildup factors (EBF and EABF) reach maximum values for glasses TVCN5 while the lowest EBF and EABF achieved for glasses TVCN20. Therefore, the glasses TVCN5 have a higher ability to attenuate the incident gamma photons. Thus, the TVCN-glasses can be applied in various radiation shielding applications in medical area.

By melt quenching technique, a series of transparent bulk glasses with compositions (75TeO2–5Li2O–10ZnO–(10-S) Nb2O5–(S) Yb2O3) have been obtained, where S = 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mol%. For the prepared glass samples, physical properties such as density, molar volume, and oxygen packing density were studied. Spectroscopic parameters such as gain, absorption cross-section, and emission cross-section were measured. Differential scanning calorimetry curves indicated that the prepared glass compositions have a good stability factor. At different wavelengths, Urbach energy, optical band gap, and refractive index were obtained. Effective functional groups were detected by applying Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies. This work showed that the prepared glasses are promising candidates for different optical applications and amplifiers including solid state lasers, sensors, data storage, and optical switches.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a sudden viral contagion that appeared at the end of last year in Wuhan city, the Chinese province of Hubei, China. The fast spread of COVID-19 has led to a dangerous threat to worldwide health. Also in the last two decades, several viral epidemics have been listed like the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002/2003, the influenza H1N1 in 2009 and recently the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which appeared in Saudi Arabia in 2012. In this research, an automated system is created to differentiate between the COVID-19, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics by using their genomic sequences recorded in the NCBI GenBank in order to facilitate the diagnosis process and increase the accuracy of disease detection in less time. The selected database contains 76 genes for each epidemic. Then, some features are extracted like a discrete Fourier transform (DFT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the seven moment invariants to two different classifiers. These classifiers are the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm and the trainable cascade-forward back propagation neural network where they give satisfying results to compare. To evaluate the performance of classifiers, there are some effective parameters calculated. They are accuracy (ACC), F1 score, error rate and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) that are 100%, 100%, 0 and 1, respectively, for the KNN algorithm and 98.89%, 98.34%, 0.0111 and 0.9754, respectively, for the cascade-forward network.

Quinary tellurite glass system in the percentages of 75TeO2–5Li2O–10ZnO–(10–x) Nb2O5–xEr2O3 where (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.8 mol%) have been prepared and characterized. Both Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies were performed to study the structural changes correlated with the glass network. The thermal characteristics of the system were specified which showed a higher thermal stability (>100 °C) due to the formation of more bridging oxygen's (BO's) revealed by (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. The optical absorption spectra within near UV–visible regions were performed, and exhibited nine absorption bands centered around 1536, 977, 798, 653, 545, 524, 490, 450, and 443 nm corresponding to the 4I15/2 ground state to the various excited states 4I13/2, 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S3/2, 2H11/2, 4F7/2,4F5/2, and 4F3/2 respectively. The same measurement also showed increasing values of the optical band gap (Eg) form 2.70 to 2.90 (eV) and decreasing the refractive index (n) from 2.48 to 2.42. Both the extinction coefficient data and the complex dielectric functions of the glasses were estimated. The different optical parameters were distinctly affected by increasing the Er2O3 (mol %) and the structural changes. The radiative properties of the glass were calculated using J-O parameters. The Branching ratio (β) of 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition peaked at 1520.48 nm for Er3+ ions has the highest value (1.000) also, the radiative lifetime (τ) of the same transition changed from 1.4510 to 1.8483. The gain cross-section of the laser transition level from 4G11/2 → 4I15/2 changed from 1.44 × 10−20 to 1.92 × 10−20 cm−1 in the existing glass system. The acquired results exhibited that the existent glass can be a good candidate in the fiber drawing and laser, non-linear optical applications.

Collective optical, photoluminescence, FTIR spectral studies of increasing Sm2O3 ions (3.2–15 mol%) in strontium phosphate host glass were measured before and after irradiated with (8 Mrad dose) by gamma ray. The undpoed optical spectrum revealed a clear UV absorption peak at 230 nm due to trace iron impurity. Sm2O3-doped glasses exhibit extended visible near IR peaks in two rows, the first extended from 330 to 500 nm with small peaks and the second series extends from 900 to 2500 nm with distinguished peaks. This extended optical-near IR spectral absorption peaks belong to trivalent samarium ions. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra after excitation at 402 nm reveal four PL peaks with the decrease in intensity with increasing samarium content. Upon excitation at 596 nm, 11 peaks are identified and three of which are splitted into component peaks and their intensities decrease with increasing Sm2O3 content. FTIR spectra show distinguished vibrational peaks at the wavenumber range 2000–400 cm−1. Some of the bands are very prominent and obviously revealing some modifications of the phosphate network by the addition of increasing Sm2O3 content.

Fluoroquaternary glasses within system 70TeO2-10ZnO-10NaF-(10 − x)MoO2-xEr2O3 doped with different concentration of xEr2O3 ions were prepared by using melt- quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the glasses confirmed by using X-ray diffraction. Physical parameters viz.: density (ρ), molar volumes (Vm), refractive index (n), an optical energy gap (Eg) and Urbach energy (ΔE) values of prepared glasses were evaluated. Moreover, the Judd–Ofelt parameters Ω2, Ω4, Ω6, the oscillator strength type transition probabilities, Smeas, Scal, spectroscopic quality factors, X, branching ratio, βR and radiative lifetimes, τR, of several excited states of Er3+ have been computed. The gain cross-section of laser transition level from 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 and stimulated emission cross-section estimated with different concentration of Er2O3 ions in all present glasses. Here the spectroscopic properties indicate that these glasses doped with Er3+ are a promising candidate for optical applications.

A series of transparent and light yellow color samples composed of Sm2O3 doped tellurium oxide glasses with chemical composition 75TeO2-5Li2O-10ZnO-(10-X) Nb2O5-XSm2O3 was prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique. Rare earth (Sm2O3) was added to improve all glass properties. From obtained radiative properties, the samples which prepared with above composition can be considered as a prospect application for laser design due to higher branching ratio. The physical properties including sample density, molar volume, and OPD were measured. The glassy nature is approved by XRD analysis. The structural modification of glass forming units with introducing Sm2O3 was studied by FTIR and Raman spectra. The intensity ratio of TeO4/TeO3 was measured to determine the ratio of bridging/non-bridging oxygen exists in glass network. Glass thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and melting temperature were obtained from DSC plots. The UV–vis-NIR absorption spectra display 9 peaks. Optical parameters including optical band gap EOpt, Urbach energy ΔE and refractive index n were determined. From absorption spectra, Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters (Ωλ and λ = 2, 4, 6) have been derived to study bonding nature. A spectroscopic quality factor was calculated. Branching ratio (βr) and lifetime (τ) have been calculated using JO parameters. Absorption and emission cross-sections were determined to measure the probability of an absorption or emission process. Finally, we propose that these prepared samples can be used in optical devices and other applications.

NdF3-doped borosilicate glasses were prepared using the high-temperature melt components of ingredients of NdF3 doped borosilicate glasses. Optical transmission spectra were collected in the range of 190–2500 nm to determine different optical parameters such as the direct and the indirect optical band gap, Urbach energy, refractive index and optical dielectric constant. The molar refraction, electronic polarizability, and the optical basicity results have been determined using the measured glass refractive indices. Judd-Ofelt calculations were used to predict the oscillator strength of an electronic dipole absorption transition. The order of the parameters Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6 are Ω2

Developments in the field of glass research necessitate the mimicking of the optical properties of glass materials before melting the raw materials, as they are very expensive nowadays. An artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized during this work to train and predict the Judd–Ofelt parameters of various glasses, such as Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6, and the radiative lifetimes of many different types of rare-earth-doped glasses. The optimized ANN architecture for forecasting the Judd–Ofelt parameters were found to be very near to the experimentally measured parameters. Then, the conferred ANN model was employed to predict the Judd–Ofelt parameters of some newly prepared borosilicate glasses. Therein, a new glass system of 0.25 PbO–0.2 SiO2–(0.55 − x) B2O3–x Dy2O3, was prepared in order to employ the melt-quenching technique. The parameter results of the Judd–Ofelt theory, as well as the Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6 and radiative lifetimes showed that the supplementation of Dy2O3 switched the BO4 units to BO3 units with oxygens that were non-bridging atoms, thus weakening the glass frameworks. Therefore, it is very important to use an ANN to predict the Judd–Ofelt parameters of several rare-earth-doped glasses as luminescent materials.

Lithium sodium fluoroborate glasses containing Cu2O were investigated in terms of structural and optical modification. The measured density values are observed to increase as Cu2O increase related to the replacement of some alkali cations by the higher density copper ions. Infrared absorption spectra for the investigated glasses show the characteristic structural bands or peaks for triangular and tetragonal borate units and the presence of fluorine ions may cause a replacement of some BO3/BO4 units by BO2F/BO3F units, respectively. Optical band gap values are observed to decrease from 3.402 to 1.7 eV as the copper content increase. The refractive index values are varied from 2.296 to 2.880 as the copper content changed. The studied glasses tend to metallicity when copper ions embedded to borate network. Oxide/fluoride ions polarizability and optical basicity are correlated to the linear refractive index. The optical basicity based on refractive index behaves linearity associated with refractive index.

Melt quenching technique is used for preparing glasses with chemical formula (70P2O5)−(16−x)CdO−(14ZnO)−(xEr2O3), (x = 1–6 mol%) . These glasses were named Er1, Er2, Er3, Er4, Er5, and Er6, respectively. Photon buildup factors, fast neutron absorption, and electron stopping of the prepared glasses were examined. Glasses’ density was varied from 3.390 ± 0.003 for the Er1 glass sample to 3.412 ± 0.003 for the Er6 glass sample. The Buildup factor (BUF) spectra have relatively higher values in the Compton Scattering (CS) dominated areas compared to both Photoelectric effect (PE), and Pair Production (PP) dominated energy regions. The highest BUF appeared at the Er atom K-absorption edge, whose intensity increases as the molar concentration of Er2O3 in the glasses increases. The photon absorption efficiency (PAE) of the glasses increases according to the trend (PAE)Er1 &lt, (PAE)Er2 &lt, (PAE)Er3 &lt, (PAE)Er4 &lt, (PAE)Er5 &lt, (PAE)Er6. Fast neutron removal cross-section, FNRC values of the glasses obtained via calculation varied from 0.1045–0.1039 cm−1 for Er1–Er6. Furthermore, the continuous slowing down approximation mode (CSDA) range enhances the kinetic energy of electrons for all glasses. Generally, results revealed that the investigated glasses could be applied for radiation shielding and dosimetric media.

Glasses based on the base composition (ZnO 70 – B2O3 30 mol %) containing increasing Er2O3 as dopant (0.2 → 2.2 mol%) were synthesized by traditional melting. Collective investigation was done through measuring their UV-visible and structural FTIR spectra. The density and derived physical properties were calculated in relation to the constitution and percent of rare-earth oxide. Optical absorption studies show specific and characteristic peaks which are correlated with the absorption of Er3+ originated from the ground state 4I15/2 to several possible energy transitions. Structural IR data indicate distinct and extended bands from 400-1600 cm−1 which are assigned to the two known characteristic borate units with triangular and tetrahedral coordinations (BO3, BO4). The possible forming of ZnO4 is considered due to the abundance of ZnO (70 mol%) but the intensities of the vibrations of the two borate units are distinctively higher due to the known lightest boron element which is reflected on its oxide (B2O3) than other glass forming oxides. The IR spectra have been confirmed by the measurements of the IR spectrum of pure crystalline ZnO to elucidate its specific vibrational sites. The density and molar volume data are correlated with the trivalent erbium ions concentration and their housing in the glass structure. The various optical parameters of the Er2O3-doped glasses were derived and analyzed in relation to the concentration of Er3+ ions.

UV-NIR Absorption spectra of the glass system 0.6TeO 2 - (0.35-y)BaO - 0.05ZnO - yEr 2 O 3 (where y = 0.01, 0.025, 0.035, 0.04 and 0.05 mol %), have been recorded in the range of 200–2500 nm. The Judd-Ofelt (J-O) parameters (Ωλ, λ = 2, 4, and 6) are calculated using the absorption bands of the doped glass compositions with y mol % content of Er 2 O 3 . The radiative properties of the Er 3+ ions are calculated using J-O parameters. Other parameters such as; oscillator strength, radiative lifetime, transition probabilities, spectroscopic quality and branching ratio of several excited states of the Er 3+ ions are calculated. All spectra were resolved using the normalized area method. Then, the emission from the lowest and upper Stark levels of the 4 I 13/2 state and the gain cross-section of the laser transition level from 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 are obtained. Results of the spectroscopic properties revealed that these glasses doped with Er 3+ are promising candidates for optical applications.

Lithium sodium fluoroborate glasses doped with vanadium ions were prepared by melt annealing technique. The structural investigation shows the formation of probable BO 3 , BO 4 , BO 2 F, and BO 3 F structural units. Moreover, vanadium ions are mostly presented in such glasses as V 4 + state and it may form non-bridging oxygens (NBOs). The decreasing in the optical band gap values as a function in the glass composition or vanadium content approves the formation of NBOs. The refractive index is estimated directly from the optical band gap values by using the Dimitrov-Sakka relation. Density, molar volume, molar refraction, and metallization criterion were studied and explained in terms of the structural changes obtained by the impact of the vanadium ions. Thermal activation energy is explained by the formation of Non-bridging oxygens and the effect of V 2 O 5 dopant.

New synthesis fluoro-tellurite in the form in [75TeO 2 –10ZnO–5LiF– (10 − γ ) Nb 2 O 5 – γ NaF] where γ = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mol% have been successfully synthesized by rapid melt-quenching technique. Also, the effect of doping the present prepared glasses by NaF on the optical properties has been discussed. Their densities were determined by Archimedes method. Values of the molar volume and the oxygen packing density were calculated. Both the Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) in the wavenumber range (350–4400 cm − 1 ) and the Raman spectroscopy in the range (40–4450 cm − 1 ) were used to prove the changes in the structure of the prepared glasses. The glass transition temperature (T g ), crystallization temperature (T c ) and melting temperature (T m ) were determined by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as a function of NaF (mol%) in the temperature range (298–923 K).Optical absorption spectra were recorded in the range (190–2500 nm). The indirect optical band gap (E opt ), Urbach energy (ΔE), refractive index (n), molar refraction (R m ), metallization criterion (M), electronic polarizability of the oxide ion (α o 2 ) and the optical basicity (Λ) of the prepared glasses were calculated.

Glass samples of Fluoroborate glasses of composition 80% B2O3-15%-NaF-5%CaF2 containing different amounts of CoO (0.2, 2, 3%wt) were successfully prepared by melt annealing technique. The samples were characterized using UV-VIS-NIR and FTIR spectrometry. The results showed that the optical properties of the samples are dependent on the Co content within the glass matrix. The optical absorption and transmittance spectra confirmed the incorporation of the CoO in the glass matrix. CoO doped samples showed a blocking region within the visible area which belongs to the tetrahedral Co ions and a transmittance region in the UV. Increasing the CoO content leads to increasing the FWHM of the blocking band and decreasing in the FWHM of the transmittance band. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristics absorption peaks of the triangular and tetrahedral groups in the glass matrix. The existence of CoO leads to resolving and enhancing the bands in the glass samples. The experimental results and the calculated optical parameters for the glass samples recommend them as a promising candidate for band pass filter applications.

The glass composition P2O5 60%, SrO 40% (mol%) was prepared then doped with Sm3+ with different mol% (3.2, 6.4, 9.6 and 15%). UV–VIS–NIR spectrometer was used to carry out the absorption spectra of the studied glass samples. The most nominal transitions were assigned among a large number of transitions. Then the radiative properties of the Sm3+ ions were calculated using J–O analysis. The results show a large value of Ω2 than the values Ω4 and Ω6. Another parameter such as the oscillator strength, radiative life time, the transition probabilities, the spectroscopic quality and factors branching ratio of several excited states of the Sm3+ ions was calculated. The laser transition level from 6F9/2→6H5/2, the gain cross-section has been predicted. The emission profile of Sm3+ ions in the present glass shows that the peak of the gain coefficient is shifted toward shorter wavelength as the increase of the inversion. The Optical properties introduce this doped Sm3+ glass as a promising candidate for optical applications.

Tellurite glass (TLZNT) with compositions 75TeO2–5Li2O–10ZnO–(10–x) Nb2O5−x Tm2O3, (doped with x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 in mol%) were prepared through the melt quenching technique. In the present work, the glass transition value slightly decreased from 351 to 347 °C otherwise thermal stability Δ T c h a n g e s f r o m 118 t o 164 °C of (TLZNT) glasses, investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of Tm3+ ions (RE) on the structure of the TLZNT glasses was studied through different techniques such as X-ray pattern diffraction and Raman/Fourier transform infrared spectra. Moreover, the ratio of the relative bridging oxygen (BO) to non-bridging oxygen (NBO) in the prepared glass network was determined. Next, the packing density of oxygen, density, molar refraction, molar volumes, metallization criterion, molar polarizability, and linear refractive index of the prepared glasses were computed. The optical energy gap, the Judd–Ofelt parameters (J–O), the radiative branching ratio ( β R ), and the radiative lifetime ( τ R ) of Tm3+ in TLZNT glasses were determined. The absorption cross section ( σ A B S ), emission cross section ( σ E M I S ) , and gain coefficient ( σ G A ) were evaluated in the range wavelength of 1500–2000 nm. The high value of σ EMIS (1.50 × 10−20 cm2) of the 3H6 → 3F4 transition of TLZNT3 glass was reported. We produced TLZNT glasses in which the addition of Tm2O3 improved the ΔT against nucleation and crystallization what is in good agreement with the decrease of the average force constant ( F - ) from 225 to 221.7 N/m with increasing Tm2O3. For the 1870 nm emission band, the emission cross section was determined to be approximately 1.5 × 10−20 cm2. Finally, the results herein will denote that the TLZNT glasses are a promising solid material for optical applications that could be excited by a commercial laser diode (LD).

Successfully, the glass composition (80% B2O3-15% NaF-5%CaF2) was prepared using the melt quenching technique. Different CuO ration from 0.3 wt% up to 12 wt% was added to the prepared glass composition at the expense of B2O3. The X-Ray diffraction pattern reveal the amorphous structure of the prepared glasses samples. The UV–Vis-NIR optical absorption spectrometer was used to investigate the optical properties of the glass samples. The structure was examined using the FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The optical absorption measurements reveal that the glasses sample from 0.30 wt% up to 3.60 wt% of CuO ratio produces band-pass glass filter samples. In addition, the CuO content of 6.0 wt% and higher concentrations up to 12.0 wt% give cut-off filters in the NIR region. The origin of the two types of filtering property was discussed in the frame of optical absorption and the changes in the glasses samples structure were discussed in the frame of FTIR absorption spectroscopy.