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Introduction: Volumetric analysis of the paranasal sinuses can help evaluate disease extent, treatment, and sinus surgery outcome. This study aims to determine the baseline volumes of frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care center after obtaining ethical approval (Reference number: 264/2021). Computerized Tomography Scan head or Computerized Tomography Scan nose/Paranasal sinus images of patients across all age groups from January to December 2022 were analyzed. Sinus volumes were calculated using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine software. Results: The study included 154 patients, median age was 29 years (IQR: 22.75 - 39.25) and 84 (54.5%) were male. The median volume of the maxillary sinus was 14.30 cm³ (IQR: 10.76 - 18.02), with the right side at 13.82 cm³ (IQR: 10.34 - 17.39) and the left at 14.62 cm³ (IQR:11.11 - 18.75). The median volume of the sphenoid sinus was 4.52 cm³ (IQR:3.02 - 6.03), with the right side at 4.42 cm³ (IQR: 2.61 - 6.84) and the left at 3.95 cm³ (IQR: 2.16 - 6.47). The median volume of the frontal sinus was 2.59 cm³ (IQR:1.42 - 4.59), with the right side at 2.27 cm³ (IQR:0.94 - 4.12) and the left at 3.04 cm³ (IQR:1.22 - 5.04). Conclusions: Male population had larger volumes across all types. The maxillary and frontal sinuses had the largest and smallest volumes respectively.

In 2021, the Tajogaite Volcano erupted along the western slope of the Cumbre Vieja on the island of La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. Volcanic tephra blanketed a substantial proportion of the island. By our estimations, approximately 23,000,000 m3 of pyroclastic ashes and more coarse-grained particles were deposited unto La Palma's land surface in addition to the lava flow. Five months following the initial eruption, we measured the depth of the new ash layer across the island. We combined this data with drone-based observations to compile a dataset comprising the point distribution of ash depth. A spatial interpolation was then performed using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to estimate the ash depth across the island at a 2 m spatial resolution. The interpolation performed well, yielding a root mean squared error (RMSE) value of 0.34 and thus, the dataset offers immense reuse potential for spatial inquiries related to evolutionary traits, vegetation patterns, and vegetation response to disturbance on oceanic islands. In addition, the data can be used to test different spatial interpolation techniques in an effort to improve the accuracy achieved using IDW.

Abstract Background The clinical and laboratory characteristics of AIDS-associated Talaromyces marneffei infection, a rare but a fatal mycosis disease of the central nervous system, remain unclear. Case presentation Herein, we conducted a retrospective study of ten AIDS patients with cerebrospinal fluid culture-confirmed central nervous system infection caused by Talaromyces marneffei. All 10 patients were promptly treated with antifungal treatment for a prolonged duration and early antiviral therapy (ART). Among them, seven patients were farmers. Nine patients were discharged after full recovery, while one patient died during hospitalization, resulting in a mortality rate of 10%. All patients initially presented symptoms and signs of an increase in intracranial pressure, mainly manifesting as headache, dizziness, vomiting, fever, decreased muscle strength, diplopia or even altered consciousness with seizures in severe patients. Nine patients (90%) showed lateral ventricle dilatation or intracranial infectious lesions on brain CT. Cerebrospinal fluid findings included elevated intracranial pressure, increased leukocyte count, low glucose, low chloride and high cerebrospinal fluid protein. The median CD4+ T count of patients was 104 cells/μL (IQR, 36–224 cells/μL) at the onset of the disease. The CD4+ T cell counts of three patients who eventually died were significantly lower (W = 6.00, p = 0.020) than those of the patients who survived. Conclusions The common clinical symptoms of T. marneffei central nervous system infection are associated with high intracranial pressure and intracranial infectious lesions. Earlier recognition and diagnosis and a prolonged course of amphotericin B treatment followed by itraconazole combined with early ART might reduce the mortality rate.

Sweet's syndrome and eosinophilic folliculitis are aseptic inflammatory dermatitis mainly because of infiltrated neutrophils and eosinophils on skin, respectively. These diseases rarely overlap or coexist in the same patient, especially co-occur in HIV infected patient. Here, we report a rare case of an AIDS patient who developed eosinophilic folliculitis and Sweet's syndrome within 1 month of initial antiretroviral therapy, presumably due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. The CD4+ T cell counts increased dramatically from 70 to 249 cells/μL within a period of 1 month. Interestingly, the patient was rapidly and strikingly responsive to thalidomide, which has anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis etc. Moreover, we focused our attention on discussing the clinical, pathological, and possible pathogenic aspects of the rare overlap of HIV complicated with neutrophilic and eosinophilic dermatosis.