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Climate change can impact marine ecosystems through many biological and ecological processes. Ecosystem models are one tool that can be used to simulate how the complex impacts of climate change may manifest in a warming world. In this study, we used an end-to-end Atlantis ecosystem model to compare and contrast the effects of climate-driven species redistribution and projected temperature from three separate climate models on species of key commercial importance in the California Current Ecosystem. Adopting a scenario analysis approach, we used Atlantis to measure differences in the biomass, abundance, and weight at age of pelagic and demersal species among six simulations for the years 2013-2100 and tracked the implications of those changes for spatially defined California Current fishing fleets. The simulations varied in their use of forced climate-driven species distribution shifts, time-varying projections of ocean warming, or both. In general, the abundance and biomass of coastal pelagic species like Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) were more sensitive to projected climate change, while demersal groups like Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) experienced smaller changes due to counteracting effects of spatial distribution change and metabolic effects of warming. Climate-driven species distribution shifts and the resulting changes in food web interactions were more influential than warming on end-of-century biomass and abundance patterns. Spatial projections of changes in fisheries catch did not always align with changes in abundance of their targeted species. This mismatch is likely due to species distribution shifts into or out of fishing areas and emphasizes the importance of a spatially explicit understanding of both climate change effects and fishing dynamics. We illuminate important biological and ecological pathways through which climate change acts in an ecosystem context and end with a discussion of potential management implications and future directions for climate change research using ecosystem models.

Introduction The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), consisting of 22 member states, faces significant health security challenges exacerbated by socioeconomic, political and environmental factors. This study aims to assess the efforts to enhance health security in the EMR from 2016 to 2023 through the implementation of the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) core capacities.Methods A narrative review was conducted using IHR Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (MEF) tools, such as the State Party Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) and the Joint External Evaluation (JEE), to evaluate the region’s preparedness and response capabilities. Other assessments, such as the Universal Health and Preparedness Review (UHPR), after-action and intra-action reviews and simulation exercises, were included.Results The evaluations identified critical gaps in health security infrastructure, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies and external support, including the Pandemic Fund and National Action Plans for Health Security. While progress has been made, challenges remain due to emerging and re-emerging diseases and regional humanitarian crises.Conclusion Despite improvements, the EMR continues to face significant health security challenges. Increased advocacy, capacity building and multisectoral collaboration, particularly through the One Health approach, are essential for future preparedness.

Climate change drives species distribution shifts, affecting the availability of resources people rely upon for food and livelihoods. These impacts are complex, manifest at local scales, and have diverse effects across multiple species. However, for wild capture fisheries, current understanding is dominated by predictions for individual species at coarse spatial scales. We show that species-specific responses to localized environmental changes will alter the collection of co-occurring species within established fishing footprints along the U.S. West Coast. We demonstrate that availability of the most economically valuable, primary target species is highly likely to decline coastwide in response to warming and reduced oxygen concentrations, while availability of the most abundant, secondary target species will potentially increase. A spatial reshuffling of primary and secondary target species suggests regionally heterogeneous opportunities for fishers to adapt by changing where or what they fish. Developing foresight into the collective responses of species at local scales will enable more effective and tangible adaptation pathways for fishing communities.

BackgroundThe Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) faces numerous public health risks caused by biological, chemical, man-made, and natural hazards. This manuscript aimed to assess the multifaceted interventions and strategies used to strengthen the EMR’s preparedness capacities to respond properly to current and upcoming health emergencies.ObjectiveTo address these challenges, it is crucial to implement comprehensive and robust strategic risk assessments and health emergency preparedness frameworks. The World Health Organization (WHO) takes a risk-based approach, emphasizing the significance of all-hazards emergency management and the creation of national health risk profiles using the Strategic Toolkit for Assessing Risk (STAR). Furthermore, the International Health Regulations (IHR) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (MEF) ensures continuous learning and capacity building among Member States, enhancing their ability to manage health emergencies effectively. Key components include State Party Annual Reporting (SPAR), Joint External Evaluation (JEE), After Action Review (AAR), Intra Action Review (IAR), and Simulation Exercises (SimEx). Moreover, initiatives like One Health, Emergency Care Systems, Safe Hospitals, and Public Health Emergency Operations Centers (PHEOCs) reinforce preparedness and response capacities. Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies play a pivotal role in disseminating timely information and fostering community resilience. Furthermore, the management of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBRN) incidents remains a priority, necessitating collaboration between the public health and security sectors. This comprehensive approach aims to strengthen health systems, reduce risks, and improve emergency response capabilities throughout the EMR, thereby promoting global health security and resilience.ConclusionThe EMR is addressing public health challenges through frameworks like IHR-MEF, and RCCE. It is strengthening emergency care systems, ensuring safe hospitals, and establishing PHEOCs. Proactive measures to address CBRN events and collaboration are enhancing resilience. The inclusion of the One Health approach underscores the EMR’s holistic strategy to address the health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. This demonstrates the EMR’s commitment to global health security.

Introduction: Understanding how abundance, productivity and distribution of individual species may respond to climate change is a critical first step towards anticipating alterations in marine ecosystem structure and function, as well as developing strategies to adapt to the full range of potential changes. Methods: This study applies the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries Climate Vulnerability Assessment method to 64 federally-managed species in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem to assess their vulnerability to climate change, where vulnerability is a function of a species’ exposure to environmental change and its biological sensitivity to a set of environmental conditions, which includes components of its resiliency and adaptive capacity to respond to these new conditions. Results: Overall, two-thirds of the species were judged to have Moderate or greater vulnerability to climate change, and only one species was anticipated to have a positive response. Species classified as Highly or Very Highly vulnerable share one or more characteristics including: 1) having complex life histories that utilize a wide range of freshwater and marine habitats; 2) having habitat specialization, particularly for areas that are likely to experience increased hypoxia; 3) having long lifespans and low population growth rates; and/or 4) being of high commercial value combined with impacts from non-climate stressors such as anthropogenic habitat degradation. Species with Low or Moderate vulnerability are either habitat generalists, occupy deep-water habitats or are highly mobile and likely to shift their ranges. Discussion: As climate-related changes intensify, this work provides key information for both scientists and managers as they address the long-term sustainability of fisheries in the region. This information can inform near-term advice for prioritizing species-level data collection and research on climate impacts, help managers to determine when and where a precautionary approach might be warranted, in harvest or other management decisions, and help identify habitats or life history stages that might be especially effective to protect or restore.

Heparin products are frequently used in the inpatient setting to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism, but they simultaneously put patients at risk of developing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The 4Ts score determines the pretest probability of HIT. Diagnosis is made with a screening antiplatelet factor (PF4) immunoassay and the serotonin-release assay (SRA) as a confirmatory test. Anti-PF4 assays have high sensitivity (98%) but lower specificity (50%) and result in frequent false-positive tests. We present a rare case from our institution of a patient with anti-PF4–Polyanion ELISA-negative, SRA-positive HIT and describe the challenges in making a timely diagnosis in this case.

Projecting the future distributions of commercially and ecologically important species has become a critical approach for ecosystem managers to strategically anticipate change, but large uncertainties in projections limit climate adaptation planning. Although distribution projections are primarily used to understand the scope of potential change-rather than accurately predict specific outcomes-it is nonetheless essential to understand where and why projections can give implausible results and to identify which processes contribute to uncertainty. Here, we use a series of simulated species distributions, an ensemble of 252 species distribution models, and an ensemble of three regional ocean climate projections, to isolate the influences of uncertainty from earth system model spread and from ecological modeling. The simulations encompass marine species with different functional traits and ecological preferences to more broadly address resource manager and fishery stakeholder needs, and provide a simulated true state with which to evaluate projections. We present our results relative to the degree of environmental extrapolation from historical conditions, which helps facilitate interpretation by ecological modelers working in diverse systems. We found uncertainty associated with species distribution models can exceed uncertainty generated from diverging earth system models (up to 70% of total uncertainty by 2100), and that this result was consistent across species traits. Species distribution model uncertainty increased through time and was primarily related to the degree to which models extrapolated into novel environmental conditions but moderated by how well models captured the underlying dynamics driving species distributions. The predictive power of simulated species distribution models remained relatively high in the first 30 years of projections, in alignment with the time period in which stakeholders make strategic decisions based on climate information. By understanding sources of uncertainty, and how they change at different forecast horizons, we provide recommendations for projecting species distribution models under global climate change.

The International Health Regulations Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (IHRMEF) includes four components regularly conducted by States Parties to measure the current status of International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 core capacities and provide recommendations for strengthening these capacities. However, the four components are conducted independently of one another and have no systematic referral to each other before, during or after each process, despite being largely conducted by the same team, country and support organisations. This analysis sets out to identify ways in which IHRMEF components could work more synergistically to effectively measure the status of IHR core capacities, taking into account the country’s priority risks. We developed a methodology to allow these independent components to communicate with each other, including expert consultation, a qualitative crosswalk analysis and a country-level quantitative analysis. The demonstrated results act as a proof of concept and illustrate a methodology to provide benefits across all four components before, during and after implementation.

A major challenge in sustainability science is identifying targets that maximize ecosystem benefits to humanity while minimizing the risk of crossing critical system thresholds. One critical threshold is the biomass at which populations become so depleted that their population growth rates become negative-depensation. Here, we evaluate how the value of monitoring information increases as a natural resource spends more time near the critical threshold. This benefit emerges because higher monitoring precision promotes higher yield and a greater capacity to recover from overharvest. We show that precautionary buffers that trigger increased monitoring precision as resource levels decline may offer a way to minimize monitoring costs and maximize profits. In a world of finite resources, improving our understanding of the trade-off between precision in estimates of population status and the costs of mismanagement will benefit stakeholders that shoulder the burden of these economic and social costs.

Climate change is already impacting coastal communities, and ongoing and future shifts in fisheries species productivity from climate change have implications for the livelihoods and cultures of coastal communities. Harvested marine species in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem support U.S. West Coast communities economically, socially, and culturally. Ecological vulnerability assessments exist for individual species in the California Current but ecological and human vulnerability are linked and vulnerability is expected to vary by community. Here, we present automatable, reproducible methods for assessing the vulnerability of U.S. West Coast fishing dependent communities to climate change within a social-ecological vulnerability framework. We first assessed the ecological risk of marine resources, on which fishing communities rely, to 50 years of climate change projections. We then combined this with the adaptive capacity of fishing communities, based on social indicators, to assess the potential ability of communities to cope with future changes. Specific communities (particularly in Washington state) were determined to be at risk to climate change mainly due to economic reliance on at risk marine fisheries species, like salmon, hake, or sea urchins. But, due to higher social adaptive capacity, these communities were often not found to be the most vulnerable overall. Conversely, certain communities that were not the most at risk, ecologically and economically, ranked in the category of highly vulnerable communities due to low adaptive capacity based on social indicators (particularly in Southern California). Certain communities were both ecologically at risk due to catch composition and socially vulnerable (low adaptive capacity) leading to the highest tier of vulnerability. The integration of climatic, ecological, economic, and societal data reveals that factors underlying vulnerability are variable across fishing communities on the U.S West Coast, and suggests the need to develop a variety of well-aligned strategies to adapt to the ecological impacts of climate change.

Despite the increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme climate events, little is known about how their impacts flow through social and ecological systems or whether management actions can dampen deleterious effects. We examined how the record 2014-2016 Northeast Pacific marine heatwave influenced trade-offs in managing conflict between conservation goals and human activities using a case study on large whale entanglements in the U.S. west coasts most lucrative fishery (the Dungeness crab fishery). We showed that this extreme climate event diminished the power of multiple management strategies to resolve trade-offs between entanglement risk and fishery revenue, transforming near win-win to clear win-lose outcomes (for whales and fishers, respectively). While some actions were more cost-effective than others, there was no silver-bullet strategy to reduce the severity of these trade-offs. Our study highlights how extreme climate events can exacerbate human-wildlife conflict, and emphasizes the need for innovative management and policy interventions that provide ecologically and socially sustainable solutions in an era of rapid environmental change.

Objective: To better understand the microbial profile of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema, and to evaluate whether antimicrobial selection would differ if guided by targeted metagenomic sequencing (tMGS) vs conventional cultures (CCs) alone. Patients and Methods: We analyzed the pleural fluid of a cohort of 47 patients undergoing thoracentesis from January 1, 2017 to August 31, 2019, to characterize their microbial profile. All samples underwent 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene polymerase chain reaction, followed by tMGS. Results: Pleural space infection was deemed clinically present in 20 of the 47 (43%) participants. Of those, n=7 (35%) had positive pleural fluid cultures and n=14 (70%) had positive tMGS results. The organisms identified by tMGS were concordant with CCs; however, tMGS detected additional bacterial species over CCs alone. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species were the most common organisms identified, with Streptococcus intermedius/constellatus identified in 5 patients. Polymicrobial infections were found in 6 of the 20 patients, with anaerobes being the most common organisms identified in these cases. Conclusion: Streptococci and staphylococci were the most common organisms identified in infected pleural fluid. Anaerobes were common in polymicrobial infections. When compared with CCs, tMGS had higher sensitivity than CCs. Targeted metagenomic sequencing identified additional organisms, not identified by CCs, with associated potential management implications.

Purpose We investigated research barriers among Jordanian medical postgraduates to understand the current context of the local health research landscape and improve scholarly output. Methods Using a validated questionnaire, Jordanian interns, residents, specialists, and consultants were examined for their perceived attitudes and barriers towards research. Participants were conveniently sampled from public, university, military, and private institutions. Differences in responses were examined using the Student t-test and analysis of variance. Binary logistic regression was utilized to examine predictors of being able to publish. Results A total of 1,141 Jordanian medical postgraduates were recruited, of which 61.3% were junior postgraduates (i.e., interns and residents in their first 2 years of residency) while 38.7% were senior postgraduates (i.e., senior residents, specialists, and consultants). Around 76.0% of participants had no peer-reviewed publications. Of those with least one publication (n=273), only 31.1% had first authorships. Participants portrayed dominantly positive attitudes towards the importance of research. There were no significant differences between junior and senior postgraduates for overall attitudes (p=0.486) and knowledge barriers scores (p=0.0261). Conversely, senior postgraduates demonstrated higher mean organizational barriers (p

Ecology is often governed by nonlinear dynamics. Nonlinear ecological relationships can include thresholds—incremental changes in drivers that provoke disproportionately large ecological responses. Among the species that experience nonlinear and threshold dynamics are Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). These culturally, ecologically, and economically significant fishes are in many places declining and management focal points. Often, managers can influence or react to ecological conditions that salmon experience, suggesting that nonlinearities, especially thresholds, may provide opportunities to inform decisions. However, nonlinear dynamics are not always invoked in management decisions involving salmon. Here, we review reported nonlinearities and thresholds in salmon ecology, describe potential applications that scientists and managers could develop to leverage nonlinear dynamics, and offer a path toward decisions that account for ecological nonlinearities and thresholds to improve salmon outcomes. It appears that nonlinear dynamics are not uncommon in salmon ecology and that many management arenas may potentially leverage them to enable more effective or efficient decisions. Indeed, decisions guided by nonlinearities and thresholds may be particularly desirable considering salmon management arenas are often characterized by limited resources and mounting ecological stressors, practical constraints, and conservation challenges. More broadly, many salmon systems are data-rich and there are an extensive range of ecological contexts in which salmon are sensitive to anthropogenic decisions. Approaches developed to leverage nonlinearities in salmon ecology may serve as examples that may inform analogous approaches in other systems and taxa.

Introduction The introduction of vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) added another measure to the existing set of recommended preventive measures (wearing a mask in public, keeping a distance from [...], Objective To study the link between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination status and adherence to public health and soda measures in Members of the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Algeria. Methods We analysed two rounds of a large, cross-country, repeated cross-sectional mobile phone survey in June-July 2021 an October-November 2021. The rounds included 14 287 and 14 131 respondents, respectively, from 23 countries and territories. Question covered knowledge, attitudes and practices around COVID-19, and demographic, employment, health and vaccination status. We use logit modelling to analyse the link between self-reported vaccination status and individuals' practice of mask wearing, physical distancing and handwashing. We used propensity score matching as a robustness check. Findings Overall, vaccinated respondents (8766 respondents in round 2) were significantly more likely to adhere to preventive measures that those who were unvaccinated (5297 respondents in round 2). Odds ratios were 1.5 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.3-1.8) for mask wearing 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3-1.7) for physical distancing; and 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0-1.4) for handwashing. Similar results were found on analysing subsample of low- and middle-income countries. However, in high-income countries, where vaccination coverage is high, there was no significant link between vaccination and preventive practices. The association between vaccination status and adherence to public health advice was sustained over time, even though self-reported vaccination coverage tripled over 5 months (19.4% to 62.3%; weighted percentages). Conclusion Individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 maintained their adherence to preventive health measures. Nevertheless, reinforcement of public health messages is important for the public's continued compliance with preventive measures. Objectif Etudier le lien entre le statut de vaccination contre la maladie a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) et l'adhesion aux mesures sociales et de sante publique en Algerie et au sein des Membres de la Region de la Mediterranee orientale. Methodes Nous avons analyse deux series de resultats issus d'une vaste enquete transnationale et transversale realisee a intervalles reguliers via telephone mobile en juin-juillet 2021 et octobre-novembre 2021. Ces series ont comptabilise respectivement 14 287 et 14 131 participants repartis sur 23 pays et territoires. Les questions portaient sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques relatives a la COVID-19, ainsi que sur le statut demographique, professionnel, sanitaire et vaccinal. Nous avons utilise un modele Logit pour examiner le lien entre le statut vaccinal rapporte et les pratiques de chacun en matiere de port du masque, de distanciation physique et de lavage des mains. Enfin, nous avons procede a un appariement des coefficients de propension en guise de test de robustesse. Resultats Globalement, les repondants vaccines (8766 dans la deuxieme serie) etaient nettement plus enclins a respecter les mesures de prevention que les repondants non vaccines (5297 dans la deuxieme serie). Lodds ratio s'elevait a 1,5 (intervalle de confiance de 95%, IC: 13-1,8) pour le port du masque; 1,5 (IC de 95%: 1,3-1,7) pour la distanciation physique; et 1,2 (IC de 95%: 1,0-1,4) pour le lavage des mains. Des resultats similaires ont ete obtenus lors de l'analyse des sous-echantillons provenant de pays a revenu faible et intermediaire. Cependant, dans les pays a revenu eleve oU la couverture vaccinale est importante, aucune correlation n'a ete etablie entre la vaccination et les pratiques preventives. Le lien entre le statut vaccinal et l'adhesion aux mesures de sante publique s'est maintenu au fil du temps, meme si la couverture vaccinale a triple en cinq mois (passant de 19,4% a 62,3%; pourcentages ponderes). Conclusion Les personnes vaccinees contre la COVID-19 ont continue a respecter les mesures preventives en matiere de sante. Il faut toutefois renforcer les messages de sante publique afin que la population ne renonce pas a appliquer ces mesures. Objetivo Analizar la relacion entre el estado de vacunacion contra la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) y el cumplimiento de las medidas sociales y de salud publica en los Estados Miembros de la Region del Mediterraneo Oriental y Argelia. Metodos Se analizaron dos rondas de una gran encuesta transversal de telefonia movil repetida entre paises realizada en junio y julio de 2021 y en octubre y noviembre de 2021. Las rondas incluyeron 14 287 y 14 131 encuestados, respectivamente, de 23 paises y territorios. Las preguntas incluian conocimientos, actitudes y practicas en relacion con la COVID-19, asi como la situacion demografica, laboral, sanitaria y de vacunacion. Se utilizo un modelo logit para analizar la relacion entre el estado de vacunacion informado por los encuestados y la practica del uso de mascarillas, el distanciamiento fisico y el lavado de manos. Se utilizo el emparejamiento por puntuacion de propension como comprobacion de consistencia. Resultados En general, los encuestados vacunados (8766 encuestados en la ronda 2) eran significativamente mas propensos a cumplir las medidas preventivas que los no vacunados (5297 encuestados en la ronda 2). Las razones de posibilidades fueron de 1,5 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, IC: 1,3-1,8) para el uso de mascarilla; 1,5 (IC del 95%: 13-1,7) para el distanciamiento fisico; y 1,2 (IC del 95%: 1,0-1,4) para el lavado de manos. Se encontraron resultados similares al analizar submuestras de paises de ingresos bajos y medios. Sin embargo, en los paises de ingresos altos, donde la cobertura de vacunacion es alta, no hubo una relacion significativa entre la vacunacion y las practicas preventivas. La asociacion entre el estado de vacunacion y el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de salud publica se mantuvo en el tiempo, a pesar de que la cobertura de vacunacion informada por las personas se triplico en 5 meses (del 19,4% al 62,3%; porcentajes ponderados). Conclusion Las personas vacunadas contra la COVID-19 mantuvieron su adhesion a las medidas sanitarias preventivas. No obstante, el refuerzo de los mensajes de salud publica es importante para que la poblacion siga cumpliendo las medidas preventivas.

Abstract Recent scientific advances have made headway in addressing pertinient issues in climate change and the sustainability of our natural environment. This study makes use of a novel approach to desalination that is environment friendly, naturally sustainable and energy efficient, meaning that it is also cost efficient. Evaporation is a key phenomenon in the natural environment and used in many industrial applications including desalination. For a liquid droplet, the vapor pressure changes due to the curved liquid–vapor interface at the droplet surface. The vapor pressure at a convex surface in a pore is, therefore, higher than that at a flat surface due to the capillary effect, and this effect is enhanced as the pore radius decreases. This concept inspired us to design a novel biporous anisotropic membrane for membrane distillation (MD), which enables to desalinate water at ambient temperature and pressure by applying only a small transmembrane temperature gradient. The novel membrane is described as a super-hydrophobic nano-porous/micro-porous composite membrane. A laboratory-made membrane with specifications determined by the theoretical model was prepared for model validation and tested for desalination at different feed inlet temperatures by direct contact MD. A water vapor flux as high as 39.94 ± 8.3 L m−2 h−1 was achieved by the novel membrane at low feed temperature (25 °C, permeate temperature = 20 °C), while the commercial PTFE membrane, which is widely used in MD research, had zero flux under the same operating conditions. As well, the fluxes of the fabricated membrane were much higher than the commercial membrane at various inlet feed temperatures.

The timing, or phenology, of predator activity in relation to their prey is critical for survival and fitness, yet rarely quantified for marine species, even those of conservation concern. We use a large database of professional and crowd-sourced observations analyzed with hierarchical spline occupancy models to quantify seasonal variation in occurrence of an endangered apex predator, the southern resident killer whale (SRKW) Orcinus orca, in inland waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. We find that timing of SRKW occurrence has shifted in their summer core habitat within the central Salish Sea: the day of year of peak occurrence probability shifted later at rates of 1-5 d yr-1 over 2001-2017 (resulting in shifts of 17-85 d across this 17 yr time period). These shifts are consistent with shifts in their preferred prey, Fraser River Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, as the relative number of fish returning to spawn in the spring has declined compared to numbers returning in summer and fall. The shift in timing of fall/winter SRKW occurrence outside the summer core habitat, however, is not consistent with shifts in other prey populations (Chinook, coho Oncorhynchus kisutch, chum Oncorhynchus keta salmon) returning to nearby rivers. Our findings demonstrate the complexity of consumer phenological responses and highlight gaps in our understanding of links between management actions that affect resource phenology and consequences for organisms relying on those resources.

Growing scientific awareness, strong regulations, and effective management have begun to fulfill the promise of recovery in the ocean. However, many efforts toward ocean recovery remain unsuccessful, in part because marine ecosystems and the human societies that depend upon them are constantly changing. Furthermore, recovery efforts are embedded in marine social-ecological systems where large-scale dynamics can inhibit recovery. We argue that the ways forward are to (i) rethink an inclusive definition of recovery that embraces a diversity of stakeholder perspectives about acceptable recovery goals and ecosystem outcomes; (ii) encourage research that enables anticipation of feasible recovery states and identifies pathways toward resilient ecosystems; and (iii) adopt policies that are sufficiently nimble to keep pace with rapid change and governance that works seamlessly from local to regional scales. Application of these principles can facilitate successful recoveries in a world where environmental conditions and social imperatives are constantly shifting.

BackgroundOf around 2 billion Muslims worldwide, approximately 1.5 billion observe Ramadan fasting (RF) month. Those that observe RF have diverse cultural, ethnic, social, and economic backgrounds and are distributed over a wide geographical area. Sleep is known to be significantly altered during the month of Ramadan, which has a profound impact on human health. Moreover, sleep is closely connected to dietary and lifestyle behaviors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study collected data using a structured, self-administered electronic questionnaire that was translated into 13 languages and disseminated to Muslim populations across 27 countries. The questionnaire assessed dietary and lifestyle factors as independent variables, and three sleep parameters (quality, duration, and disturbance) as dependent variables. We performed structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine how dietary and lifestyle factors affected these sleep parameters.ResultsIn total, 24,541 adults were enrolled in this study. SEM analysis revealed that during RF, optimum sleep duration (7–9 h) was significantly associated with sufficient physical activity (PA) and consuming plant-based proteins. In addition, smoking was significantly associated with greater sleep disturbance and lower sleep quality. Participants that consumed vegetables, fruits, dates, and plant-based proteins reported better sleep quality. Infrequent consumption of delivered food and infrequent screen time were also associated with better sleep quality. Conflicting results were found regarding the impact of dining at home versus dining out on the three sleep parameters.ConclusionIncreasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, and plant-based proteins are important factors that could help improve healthy sleep for those observing RF. In addition, regular PA and avoiding smoking may contribute to improving sleep during RF.

Introduction Article 43 of the International Health Regulation (2005) (IHR) directs Member States to report and justify significant health measures to WHO within 48 hours of implementation unless otherwise covered [...]

IntroductionUnderstanding how abundance, productivity and distribution of individual species may respond to climate change is a critical first step towards anticipating alterations in marine ecosystem structure and function, as well as developing strategies to adapt to the full range of potential changes.MethodsThis study applies the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries Climate Vulnerability Assessment method to 64 federally-managed species in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem to assess their vulnerability to climate change, where vulnerability is a function of a species’ exposure to environmental change and its biological sensitivity to a set of environmental conditions, which includes components of its resiliency and adaptive capacity to respond to these new conditions.ResultsOverall, two-thirds of the species were judged to have Moderate or greater vulnerability to climate change, and only one species was anticipated to have a positive response. Species classified as Highly or Very Highly vulnerable share one or more characteristics including: 1) having complex life histories that utilize a wide range of freshwater and marine habitats; 2) having habitat specialization, particularly for areas that are likely to experience increased hypoxia; 3) having long lifespans and low population growth rates; and/or 4) being of high commercial value combined with impacts from non-climate stressors such as anthropogenic habitat degradation. Species with Low or Moderate vulnerability are either habitat generalists, occupy deep-water habitats or are highly mobile and likely to shift their ranges.DiscussionAs climate-related changes intensify, this work provides key information for both scientists and managers as they address the long-term sustainability of fisheries in the region. This information can inform near-term advice for prioritizing species-level data collection and research on climate impacts, help managers to determine when and where a precautionary approach might be warranted, in harvest or other management decisions, and help identify habitats or life history stages that might be especially effective to protect or restore.