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Engagement in knowledge exchange (KE) with external actors has become widely accepted as an integral mission of universities. However, research and teaching performance remain more important for career progression, while engagement activities are more weakly institutionalized. This raises the question of why academics participate in knowledge exchange engagement activities. This paper examines to what extent academics perceive that they are rewarded directly for KE by their university and to what extent they perceive to benefit in terms of their performance in other missions (research and teaching). Furthermore, we examine how these perceptions are associated with actual engagement behavior. We use data from a sample of academics in seven European universities to examine whether direct and indirect benefits from engagement are linked to engagement in a broad range of KE activities. The results suggest that direct university rewards are associated with less engagement in KE activities, while perceived indirect benefits are associated with more engagement. These relationships are particularly strong in STEM fields.

This article explores the complexity of factors or mechanisms that can influence hydrogen stakeholder perception and acceptance in Norway. We systematically analyze 16 semi-structured in-depth interviews with industry stakeholders at local, municipal, regional, and national levels of interest and authority in Norway. Four empirical dimensions are identified that highlight the need for whole system approaches in hydrogen technology research: (1) several challenges, incentives, and synergy effects influence the hydrogen transition; (2) transport preferences are influenced by combined needs and limitations; (3) levels of knowledge and societal trust determinant to perceptions of risk and acceptance; and (4) national and international hydrogen stakeholders are crucial to building incentives and securing commitment among key actors. Our findings imply that project management, planners, engineers, and policymakers need to apply a whole system perspective and work across local, regional, and national levels before proceeding with large-scale development and implementation of the hydrogen supply chain. publishedVersion

Moral subjectivity (e.g., reflexivity, perspective-taking) is a necessary condition for moral development. However, widely used approaches to business ethics education, rooted in conceptualizations of ethical development as objective and quantifiable, often neglect stu- dents’ subjective involvement in moral matters. In this case study, we investigated subjec- tive aspects of moral development of MBA students in a business ethics course using an alternative pedagogy based on world literature as course material. The findings eluci- dated that the use of literary narratives stimulated the development of “moral muscle,” a dynamic moral capability that needs to be developed through regular reflection and prac- tice. Additionally, the development of moral muscle during the course showed heteroge- neity among students with different starting positions, learning routes, and end states of their moral development. The findings contribute to a new theoretical understanding of moral development as a dynamic process—as moral muscle—with different individual change trajectories, and shed new light on how the use of literary narratives in business ethics education can stimulate this development.

Population growth and the expansion of industries have increased energy demand and the use of fossil fuels as an energy source, resulting in release of greenhouse gases (GHG) and increased air pollution. Countries are therefore looking for alternatives to fossil fuels for energy generation. Using hydrogen as an energy carrier is one of the most promising alternatives to replace fossil fuels in electricity generation. It is therefore essential to know how hydrogen is produced. Hydrogen can be produced by splitting the water molecules in an electrolyser, using the abondand water resources, which are covering around ⅔ of the Earth's surface. Electrolysers, however, require high-quality water, with conductivity in the range of 0.1–1 μS/cm. In January 2018, there were 184 offshore oil and gas rigs in the North Sea which may be excellent sites for hydrogen production from seawater. The hydrogen production process reported in this paper is based on a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser with an input flow rate of 300 L/h. A financially optimal system for producing demineralized water from seawater, with conductivity in the range of 0.1–1 μS/cm as the input for electrolyser, by WAVE (Water Application Value Engine) design software was studied. The costs of producing hydrogen using the optimised system was calculated to be US dollars 3.51/kg H2. The best option for low-cost power generation, using renewable resources such as photovoltaic (PV) devices, wind turbines, as well as electricity from the grid was assessed, considering the location of the case considered. All calculations were based on assumption of existing cable from the grid to the offshore, meaning that the cost of cables and distribution infrastructure were not considered. Models were created using HOMER Pro (Hybrid Optimisation of Multiple Energy Resources) software to optimise the microgrids and the distributed energy resources, under the assumption of a nominal discount rate, inflation rate, project lifetime, and CO2 tax in Norway. Eight different scenarios were examined using HOMER Pro, and the main findings being as follows: The cost of producing water with quality required by the electrolyser is low, compared with the cost of electricity for operation of the electrolyser, and therefore has little effect on the total cost of hydrogen production (less than 1%). The optimal solution was shown to be electricity from the grid, which has the lowest levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of the options considered. The hydrogen production cost using electricity from the grid was about US dollars 5/kg H2. Grid based electricity resulted in the lowest hydrogen production cost, even when costs for CO2 emissions in Norway, that will start to apply in 2025 was considered, being approximately US dollars 7.7/kg H2. From economical point of view, wind energy was found to be a more economical than solar.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to increase knowledge and understanding of the relationship between full-time-culture and the outcome for quality and safety of care.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a literature review with a qualitatively oriented thematic analysis concerning quality or safety outcomes for patients, or patients and staff when introducing a full-time culture.FindingsIdentified factors that could have a positive or negative impact on quality and patient safety when introducing full-time culture were length of shift, fatigue/burnout, autonomy/empowerment and system/structure. Working shifts over 12 h or more than 40 h a week is associated with increased adverse events and errors, lower quality patient care, less attention to safety concerns and more care left undone. Long shifts give healthcare personnel more flexibility and better quality-time off, but there is also an association between long shifts and fatigue or burnout. Having a choice and flexibility around shift patterns is a predictor of increased wellbeing and health.Originality/valueA major challenge across healthcare services is having enough qualified personnel to handle the increasing number of patients. One of the measures to get enough qualified personnel for the expected tasks is to increase the number of full-time employees and move towards a full-time culture. It is argued that full-time culture will have a positive effect on work environment, efficiency and quality due to a better allocation of work tasks, predictable work schedule, reduced sick leave, and continuity in treatment and care. There is limited research on how the introduction of full-time culture will affect the quality and safety for patients and staff, and few studies have been focusing on the relationship between longer shift, work schedule, and quality and safety of care.

To the surprise of many in the West, the fall of the USSR in 1991 did not lead to the adoption of liberal democratic government around the world and the much anticipated “end of history.” In fact, authoritarianism has made a comeback, and liberal democracy has been on the retreat for at least the last 15 years culminating in the unthinkable: the invasion of a democratic European country by an authoritarian regime. But why does authoritarianism continue to spread, not only as an alternative to liberal democracy, but also within many liberal democracies where authoritarian leaders continue to gain strength and popularity? In this curated piece, contributors discuss some of the potential contributions of management scholarship to understanding authoritarianism, as well as highlight a number of directions for management research in this area.

I denne artikkelen illustrerer jeg hvordan en psykososial tilnærming (Salling Olesen 2020) som teori og metode girinnganger til å forstå hvordan to teologistudenters utdanningsvalg som prester inngår i deres livshistorier. Ved åundersøke teologistudentenes livshistorier åpner det for tolkninger av hvorledes deres sosialisering til presteskapet erinnleiret i bredere samfunnsmessige prosesser, som moderniseringen av det norske samfunnet og utviklingen av like-stilling. Jeg viser hvordan teologistudentenes kjønnede sosialiserte subjektivitet inngår i deres utvikling av en profe-sjonell identitet som prest

I denne artikkelen undersøker vi hvilken betydning alkohol og alkoholhåndtering har for unge kvinner og mennmed krysskulturell oppvekst. Vi anvender interseksjonalitet som perspektiv for å belyse hvordan ulike sosiale katego-rier kan påvirke unges livsbetingelser og opplevelser av tilhørighet. Artikkelen bygger på kvalitative intervjuer med13 unge voksne, som forteller om sine erfaringer med krysskulturell oppvekst. Våre analyser viser at alkohol og alko-holhåndtering har en sentral betydning i deres opplevelser og navigering av tilhørighet til majoritets- og minoritets-miljøer. Som unge, religiøse kvinner og menn opplever de at alkoholkonsum og festing fungerer som markører fordet å være ung og norsk, og at alkoholbruk er en betingelse for å bli en del av det norske majoritetsfellesskapet. Fraegne familier og minoritetsmiljøer opplever deltakerne derimot en forventning om avholdenhet og at de avstår frafellesskap der det brukes alkohol. De motstridende forventningene vanskeliggjør navigering av tilhørighet til bådemajoritets- og minoritetsmiljøer. Artikkelen bidrar til å gi en økt forståelse av hvordan alkoholbruk er forbundet medhierarkiserende konstruksjoner av norskhet og fremmedhet, og inndelinger i «oss» og «dem»

Historical abuse of children in institutional settings has increasingly been recognized as a serious issue requiring redress and reparations for survivors. This article explores the experiences of survivors of institutional childhood abuse, when they decide to apply for redress. Norwegian redress programmes are part of an international wave of survivor remedy and compensation. There is a lack of research on survivors’ experiences in this area. Data for this study were derived from qualitative interviews with 11 claimants (aged 27 to 70) of redress programmes in Norway. When we explored how our research participants experienced advocating for and applying for redress programmes, we saw that the process leading up to the decision to apply was characterized by ambivalence. By applying the theoretical concept of ‘victim capital’, we investigated the experiences and rationale of participants’ ambivalence during this decision process. Findings showed their ambivalence was centred around four themes: i) uncertainty of victim position, ii) doubt about responsibility, iii) scepticism about personal and interpersonal resources, and iv) hesitancy regarding monetary payments. As survivors seem to go through exhausting personal and social processes before even deciding to apply, we argue that information about programmes needs to be extensive, and that support during the process should be comprehensive.

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) refers to the concept of integrating new mobility services electronically, thereby enabling users to access various public and private transport services via a single digital platform. Through MaaS, service providers aim at developing an integrated service that caters to various demands by mobility users. Personal data such as travel behavior is key in this context, because it allows the development, customization, and personalization of mobility services. Hence, for MaaS to become successful, service providers need to collect users' personal information, and users need to accept data collection. In turn, privacy concerns represent a potential hurdle for the success of MaaS. Therefore, understanding privacy concerns from the users' side can help MaaS providers to increase the users' willingness to share their information. This study aims to add on to earlier research findings on privacy concerns by shedding light on new dimensions emerging from the MaaS service. Understanding privacy concerns from the users' side is key in that regard, as it may enable improved service and system development. A sequential mixed-methods approach is used to collect, analyze, and “mix” both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The primary findings are as follows: (1) Privacy concerns specific to the mobility data collection context exist; (2) users are not necessarily personally worried about their privacy even though they claim privacy is an issue; (3) in contrast to traditional privacy thinking, users' trust in mobility service providers may override their privacy concerns. The study’s results indicate trust is the key to MaaS adoption. Policy recommendations are explored in the end.

Immigration is a highly discussed top in Europe. Flows of immigrants with different ethnic and social background into cities often occupy urban areas. This arrival of immigrant population to cities is based on certain factors both precedent from the country of origin and the country of destination. Similarly, the location choices are also affected by preferences related to employment, housing, or social conditions. All these factors affect the urban structure of the host urban areas, and it is therefore, of interest, to analyse it.

In this case study, the aim was to investigate how primary school teachers in a leading-edge Norwegian primary school use digital technologies to differentiate instruction in order to promote a more inclusive learning environment in academically diverse classrooms. Seven teachers teaching grades 1 and 5 were observed and interviewed to collect data on their beliefs and practices regarding differentiation. Afterwards, 20 teachers in the same school answered in a survey about teaching in highly digitalised learning environments. The results suggest that teachers find a lot of potential and possibilities in using digital technologies to differentiate instruction to create an inclusive learning environment. However, pupils’ digital products indicate that they would need more guidance in taking advantage of the teachers’ intentions and flexible curricula. publishedVersion

Past scholarship has documented that the poor are more likely to withhold their policy preferences in public opinion surveys, suggesting income gaps in political engagement. Despite the wealth of scholarly interest in opinion formation, however, previous studies focused almost exclusively on opinion gaps in preferences, leaving income-related gaps in policy prioritisation virtually unexamined. Drawing on 596 public opinion surveys conducted with nearly 700,000 Americans over 55 years, we make a comprehensive attempt to examine income-level differences in “don’t know” responses to the most important problem (MIP) question. Our results show that the less affluent are more likely to say “don’t know” when asked about the MIP facing their country, even after controlling for various factors including educational attainment and political attention. Importantly, we also show that income-related differences in opinionation cross cut other socio-economic differences in policy prioritisation. These results have important implications for the study of public opinion.

«Vold i hjemmet / Barnet vitne til vold i nære relasjoner» er den vanligste voldskategorien i barneverntjenestens meldingsstatistikk, men det er forsket lite på hvordan slike saker håndteres. I artikkelen undersøker vi voldsutsatte mødres erfaringer med barneverntjenesten i fasen etter samlivsbrudd med voldelig partner, gjennom en analyse av kvalitative intervjuer med 40 voldsutsatte mødre. I dette materialet identifiserer vi to tilnærmingstyper som kvinnene opplevde å bli møtt med av barneverntjenesten. En foreldrekonflikttilnærming der kvinnene opplever at barneverntjenesten ikke anerkjenner at far har vært voldelig mot mor, og at barna har levd med vold, og en voldstilnærming der kvinnene opplever at barneverntjenesten anerkjenner at det har vært vold. En voldstilnærming er imidlertid ikke ensbetydende med god hjelp. Opplevelsen av god hjelp er koplet til å bli sett som voldsutsatt mor, og ikke bare som omsorgsutøver. "Violence in the home / Child exposed to family violence " is the most common category of violence in the child welfare service's (CWS) administrative statistics, but little research has been done on how such cases are handled. In this article, we examine abused mothers’ experience with the CWS during the phase after a break-up with their partner, based on an analysis of qualitative interviews with 40 abused mothers. The women's stories point to two main approaches: a parental conflict approach where the women experience that the CWS does not recognize that the father has been violent towards the mother, and that the children have lived with violence, and a violence approach where the women experience that the CWS acknowledges that there has been violence. However, a violence approach does not guarantee good help. The experience of good help is linked to being seen as an abused mother, and not only as a caregiver.

International student mobility (ISM) is often perceived to enhance career prospects. Surprisingly, the role of personality traits in explaining why students go abroad and relationships between ISM and labour market outcomes have received scant scholarly attention. Based on survey data from Norwegian graduates, we found that degree and credit mobility graduates were significantly more extraverted and open than non-mobile peers and that degree mobiles were more agreeable than both credit and non-mobiles. Furthermore, results revealed that whereas degree mobility is related to both wage and Occupational self-efficiacy (OSE), this was not the case for credit mobility. However, personality did affect the associations between degree mobility and labour market outcomes. In sum, our study suggests that the distinction between degree and credit mobility is important when considering the labour market outcomes of ISM and that personality does play a role in the links between degree mobility and labour market outcomes.

I denne artikkelen undersøker vi i hvilken grad det skjedde endringer i organisasjoners kontakt med offentlige beslut-ningstakere og påvirkning på politiske beslutningsprosesser under koronapandemien. Mer konkret ser vi nærmerepå endringer i organisasjonenes kontakt med Stortinget, regjeringen og forvaltningen samt graden av påvirkning deopplevde å ha på koronarelaterte beslutninger, og hvordan denne varierte mellom ulike organisasjonstyper og sakenede målbar. Vi bruker data fra en spørreundersøkelse gjennomført blant nasjonale organisasjoner i 2021, der det blestilt spørsmål om politiske aktiviteter før og under koronapandemien. Funnene viser at kontakten mellom organi-sasjoner og det offentlige under pandemien i hovedsak var preget av stabilitet framfor endring. Vi finner i hovedsaken reduksjon i samfunnsorienterte organisasjoners kontakt med Stortinget og regjeringen, mens ikke for økonomiskorienterte eller fritidsorienterte organisasjoner. Vi finner også at hvor aktivt organisasjonene arbeidet for å skaffe ellerutvide økonomiske krisepakker og å lette smitteverntiltak, var forbundet med større påvirkning spesielt for økono-misk orienterte organisasjoner. Offentlige beslutningstakere kan se ut til ha prioritert organisasjoner med en etablertrelasjon til det offentlige. Vi konkluderer med at kontaktmønstrene under pandemien i stor grad var det samme somfør, men at det skjedde en framheving av korporative trekk og noe nedtoning av pluralistiske trekk Organisasjoners involvering i og innflytelse på offentlig politikk under koronapandemien: Pluralisering eller korporatisering?

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how learning within the fire and rescue services may be conceptualized, with special attention paid to tunnel fire safety. Previous studies have developed a model to understand learning in emergency response work. The concept of learning is extended from observed changes in relevant settings to also encompass confirmation of existing knowledge and comprehension of existing practices. We are interested in investigating the properties of the learning model and identifying the mechanisms that influence fire and rescue personnel’s experiences of change, confirmation and/or comprehension. Design/methodology/approach This study relies on quantitative data obtained from a questionnaire answered by 939 Norwegian fire and rescue personnel. Multivariate methods have been used to identify the measurement model and the structural relations of the factors. Findings The results confirm the theoretical model and indicate that the outcome of learning is influenced by elements of content, context, commitment, decision-making and response and reflection, and that the influence of content and commitment on the outcome of learning is partially indirect and mediated through reflection. Originality/value To date, no systematic analysis has been conducted to investigate the factorial structure, as well as the interactions and relationship between the model’s components. This study makes an important contribution to a detailed understanding of learning within the fire and rescue services.

The article introduces scaling and generalizes the Taylor (1993) interest rate rule from four terms to seven terms. The three additional terms are the deviation in money supply, the deviation in money velocity, and the deviation in unemployment rate. The four original terms are the inflation rate, the equilibrium real interest rate, the deviation in inflation rate, and the deviation in real GDP (Gross Domestic Product). The weights for the seven terms are estimated via the monthly January 1, 1959 - March 31, 2022 US data. All the seven combinations of the Taylor (1993) rule, the Quantity Equation (Friedman, 1970), and the Phillips (1958) curve with scaling give substantially better results than both Taylor (1993, 1999) rules without scaling. The Phillips (1958) curve is best when choosing only one rule with scaling. Combining the Taylor (1993) rule and the Phillips (1958) curve is best when choosing among two rules with scaling.

This study investigates the levels of and associations among academic stress, perceived motivational climate and emotional problems in students at Norwegian upper secondary schools. A structural equation model with a sample of 1379 students (Mage 16.5 years old) tested the associations between perceived mastery and performance climates and emotional problems via associations with academic stress. Levels of academic stress and emotional problems were found to be higher among female participants than male participants. Performance climate was related to higher academic stress; it was also related to more emotional problems through its association with academic stress. Mastery climate was associated with lower academic stress, and both directly and indirectly (via academic stress) related to less emotional problems. There was a strong link between academic stress and emotional problems, and this was significantly stronger among female participants. Practical implications are suggested.

This article examines two cases that present ethical challenges encountered by social workers in making decisions either to maintain professional boundaries or fulfil moral obligations while working with service users in vulnerable situations. In the first case, a Lebanese social worker narrates how she was motivated to step out of her official responsibilities to assist a refugee mother of three who showed suicidal ideation. In the second case, a Ugandan social worker recounts her experience while working with a family whose 12-year-old daughter was raped and became pregnant, but whose parents refused to accept abortion when medical diagnosis showed that the girl’s life was in danger. A commentary from the authors is provided after each case. Both social workers were arguably motivated to act based on their concern to care for people, protect human rights, and save lives in the two case scenarios. This underscores the relevance of the ethics of care and virtue ethics in describing the associated ethical challenges in both cases. Furthermore, the dynamic nature of the ethical challenges encountered by the social workers demands open minds and flexibility in decision-making.

The present study investigated bidirectional associations between teachers’ sense of inadequacy and self-efficacy and factors related to them across one academic year. Teachers (N = 52) rated their sense of inadequacy and self-efficacy in fall and spring, and reported the number of students in need of support in spring. The results of cross-lagged path models showed that teachers’ sense of inadequacy in fall negatively predicted their subsequent self-efficacy, especially in the dimensions of student engagement and classroom management. In addition, teachers’ work experience and number of students with need of support in terms of social and behavioral problems were related to teacher self-efficacy (TSE). Based on these findings, the number of students in need of support in the classroom is a critical factor that influences TSE; therefore, teachers may need support to manage students with needs in terms of social and behavioral problems to maintain their sense of high self-efficacy.

The concepts of communication and trust play a central role in crisis management. There is a complex nexus between communication and trust building in crisis management, as different activities and processes result in communication and trust building in crisis management. This article argues that communication and trust are two sides of the same crisis management coin: each complements the other. To this end, we reflected on how crisis communication and trust factors could be a tool to amplify or attenuate the level of attention given to creeping crises and how such factors could influence creeping crisis management difficulties. We then proposed a crisis management typology to aid crisis managers in managing the difficulties associated with creeping crises.

This article studies how the decision to connect data volumes to value is made by technologists and governance people in smart cities’ datafication process. Its entry point is that datafication promises to use data to make cities liveable domains. Cities on the back of this promise presuppose that more data produce value and therefore fixate on exhaustive datafication. But datafication does not appear self-evident, and knowledge of how technologists and governance people connect data volumes to data value is quite unclear in media and communication literature. Using evidence from interviews (n = 6), datafication policy documents (n = 4), and a diverse dataset of city activities (n = 299) in the open data portal of a situated datafication site, the Stavanger Smart City, Norway, and with the theoretical support of critical data studies, this article responds to the question: How does data volume connect to data value in smart cities datafication? Its findings put data quality as the intermediary that makes this connection.

Research continues to find gender inequality in politics and political communication, but our understanding of the variation in the degree of bias across systems is limited. A recent meta-analysis reveals how, in countries with proportional representation (PR), the media pay considerably more attention to men politicians. In plurality systems, this bias is absent. The present study proposes a new explanation for this finding, emphasizing how the size of electoral districts moderates both the demand for and supply of women politicians in news reporting. Analyzing more than 600,000 news appearances made by Norwegian and British MPs from 2000 to 2016, we produce a detailed picture of gender biases in news visibility that speaks in favor of single-member districts in plurality systems. Although PR is generally recognized as advantageous for the political representation of women, our findings call for a more nuanced understanding of the link between electoral systems and gender equality.

Based on fieldwork conducted in Senegal, Tanzania, and India, this article argues for a territorialized approach to mini-grids. One of the most sought-after solutions to electrification and transition to renewable energies in the Global South, mini-grids can be defined as decentralized collective systems of electricity supply. Whereas the academic and grey literature has mostly focused on their presence in rural areas, this paper looks at their development in urbanizing localities. It documents access to electrical service in these spaces and shows that, behind the rather uniform vision associated with the mini-grid object, the service provided takes different forms depending on the environment in which it is deployed. The presence of mini-grids also raises issues of social and territorial equity of access to essential services. A territorialized approach to mini-grids, therefore, furthers our understanding of the complex energy changes at work in cities of the Global South.

The global push towards sustainable development has led to an upsurge in academic literature at the juncture of supply chain collaboration (SCC) and sustainability. The present paper aims to map this growing literature to understand how SCC can contribute to the achievement of broader Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Via a systematic review of literature (SLR), the paper maps key themes at the intersection of SCC and sustainable development. Relying on nine key themes, the study presents novel insights into the domain of SCC for sustainable development. The results of the SLR reveal that collaborative innovation, collaborative process and product development are key mechanisms driving SCC. However, the extant literature has not devoted much attention to the effectiveness of SCC mechanisms or their performance. Further, the current study posits that more effective SCC strategies can boost the sustainable operational performance of the supply chain (SC) by enhancing capacity building and resource utilisation. Based on the contingency approach, this study offers a novel framework linking SCC to SDGs. The study thus has the potential to help managers and practitioners identify strategic fields of action for achieving SDGs. publishedVersion

This contribution investigates public attitudes toward providing financial help to the self-employed, a less well-researched area in the otherwise vibrant literature on welfare state attitudes. We analyse to what extent the self-employed themselves soften their general anti-statist stance in times of need, and how the public thinks about supporting those who usually tend to oppose government interventions. To answer these questions, we study public attitudes towards providing financial aid to the self-employed during the lockdowns adopted in response to the COVID pandemic in Switzerland, using survey data collected in the spring and in the autumn of 2020. The results show that most respondents favour the provision of financial support. In addition, the self-employed are the staunchest supporters of the more generous forms of help, like non-refundable payments. We conclude that, when exposed to significant economic risk, need and interests override ideological preferences for less state intervention.

Describing the distribution and development of socio-economic activities in space is frequently limited due to data availability, as official statistical data sources are often restricted to specific topics and geographical scales. Consequently, new and alternative data sources are needed as complements. This paper presents, discusses, and empirically explores an example of such an alternative data source that promises to give detailed and novel insights into regions' socio-economic structures: press releases. While press releases have seen some use in the literature, they have hardly seen any applications in regional research. Consequently, it is still largely unknown to what extent their information content gives systematic insights into regional socio-economic patterns. The paper closes this gap by assessing the degree to which the content of press releases corresponds to the socio-economic characteristics of regions, by means of an empirical analysis of German NUTS-3 regions. The results confirm that press release content varies systematically between regions, and regional differences in socioeconomic characteristics, events, and activities seem to be well-presented by press releases. This suggests that press releases offer substantial potential and might be a useful complementary data source in regional studies.

In a two-period decision model, a central bank chooses a CBDC (central bank digital currency) interest rate and a representative household allocates resources into production, consumption, CBDC holding, and non-CBDC holding. The model’s analytical results and a plausible benchmark are compared with the empirics for the US, China and Russia. Interesting novelties of the article are that the model predicts that the US in 2021/2022 should choose rather than 0.125% CBDC interest to combat its high October 2021 empirical inflation of 6.2%. That would induce households to hold more CBDC, hold less non-CBDC, and produce and consume less. In contrast, the model predicts that China should choose a low rather than CBDC interest rate. That would decrease each household’s CBDC holding and increase the low inflation. The model predicts that Russia should choose rather than CBDC interest rate. Russia’s strategy is remarkably consistent with the model’s predictions. The model predicts that the central bank should choose negative CBDC interest rate when the inflation and real interest rate are low, and the inflation target is high. The article shows how extremely high inflation, which increases the CBDC interest rate, makes production and consumption nearly impossible, unless the real interest rate is extremely negative.

The COVID-19 pandemic decreases firm revenue and raises the demand for liquidity, resulting in increased financial stress for firms throughout the world. In attempts to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis, governments have established a range of credit programs to provide credit to firms with poor liquidity. However, the efficacy of those relief programs has been low, and the relief funds do not reach the businesses most in need of liquidity injection, indicating a need to identify firms that are the most vulnerable during the crisis. We first combine the standard Enterprises Surveys and the follow-up surveys on the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample firms are used to test how credit constraint conditions and firm characteristics affect the severity of the COVID-19 impact on firm performance. Our empirical results indicate that small firms and firms with limited access to finance are more likely to be severely affected by the crisis. Firms with foreign ownership and that are located in small cities are less at-risk. Compared to the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, COVID-19 less severely affects credit-constrained firms and foreign-owned firms and more severely affects small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

This chapter focuses on procedural and intergenerational justice within the context of solar radiation management and ice-geoengineering in the Arctic. Research has framed geoengineering as an option to avoid the more disastrous consequences of climate change in the Arctic, but the development and potential application of geoengineering in the Arctic may affect Indigenous participation. Indeed, thus far there has been very limited dialogue and engagement on geoengineering research and development with Arctic Indigenous peoples. The challenge is to ensure Indigenous participation in this highly complex issue, as the current legal framework for participation may be ill-equipped to deal with the introduction of geoengineering and intergenerational justice. Thus, the introduction of geoengineering equally has the potential to exacerbate structural injustices, especially as it will impact the dynamics of justice and what is typically required of justice as a legal concept. As more state and non-state actors engage with this concept, this chapter reflects on the legitimate concerns raised over transparency, Indigenous consent and intergenerational justice where the implementation of geoengineering is concerned, and it examines the free, prior and informed consent procedure (FPIC) as a potential step towards addressing

Nyere helse- og omsorgspolitiske dokumenter løfter fram livshistorier som en viktig kilde til kunnskap i eldreomsorgen, og et relevant verktøy for profesjonelt omsorgsarbeid på sykehjemmet. Men hvilke utfordringer og muligheter ligger i livshistorier som omsorgsverktøy i praksis? Denne artikkelen er basert på et tverrfaglig samarbeidsprosjekt mellom forskere innenfor praksisfeltet, sykepleierstudenter, samfunnsvitere, helsevitere og humanister. Vår hensikt er å få ny kunnskap om utbredelse av livshistorier som omsorgsverktøy på sykehjem, og hva som karakteriserer slike verktøy. Ved hjelp av en kartleggingsstudie om livshistorier som et verktøy for dokumentasjon og kommunikasjon ved sykehjem i en region på Vestlandet, fant vi stor variasjon i utforming av skjemaene som brukes til å dokumentere pasientenes livshistorie. Gjennom en komparativ nærlesning av skjemaenes stilistiske utforminger og kommunikasjonsformer, drøfter vi implikasjonene av det vi ser som en utfordrende sammenblanding av instrumentelle og relasjonelle hensikter ved bruk av livshistorier i profesjonell omsorg.

The emphasis of current study is on the assessment of households’ willingness to pay (WTP) and preference heterogeneity for the upgradation of degraded terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem services across sub-basins of Heihe River. A sum of 1679 households were interviewed through choice experiment, and random parameter logit model is applied for welfare estimation. The estimated results signified the importance of selected terrestrial and aquatic ecological attributes. Sampled respondents of upper and middle basins placed highest WTP for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases among all other attributes and the WTP amount was 99.27 and 66.49 Yuan/Year respectively. Whereas in lower basin, improvement in landscape of farmland was highly valued, i.e., 107 Yuan/Year. In terrestrial ecosystem services the lowest WTP was recorded for Ejinaqi oasis size in all sub basins. In aquatic ecosystem services, improving water quality was the most valued attribute in all sub basins, and the corresponding WTP values are 122.81, 99.87 and 177.43 Yuan/Year in upper, middle and lower basins respectively, which ensure the significance of water quality in the entire basin. In aquatic ecosystem services the lowest WTP amount was recorded for leisure and entertainment conditions in each sub basin.

By exhaustively reviewing the literature related to marine geohazards, this paper reports on their uncertainties. Examples of marine geohazards include submarine landslides, fluid flows in the underground, scour events, and seabed gouging by ice. Key uncertain variables of interest to marine geohazard assessments are identified and structured by relating a framework defining the main generic components of any risk description to the task of describing risk in the marine geohazards field. Furthermore, issues related to the sources of uncertainty are scrutinised and some recommendations on how to address the identified large uncertainties in geohazard risk assessments are made. Specific considerations are proposed for analysing geohazards in the Arctic, where exploration and development activities are currently regaining momentum. Ultimately, based on the large uncertainties identified, we also strive to identify knowledge gaps to orientate scientific research efforts in the field of marine geohazards. Marine geohazards exposed: Uncertainties involved

PurposeThe supply chain (SC) encompasses all actions related to meeting customer requests and transferring materials upstream to meet those demands. Organisations must operate towards increasing SC efficiency and effectiveness to meet SC objectives. Although most businesses expected the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to severely negatively impact their SCs, they did not know how to model disruptions or their effects on performance in the event of a pandemic, leading to delayed responses, an incomplete understanding of the pandemic's effects and late deployment of recovery measures. Therefore, this study aims to consider the impact of implementing Bayesian network (BN) modelling to measure SC performance in the airline catering context.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents a method for modelling and quantifying SC performance assessment for airline catering. In the COVID-19 context, the researchers proposed a BN model to measure SC performance and risk events and quantify the consequences of pandemic disruptions.FindingsThe study simulates and measures the impact of different triggers on SC performance and business continuity using forward and backward propagation analysis, among other BN features, enabling us to combine various SC perspectives and explicitly account for pandemic scenarios.Originality/valueThis study's findings offer a fresh theoretical perspective on the use of BNs in pandemic SC disruption modelling. The findings can be used as a decision-making tool to predict and better understand how pandemics affect SC performance.

Artikkelen retter fokuset mot barnevernsreformen, som skal styrke det kommunale barnevernet og tydeliggjøre oppgavene til det statlige barnevernet. Reformen kom etter at evalueringer av forvaltningsreformen i barnevernet avdekket uklare ansvarsforhold og samarbeidsproblemer mellom kommunen og staten. Metodisk tilnærming er en tematisk innholdsanalyse av offentlige dokumenter og evalueringer av forvaltningsreformen. Artikkelen belyser hvordan myndighetene bruker den formelle organisasjonsstrukturen innenfor norsk forvaltningspolitikk for å løse kompliserte grensesnitt mellom forvaltningsnivåene. Den analyserer hvordan prioritering mellom ulike verdier får betydning for hvilket forvaltningsnivå oppgaven legges til, og om den blir lagt til staten eller kommunen. I tillegg belyser artikkelen hvordan historisk praksis kan ha lagt føringer for reformen. Konklusjonen er at myndighetene forsøker å tydeliggjøre ansvaret mellom staten og kommunen ved delvis å avvikle og delvis å lovfeste ulovfestede oppgaver slik at oppgavefordelingen fremgår av barnevernloven. Begrunnelsen for å legge oppgavene til kommunen er hensynet til forebyggende arbeid, samordning av tjenester i kommunen og tilpasning av tjenestene til lokale forhold. Argumentet for at staten og andrelinjetjenesten skal ha ansvar for de mest inngripende og spesialiserte hjelpetiltakene, er hensynet til likeverdige tjenester og barns rettssikkerhet.

Policies on risk constitute a core topic of risk analysis and risk science, and it is common at risk conferences to present real-life cases of such policies, for example related to the handling of climate change and pandemics. Although these are of broad interest, showing how important issues in society are dealt with, it can be questioned to what extent and how these cases contribute to enhancing risk analysis and risk science. The present paper addresses this concern. It is argued that, in order to learn from the cases, they need in general to be more thoroughly followed up with discussions of concepts, principles, approaches, and methods for assessing, characterizing, communicating and handling risk. Describing a governmental policy on, for example, the handling of COVID-19 is a point of departure for interesting discussions concerning its justification and performance, in particular in relation to risk and the most updated knowledge from the risk analysis field. Such discussions are, however, often lacking. The paper points to some key obstacles and challenges for the learning process, including the difficulty of distinguishing between policies, policy analysis, and politics.

In the management and organization studies literature, a key question to explore and explain is that of the family as an organizational stakeholder, particularly when working-from-home became the “new normal”. Departing from meta-analytic studies on the work-family relation and connecting with scholarly conversation on work-family boundary dynamics, we identify three main narratives. In theseparation narrative,work and family belong to different realms, and including the family in the domain of organizational responsibility is seen as pointless. Theinterdependence narrativestresses that organizations and families are overlapping domains in which it is important to acknowledge that the policies and practices of the former might have an impact on family life, and vice-versa. Theembeddedness narrative, brought to the fore by the COVID-19 pandemic, sees employment and family as progressively convergent and hybrid work domains. The evolution of employment relations towards increased hybridity of the work situation being embedded in the familial/household context increasingly calls for consideration of the family/household as an integral rather than a peripheral stakeholder.

The research agendas of evolutionary economic geography (EEG) and global value chains (GVCs) have developed more or less independently from each other, with little interaction so far. This is unfortunate because both streams of literature have a lot to offer each other. This paper explores how, looking at four strands in the GVC literature. Promising crossovers between EEG and the GVC literature are identified, but also some missing links that need to be taken up in future research. These new research avenues, promoting the adoption of an evolutionary perspective on GVCs, are expected to enrich both literatures in mutual ways.

Smart Specialisation was conceived as a ‘bottom-up’ framework to identify new growth paths connected to knowledge cores within regions. Although operationalization of Smart Specialisation has proven difficult, recent mappings of technologies in terms of technological relatedness and complexity suggest a useful cost–benefit framework. We extend these ideas, locating European Union cities in a Smart Specialisation space and tracking their development of technology since 1980. Results indicate that European Union cities with the largest gains in complex and related technologies enjoy an economic performance premium over cities with smaller gains in the complexity and relatedness of their knowledge bases.

Drawing upon ethical climate theory and conservation of resource theory, this study provides a theoretical model to explain the effect of a perceived caring climate in the workplace on the employees’ turnover intention through the serial multiple mediation of workplace incivility (caused by coworkers) and employees’ emotional exhaustion. A total of 291 frontline employees from the service industry in Norway participated in this study, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that a caring climate has a significant negative effect on turnover intention. The mediating effect of coworker incivility was not supported in the multiple mediation model; however, it was supported if it was considered as the only mediator in the relationship between caring climate and turnover intention. Moreover, emotional exhaustion mediated the relationship between caring climate and turnover intention. The serial mediation effect of coworker incivility and emotional exhaustion was also supported in the relationship between caring climate and turnover intention. The results of this study enable managers to create a caring climate in the workplace and minimize the detrimental effects of incivility and turnover intention in the service industry.

Providing recreational activities is an important aspect of the intervention at residential care. We explore adolescents’ experience of outdoor recreational activities organized by the care workers in the context of friluftsliv (literally: free-air-life). Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method is used to analyze eight interviews with adolescents from residential care homes. Our analysis reveals that their experience of friluftsliv is made up of three constituents, described as Departure from everyday life, Shared experience, and Facing a different existence. Our discussion investigates the qualities and challenges related to friluftsliv as recreational activities at residential care and relates to the literature on nature-based interventions in child and youth care.

Eating psychopathology is prevalent among athletes yet little is known about how to effectively support athletes with eating difficulties. This study aimed to understand athletes’ and sport professionals’ experiences of, and perspectives toward, supporting athletes with eating psychopathology. Forty-five participants took part in the study and data were collected using two methods: (a) individual interviews were held with athletes with current or previous eating psychopathology symptoms (n = 13); and (b) six focus groups were conducted: two with athletes with no history of eating psychopathology (n = 13), two with coaches (n = 7), and two with sport practitioners (n = 12). The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and two overarching themes were identified. Theme 1 (Tensions around addressing eating psychopathology in athletes) highlighted challenges with communication, conflicting perceptions around the responsibility of addressing and intervening with athlete eating concerns, and difficulties with obtaining relevant and timely support for athletes. Theme 2 (Considerations for developing practical tools to support athletes with eating psychopathology) highlighted a desire for future resources to consider confidentiality, to preserve athletes’ identities and facilitate independence where the athlete is in control of the degree and pace of engagement. In conclusion, tensions exist between athletes and sport professionals which make addressing eating psychopathology in athletes difficult. There is a need to develop accessible, confidential and tailored practical support resources which athletes can engage with independently to support them in the early stages of an eating problem.

The precautionary principle is strongly debated as a policy for handling risk and safety concerns. It is commonly claimed that the principle is paralyzing, unscientific and promotes a culture of irrational fear. The risk and safety literature contains considerable work providing support for such claims but also argumentation backing the principle. The present paper aims at contributing to this discussion by investigating the principle in view of what is here referred to as contemporary risk and safety science. Common beliefs about the principle are revisited. New insights are obtained by clarifying the risk and safety fundamentals necessary to understand the principle’s motivation, applicability and limitations. The paper concludes that the precautionary principle is only relevant when the uncertainties and risks are considerable and scientific. Confusion arises, as the principle is mixed with the basic idea of risk management to give weight to uncertainties, in order to prudently handle risk. Properly understood and implemented, the precautionary principle can be aligned with decision analysis and other scientific methods.

The article focuses on Teacher Time Outs (TTOs) in rehearsals and co-enactments as part of a practice-based approach to professional development, aiming to support teachers’ learning of ambitious mathematics teaching. Ambitious teaching requires teachers to be responsive to students’ ideas in-the-moment of instruction. This is complex and places enormous demands on the teacher. We examine how TTOs support teachers’ learning of ambitious teaching and their development of pedagogical judgment. The findings reveal that the TTOs provided opportunities for teachers’ collective learning of key practices of ambitious teaching, and that the TTOs supported the teachers’ collective pedagogical reasoning and decision-making in-the-moment of teaching and with connecting pedagogical reasoning to pedagogical actions and responsibilities. Supporting In-service Teachers’ Collective Learning of Ambitious Teaching Practices Through Teacher Time Outs

The COVID-19 pandemic presents a unique opportunity to study how humans allocate scarce resources in times of hardship. We study public preferences regarding who should get access to government aid for the self-employed, a bed in the intensive care unit, and permission to cross the border using original conjoint survey experiments administered to an incentivised online panel in Switzerland during the first and second waves of the pandemic in 2020. We find that across the three areas, even in extraordinary circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic, evaluations of deservingness to aid and support are still based on an underlying logic of conditional solidarity and identity: in all experiments, contributing to the community, be it through past actions and contributions or through current efforts, plays a crucial role in determining an individual’s deservingness, as does their nationality (and legal status) with nationals being perceived as more deserving than non-nationals.

Integrative transformative learning in a feminist perspective asks students to engage in potentially troublesome and unsettling debates, to confront their own privilege and situated knowledges, and to experiment with conventional boundaries for knowledge production. We introduce the idea of the “tentacular classroom” grounded in the work of Haraway on tentacular thinking to show the ways in which the learning encounter, figured as a tentacular organism, allows for co-production and multiplicity in knowledge production. Through two illustrative examples from gender studies classrooms, we show what is at stake when unruly tentacles become involved in disrupting the boundedness imposed on teaching and learning in the neo-liberal university context. We conclude that a tentacular classroom entails confrontations with troublesome knowledges but also with troublesome unlearning as well, leading teachers and learners to an alternative point of departure for the learning encounter.

Knowledge development—an integral part of firms’ internationalization—has generated a considerable amount of research on how firms from emerging and advanced countries acquire, integrate, and utilize knowledge. Despite theoretical justifications for the context significance for internationalization, the existing literature is fragmented and overlooks whether and how firms originating in distinct countries differ in their knowledge development processes. Relying on the antecedents, decisions, and outcomes, and the theory, context, characteristics, and methodology frameworks, we bridge this gap by reviewing 81 papers published in leading journals since 2007. Our paper extends the literature by classifying knowledge development during firm internationalization from emerging and advanced countries. We show how environmental and status differences create diverse effects on the type of knowledge firms seek, the ways they acquire and integrate it, and the consequent internationalization decisions. Among notable further directions, we emphasize shifting focus from organization- to individual-level learning in diverse organizational contexts.

The measures of mathematical knowledge for teaching developed at the University of Michigan in the U.S., have been adapted and used in studies measuring teacher knowledge in several countries around the world. In the adaptation, many of these studies relied on comparisons of item parameters and none of them considered a comparison of raw data. In this article, we take advantage of having access to the raw data from the adaptation pilot studies of the same instrument in Norway and Slovakia (149 practicing elementary teachers in Norway, 134 practicing elementary teachers in Slovakia) that allowed us to compare item parameters and teachers’ ability estimates on the same scale. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the mean scores between the Norwegian and the Slovak teachers in our samples and the paper provides further insight into the issues of cross-national adaptations of measures of teachers’ knowledge and the limitations of the methods commonly applied in the item adaptation research. We show how item adaptations can be refined by combining robust quantitative methods with qualitative data, how decisions on adaptation of individual items depend on context and purpose of the adaptation, and how comparability and heterogeneity of samples affects interpretation of the results.