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Abstract Background Sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT), which combines photodynamic (PDT) and sonodynamic (SDT) therapies with sensitizers, offers new avenues for cancer treatment. Even though new sensitizers for SPDT have been synthesized with great success, few of them are effectively used. The limited tumor-targeting specificity, inability to transport the sensitizers deeply intratumorally, and the deteriorating tumor microenvironment limit their anti-tumor effectiveness. The current study was carried out aiming at high-frequency ultrasound-assisted drug delivery of chia, cress and flax conjugated hematite iron oxide nanoparticles (CCF–HIONP) for photothermal–photodynamic lung cancer (LCA) treatment in vitro and in vivo as activated cancer treatment up-to-date modality. Materials and methods The study was conducted in vitro on human LCA cells (A-549) and the study protocol application groups in vivo on Swiss albino mice treated with benzo[a]pyrene only and were not received any treatment for inducing LCA, and only after LCA induction the study treatment protocol began, treatment was daily with CCF–HIONP as HIFU–SPDT sensitizer with or without exposure to laser (IRL) or high-frequency ultrasound (HIFU–US) or a combination of laser and/or high-frequency ultrasound for 3 min for 2 weeks. Results Revealed that HIONP can be employed as effective CCF delivery system that directly targets LCA cells. In addition, CCF–HIONP is a promising HIFU–SPS for HIFU–SPDT and when combined with HIFU–SPDT can be very effective in treatment of LCA–A549 in vitro (cell viability decreased in a dose-dependent basis, the cell cycle progression in G0/G1 was slowed down, and cell death was induced as evidenced by an increase in the population of Pre-G cells, an increase in early and late apoptosis and necrosis, and an increase in autophagic cell death) and benzo[a]pyrene LCA-induce mice in vivo (decreased oxidative stress (MDA), and ameliorated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, GR, GPx, GST, CAT, GSH, and TAC) as well as renal (urea, creatinine) and hepatic (ALT, AST) functions, induced antiproliferative genes (caspase 3,9, p53, Bax, TNFalpha), suppressed antiapoptotic and antiangiogenic genes (Bcl2,VEGF respectively) and effectively reducing the growth of tumors and even leading to cancer cell death. This process could be attributed to photochemical and/or high-frequency sono-chemical activation mechanism HIFU–SPDT. Conclusions The results indicate that CCF–HIONP has great promise as an innovative, effective delivery system for selective localized treatment of lung cancer that is activated by HIFU–SPDT.

Abstract The underlying study was carried out aiming at transdermal drug delivery (TDD) of Goniothalamus macrophyllus as sono-photo-sensitizer (SPS) using microneedle (MN) arrays with iontophoresis (MN-IP), electroporation (MN-EP) in conjunction with applying photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT) as an up-to-date activated cancer treatment modality. Study was conducted on 120 male Swiss Albino mice, inoculated with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) divided into 9 groups. We employed three different arrays of MN electrodes were used (parallel, triangular, and circular), EP, IP with different volts (6, 9, 12 V), an infrared laser and an ultrasound (pulsed and continuous wave) as our two energy sources. Results revealed that parallel 6 V TDD@MN@IP@EP can be used as effective delivery system for G. macrophyllus from skin directly to target EAC cells. In addition MN@IP@EP@TDD G. macrophyllus is a potential SPS for SPDT treatment of EAC. With respect to normal control mice and as opposed to the EAC untreated control mice, MN@EP@IP TDD G. macrophyllus in the laser, ultrasound, and combination activated groups showed a significant increase in the antioxidant markers TAC level and the GST, GR, Catalase, and SOD activities, while decrease in lipid peroxidation oxidative stress parameter MDA levels. In addition significantly increased apoptotic genes expressions (p53, caspase (3, 9), Bax, and TNF alpha) and on the other hand decreased anti- apoptotic (Bcl-2) and angiogenic (VEGF) genes expressions. Moreover significantly ameliorate liver and kidney function decreasing ALT, AST, urea and creatinine respectively. Furthermore MN@IP@EP@TDD G. macrophyllus combined with SPDT was very effective at reducing the growth of tumors and even causing cell death according to microscopic H&E stain results. This process may be related to a sono- and/or photochemical activation mechanism. According to the findings, MN@IP@EP@TDD G. macrophyllus has a lot of potential as a novel, efficient delivery method that in combination with infrared laser and ultrasound activation SPDT demonstrated promising anticancer impact for treating cancer.

Abstract Graphene based nanomaterials are explored in the field of cancer bioimaging and biomedical science and engineering. The luminescent nanostructures with a low toxicity and high photostability can be used as probes in bioimaging applications. This work is aimed to prepare graphene/folic acid-zinc oxide (GN/FA-ZnO) nanocomposite with dual-mode emissions (down-conversion and up-conversion) to be used in cancer bioimaging. The dual mode emissions offer long luminescence lifetime, multicolor emissions detected by the naked eyes after excitation and narrow band absorption and emission spectra. ZnO nanospheres and nanorods structures were prepared using co-precipitation technique and were conjugated with FA to separate the bulk graphite layers electrostatically into GN. The optical, morphological, surface charge and structural properties of the prepared nanostructures were investigated and discussed using different characterization techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Zeta potential, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). GN/FA-ZnO nanocomposites were injected into Swiss albino mice implanted with Ehrlich Tumor and the bioimaging was investigated using photon imager and digital camera. The results showed clear fluorescence and confirmed that the green design of GN/FA-ZnO nanocomposite with targeting behavior was capable of selective bioimaging of the tumor. This study presented a novel dual mode emission nanocomposite for tumor targeting and is a promising strategy for the fabrication of a new design of spectral encoding.

Abstract Background The B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) diagnosis is challenging due to the superposition with mature B-cell leukemia and/or lymphoma. Objective An insight case study of trisomy 5 with complex karyotype abnormalities in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Subject and methods A 72-year-old man was referred to the Hematology Department, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, because of persistent fever (10 days) and lymphocytosis. A detailed diagnostic methods including complete blood count, bone marrow aspiration, flow cytometry, conventional karyotype analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) used to detect 41 kinds of mutant genes related to hematological malignancies were conducted and reasonable therapeutic regimens including emergent leukapheresis accompanied by basification of urine and hydrotherapy, followed by a regimen of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. Results Subject white blood cell count was 143.43 × 109/L, and 56% prolymphocytes. He did not show lymphadenopathy but splenomegaly. Immunophenotyping of prolymphocytes was CD5(+low), CD10(−), CD11c(−), CD19(+), CD20(+), cCD22(+), CD23(−), cCD79a(+), CD79b(+), FMC7(±), CD43(−), CD3(−), CD56(−), CD103(−), HLA-DR(+), and Lambda(+). R-banding and FISH revealed that leukemia cells carried extra chromosome 5. Considering the rare occurrence of trisomy 5 found in prolymphocytic leukemia, especially in Asians, with rapid disease progression. We know that median survival of B-PLL is three years after diagnosis, while survival time of this patient was only 1 month. Conclusion This study could provide the firsthand materials for precision, medicine and mechanism research in cytogenetics and molecular biology. It inferred that trisomy 5 might be a poor prognosis indicator, providing directions for clinical practice in the foreseeable future.

Abstract Background Acute leukemias are malignant neoplastic diseases that arise from either lymphoid [ALL] or myeloid [AML] cell lines that are distinguished by the proliferation of BM non-functional immature cells and subsequently released into the bloodstream. ALL is prevalent malignancy in young, while AML in older. Diagnosis is usually routinely performed through peripheral blood count and smear then confirmed by BM aspirate. It is remarkable to notice that leukemia can be manifested at high, low, and even at normal leucocyte count. While treatment results have improved steadily over the last decades in younger and adults, limited changes have been in survival among subjects of age > 60 years. Aim of the work is to measure the serum estrogen [E2] and its soluble receptor [ER] levels in acute leukemia patients and extrapolate its possible clinical significance. This study included 40 [20 females and 20 males] healthy volunteers clinically free from any disease, 40 [20 females and 20 males] AML patients, and 40 [20 females and 20 males] ALL. To all subjects, serum E2 and its soluble ER level were investigated by ELISA. Results Serum E2 [pg/ml] level was lower in AML and ALL female and male patients groups than control group. Serum ER [ng/ml] level was lower in AML and ALL female and male patients groups than control group. Conclusion Estimation of serum E2 and its soluble ER level is of edifying diagnostic value. Determination of serum E2 and its soluble ER level in AML and ALL patients is of value in deciding treatment therapeutic target protocol.

Using the auto combustion flash method, Ni1−x+2Mgx+2Fe2+3O4 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8 and 1) nano-ferrites were synthesized. All samples were thermally treated at 973 K for 3 h. The structural analysis for the synthesized samples was performed using XRD, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was undertaken to explore the surface morphology of all the samples. The thermal stability of these samples was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD data show the presence of a single spinel phase for all the prepared samples. The intensity of the principal peak of the spinel phase decreases as Mg content increases, showing that Mg delays crystallinity. The Mg content raised the average grain size (D) from 0.084 μm to 0.1365 μm. TGA shows two stages of weight loss variation. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement shows that magnetic parameters, such as initial permeability (μi) and saturation magnetization (Ms), decay with rising Mg content. The permeability and magnetic anisotropy at different frequencies and temperatures were studied to show the samples’ magnetic behavior and determine the Curie temperature (TC), which depends on the internal structure. The electrical resistivity behavior shows the semi-conductivity trend of the samples. Finally, the dielectric constant increases sharply at high temperatures, explained by the increased mobility of charge carriers, and decreases with increasing frequency.

the present study the was done to evaluate chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic anti-tumor potential of some Egyptian plant extract (moringa, graviola, ginger garden cress and artemisinin) against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic evaluation was assessed by monitoring the tumor incidence and tumor volume as well as by analyzing the status of (a) biochemical markers (maspin, survivin, livin, caveolin-1, osteopontin and Fucosyltransferase 4 gene expressions), oxidative stress related profile including; total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione reductase (GR) activity, glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity assay, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and lipid peroxidation (MDA), renal and hepatic toxicity markers (urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase (alt) activity, aspartate aminotransferase (ast) activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Activity and γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity also study of (b) biophysical markers (trace and heavy metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)), dielectric properties and body water distribution) finally (c) histopathological examination oral administration of increasing dose of moringa, graviola, ginger garden cress and artemisinin extracts, respectively significantly prevented the tumor incidence and tumor volume as well as brought back the status of the above mentioned biochemical and biophysical variables. Histopathological changes also confirmed the formation of tumor tubules and neovascularization after the treatment. Overall, these results suggest that treatment with moringa, graviola, ginger garden cress and artemisinin extracts provided antioxidant defense with strong chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Keywords: 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), Chemopreventive, Chemotherapeutic, Plant extract

Background and objective: Cancer is a major health problem that threatens the life of many people with an increasing need for anticancer therapy. The present work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using sonophotodynamic modality (exposure of infra-red laser as photodynamic) and to the ultrasound as sonodynamic modality in combination with nano-chlorophyll, for cancer therapy through histopathological assessment in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell implanted to mice as experimental animals. Methods: A total of 120 male mice were randomly assigned to 12 treatment groups. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell was inoculated subcutaneously in all the experimental mice. When the tumor had grown to about 10 mm in diameter at day 10 after inoculation, treatments were started. Experimental groups were investigated histopathologically two weeks after treatments. Results: The histological evaluation revealed that tumors from various treated groups of mice bearing the tumor showed different percentages of necrosis and tumor proliferation based on the type of treatment. Tumor excised from mice receiving sonophotodynamic with nano-Chlorophyll treatment showed a significant increase of necrosis about 15 – 25% compared to other groups without nano-chlorophyll as a sensitizer. The group of mice subjected to the combination of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy in the presence of nano-Chlorophyll, showed large foci distinct necrosis areas 95% of large distinct foci of necrosis in the tumor and no tumor proliferation. Conclusion: The anti-tumor activity of nano-chlorophyll in combination with sonophotodynamic therapy for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice was effective.