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Background: The effect of an immune-boosting beverage (SAM) containing Sambucus Nigra, an energy beverage (ENE), an in-office bleaching (BLE) agent with 25% hydrogen peroxide superior, glazing (GLA) or polishing (POL) methods, and professional dental prophylaxis (PDP) on the color of CAD-CAM restorative materials is unknown. Methods: In total 210 specimens were prepared, consisting of CAD-CAM feldspathic (FC), zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate ceramic (ZLS) and hybrid ceramic (HC). The ceramic specimens were divided according to the polishing methods of glazing (GLA) and mechanical polishing (POL). All materials were divided into two groups: with and without BLE. A 25% hydrogen peroxide superior (HPS) gel was used for BLE. After the baseline (BAS) measurement, the specimens were immersed in 3 different beverages (distilled water (DIS), SAM, ENE). After 28 days, a fine-grained (RDA 7) prophylaxis paste was applied. Statistical analysis of ∆E00 color difference values was performed by 3-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test (α = 0.05). Results: The effect of all other actions except material-BLE-beverage on color for BAS-Day 28 was statistically different (p < 0.05). The effect of material, material-BLE, beverage on color for Day 28-PDP was statistically different (p < 0.05). After 28 days, the lowest color change was found in FC-GLA and HC immersed in DIS (p = 0.0001) and the highest in FC-POL immersed in ENE (p = 0.0002). PDP was efficient in color recovery in HC immersed to DIS, ENE and SAM (p = 0.0010). For FC, HC and ZLS, BLE caused a higher color change (p < 0.0001). Regardless of the material, the highest color change for BLE-beverage was found in BLE-treated specimens immersed in ENE (p = 0.0496) and the lowest color change was found in non-BLE-treated specimens immersed in SAM (p = 0.0074). Conclusions: In materials pre-exposed to 25% HPS, the effect of PDP on color recovery was lower than in unexposed materials. After 28 days, mechanical polishing produced higher color change in FC than glazing, however, in ZLS effects of glazing and mechanical polishing on color were similar. For material/polishing method, HC was the most effective. ENE caused higher color change than DIS and SAM. PDP was more effective than ENE in restoring color to DIS- and SAM-immersed specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitosis that is usually asymptomatic; cell-mediated immunity, particularly T cells, is a crucial mediator of the immune response against this parasite. Membrane protein expression has been studied for a long time in T lymphocytes, providing vital information to determine functional checkpoints. However, less is known about the role of post-translational modifications in T cell function. Glycosylation plays essential roles during maturation and function; particularly, sialic acid modulation is determinant for accurate T cell regulation of processes like adhesion, cell-cell communication, and apoptosis induction. Despite its importance, the role of T cell sialylation during infection remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to evaluate whether different membrane sialylation motifs are modified in T cells during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection using different lectins. To this end, BALB/c Foxp3EGFP mice were infected with T. gondii, and on days 3, 7, and 10 post-infection, splenocytes were obtained to analyze conventional (Foxp3-) CD4+ and CD8+ populations by flow cytometry. Among the different lectins used for analysis, only Sambucus nigra lectin, which detects sialic acid a2,6 linkages, revealed two distinctive populations (SNBright and SN-/Dim) after infection. Further characterization of CD4+ and CD8+ SN-/Dim lymphocytes showed that these are highly activated cells, with a TEf/EM or TCM phenotype that produce high IFN-γ levels, a previously undescribed cell state. This work demonstrates that glycan membrane analysis in T cells reveals previously overlooked functional states by evaluating only protein expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The genus Sambucus, mainly Sambucus nigra, has emerged as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential neuroprotective properties. This review explores the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroregenerative effects of Sambucus-derived compounds and their implications for brain health and cognitive function. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of Sambucus extracts to mitigate oxidative stress, modulate inflammatory responses, and promote neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies using animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, have shown that Sambucus compounds can improve cognitive function, motor performance, and neuronal survival while attenuating neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. The neuroprotective effects of Sambucus are primarily attributed to its rich content of polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which exert their benefits through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the potential of Sambucus as a functional food ingredient is discussed, highlighting its application in various food products and the challenges associated with the stability and bioavailability of its bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on the neuroprotective potential of Sambucus and its derivatives, offering valuable insights for the development of dietary strategies to promote brain health and prevent age-related cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tissue tropism and the wide host range of influenza A viruses are determined by the presence of sialic acid (SA) α2,3-Gal and SA α2,6-Gal receptors. Recent studies have shown that animals possessing both receptors allow for the rearrangement and emergence of new viral strains of public health importance. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and distribution of human and avian influenza A receptors in nine Neotropical snake species using lectin immunohistochemistry. We selected 17 snakes that were examined post mortem at the Veterinary Pathology Sector of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais between 2019 and 2023. Sections of nasal turbinate, trachea, lung, oral mucosa, stomach and intestine were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using the lectins Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra. This research detected, for the first time, co-expression of SA α2,3-Gal and SA α2,6-Gal receptors in the respiratory and digestive tracts of snakes, indicating the possible susceptibility of these species to influenza A virus of avian and human origin. Consequently, snakes can be considered important species for monitoring influenza A in wild, urban and peri-urban environments. More studies should be conducted to investigate the role of snakes in influenza A epidemiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds from elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.) have attracted attention due to their potential health benefits. This paper examines different extraction methods used to obtain phenolic compounds from these fruits and the stability of the extracts. Several extraction techniques (extraction with continuous agitation, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, maceration, and enzyme-assisted extraction) were tested and compared to evaluate the yield and the quality of the extracts. The stability of the extracts with various storage parameters (time and temperature) and processing conditions (concentration and lyophilization) was also investigated. The results showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) provided the highest yield of total phenolic compounds (74.89 mg GAE/g), of which 71.23% were represented by total anthocyanins and 62.50% by monomeric anthocyanins, with total flavonoids of 8.11–9.41 mg RUE/g. The analysis of individual phenolic compounds reconfirms the efficiency of UAE, obtaining 0.42–0.09 mg/g gallic acid, 0.59–0.01 mg/g chlorogenic acid, 0.17–0.03 mg/g 4-coumaric acid, and 2.43–0.01 mg/g rutin. The optimization of the extraction conditions led to the conclusion that the best solvent is 45% ethanol (v/v), and the optimal parameters are 40 °C for 40 min. It was also found that the stability of the extracts can be high during long periods of time (even after 180 days). These findings contribute to the understanding of the optimization of extraction processes and storage conditions to obtain extracts rich in phenolic compounds from elderberries, with potential uses in pharmaceutical and food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health-promoting properties of black elderberry are related to its high content of polyphenols (natural antioxidants), which eliminate free radicals and prevent the formation of oxidative stress responsible for many diseases. The aim of this work was to determine, the anti-radical effect of Sambucus nigra infusions based on the reaction with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and galvinoxyl (Glv) radicals and to determine the function describing the disappearance curves of these radicals. The antioxidant properties of infusions obtained from the flowers and fruits of this plant were tested using the modified Brand-Williams method using DPPH and Glv radicals. Higher antioxidant activity towards both the DPPH and Glv radicals was found in flowers compared to fruits. In addition, it was found that the process of quenching radicals in the reaction with Sambucus nigra infusions proceeds in accordance with the assumptions of second-order reaction kinetics. The infusion obtained from flowers quenched radicals faster than fruit infusions. The applied second-order kinetics equation may enable estimation of antioxidants levels in natural sources of radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the mineral content in the leaves and flowers of wild-grown Sambucus nigra collected from eleven different locations in Kosovo. The samples were digested in a microwave system using the wet digestion method. The minerals were determined by the application of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A total of 31 elements were determined, 15 elements by the ICP-AES method (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, V, and Zn) and 16 elements by the ICP-MS method (Ag, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, Hg, In, Li, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, and U). The leaves of S. nigra show a higher content of minerals compared to the flowers, except for the flower of the sample SN-FL10, which is characterized by a high concentration of Fe, Al, Pb, Be, and Tl. The concentration of heavy metals and toxic elements (Pb, Cd, and Hg) was within the permissible concentrations according to Eur. Ph.

Sambuci folium (elderberry leaves) have been used in traditional medicine, mainly externally, to treat skin diseases and wounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the biological activity of elderberry leaves (antioxidant potential and possibility of inhibition of tyrosinase and hyaluronidase enzymes) combined with phytochemical analysis. For this purpose, a phytochemical analysis was carried out. Elderberry leaves of 12 varieties ("Sampo", "Obelisk", "Dwubarwny", "Haschberg", "Haschberg 1", "Koralowy", "Sambo", "Black Beauty", "Black Tower", "Golden hybrid", "Samyl", "Samyl 1") in two growth stages. The compounds from the selected groups, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid) and flavonols (quercetin), were chromatographically determined in hydroalcoholic leaf extracts. All tested elderberry leaf extracts showed antioxidant effects, but the most promising potential: very high compounds content (TPC = 61.85 mg GAE/g), antioxidant (e.g., DPPH IC50 = 1.88 mg/mL; CUPRAC IC0.5 = 0.63 mg/mL) and optimal anti-inflammatory (inhibition of hyaluronidase activity 41.28%) activities were indicated for older leaves of the "Sampo" variety. Additionally, the extract obtained from "Sampo" and "Golden hybrid" variety facilitated the treatment of wounds in the scratch test. In summary, the best multidirectional pro-health effect in treating skin inflammation was specified for "Sampo" leaves II extract (leaves during the flowering period); however, wound treatment was noted as rich in chlorogenic acid younger leaf extracts of the "Golden hybrid" variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitosis that is usually asymptomatic; cell-mediated immunity, particularly T cells, is a crucial mediator of the immune response against this parasite. Membrane protein expression has been studied for a long time in T lymphocytes, providing vital information to determine functional checkpoints. However, less is known about the role of post-translational modifications in T cell function. Glycosylation plays essential roles during maturation and function; particularly, sialic acid modulation is determinant for accurate T cell regulation of processes like adhesion, cell-cell communication, and apoptosis induction. Despite its importance, the role of T cell sialylation during infection remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to evaluate whether different membrane sialylation motifs are modified in T cells during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection using different lectins. To this end, BALB/c Foxp3EGFP mice were infected with T. gondii, and on days 3, 7, and 10 post-infection, splenocytes were obtained to analyze conventional (Foxp3-) CD4+ and CD8+ populations by flow cytometry. Among the different lectins used for analysis, only Sambucus nigra lectin, which detects sialic acid α2,6 linkages, revealed two distinctive populations (SNBright and SN-/Dim) after infection. Further characterization of CD4+ and CD8+ SN-/Dim lymphocytes showed that these are highly activated cells, with a TEf/EM or TCM phenotype that produce high IFN-γ levels, a previously undescribed cell state. This work demonstrates that glycan membrane analysis in T cells reveals previously overlooked functional states by evaluating only protein expression.

HIV-2 infection is a unique concern with fewer cases than HIV-1, but it poses a high mortality rate due to its resistance to all HIV-1 antiretroviral treatments. This study focuses on one type of antiretroviral, reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors, as they play an important role in HIV-2 replication. The screening of potential HIV-2 antiretroviral candidates was carried out using compounds from elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flower extract. There is a lack of research on the antiviral potential of elderberry flower extracts, particularly in HIV-2; therefore, this study is important to explain the molecular mechanism underlying the potential of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flower extracts to inhibit RT activity in HIV-2 through bioinformatics simulations. This study uses the in silico method, involving sample preparation in the database, drug-like molecular prediction through the server, molecular docking simulation, chemical bond interaction analysis, and three-dimensional structure visualization. Isorhamnetin has the most negative binding affinity of -9.9 kcal/mol compared to other compounds. It interacts with the HIV-2 RT domain at residues Trp4(B), Pro25(B), Asn137(B), Pro133(B), Gln23(B), Pro140(B), Leu21(B), Ile90(A), Thr131(B), Asn57(B), Arg22(B), and Glu89(A) with hydrophobic bond interactions. Hydrogen bond interactions are formed at the positions of Ser134(B), Gly141(B), and Thr88(A). Isorhamnetin from elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flower extract could be a potential HIV-2 antiretroviral candidate because it has the most negative binding affinity and the formation of hydrophobic hydrogen bond interactions on the RT domain.

AbstractBlack mulberry, chokeberry and elderberry have medicinal properties associated with the presence of phytochemicals which are compounds with potential antioxidant properties. The previously published reports have shown that these compounds significantly affect the course of disease processes by counteracting oxidative stress. In this study, the primary anthocyanins were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Individual phenolic compounds, tocopherols and amygdalin were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Elemental contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The obtained results reveal the significant presence of primary and secondary compounds in the assessed fruits and leaves, with notable variations depending on fruit species and genotypes. The most abundant compounds were phenolic acids and flavonoids. Analyses indicated that chlorogenic acid, rutin, and cyanidin derivatives were predominant phenolic compounds in all fruit species, while phenolic acids and flavonoids were prominent in leaf samples. The highest chlorogenic acid was determined in black mulberry leaves (ranging from 2403.23 to 3542.53 mg/100 g). Generally, the concentration of phenolic compounds were higher in the leaves than in the fruits of the plant. The highest concentration of amygdalin was detected in black mulberry fruits, ranging from 102.12 to 272.46 mg/100 g. Calcium and potassium were the dominant elements in both berries and leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health-promoting properties of black elderberry are related to its high content of polyphenols (natural antioxidants), which eliminate free radicals and prevent the formation of oxidative stress responsible for many diseases. The aim of this work was to determine, the anti-radical effect of Sambucus nigra infusions based on the reaction with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and galvinoxyl (Glv) radicals and to determine the function describing the disappearance curves of these radicals. The antioxidant properties of infusions obtained from the flowers and fruits of this plant were tested using the modified Brand-Williams method using DPPH and Glv radicals. Higher antioxidant activity towards both the DPPH and Glv radicals was found in flowers compared to fruits. In addition, it was found that the process of quenching radicals in the reaction with Sambucus nigra infusions proceeds in accordance with the assumptions of second-order reaction kinetics. The infusion obtained from flowers quenched radicals faster than fruit infusions. The applied second-order kinetics equation may enable estimation of antioxidants levels in natural sources of radicals.

Phenolic compounds from elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.) have attracted attention due to their potential health benefits. This paper examines different extraction methods used to obtain phenolic compounds from these fruits and the stability of the extracts. Several extraction techniques (extraction with continuous agitation, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, maceration, and enzyme-assisted extraction) were tested and compared to evaluate the yield and the quality of the extracts. The stability of the extracts with various storage parameters (time and temperature) and processing conditions (concentration and lyophilization) was also investigated. The results showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) provided the highest yield of total phenolic compounds (74.89 mg GAE/g), of which 71.23% were represented by total anthocyanins and 62.50% by monomeric anthocyanins, with total flavonoids of 8.11–9.41 mg RUE/g. The analysis of individual phenolic compounds reconfirms the efficiency of UAE, obtaining 0.42–0.09 mg/g gallic acid, 0.59–0.01 mg/g chlorogenic acid, 0.17–0.03 mg/g 4-coumaric acid, and 2.43–0.01 mg/g rutin. The optimization of the extraction conditions led to the conclusion that the best solvent is 45% ethanol (v/v), and the optimal parameters are 40 °C for 40 min. It was also found that the stability of the extracts can be high during long periods of time (even after 180 days). These findings contribute to the understanding of the optimization of extraction processes and storage conditions to obtain extracts rich in phenolic compounds from elderberries, with potential uses in pharmaceutical and food applications.

The genus Sambucus, mainly Sambucus nigra, has emerged as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential neuroprotective properties. This review explores the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroregenerative effects of Sambucus-derived compounds and their implications for brain health and cognitive function. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of Sambucus extracts to mitigate oxidative stress, modulate inflammatory responses, and promote neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies using animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, have shown that Sambucus compounds can improve cognitive function, motor performance, and neuronal survival while attenuating neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. The neuroprotective effects of Sambucus are primarily attributed to its rich content of polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which exert their benefits through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the potential of Sambucus as a functional food ingredient is discussed, highlighting its application in various food products and the challenges associated with the stability and bioavailability of its bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on the neuroprotective potential of Sambucus and its derivatives, offering valuable insights for the development of dietary strategies to promote brain health and prevent age-related cognitive decline.

The aim of this study is to substantiate the feasibility of processing wild berries (Viburnum opulus, Sorbus, Hippophae, Sambucus nigra) into functional food ingredients. The paper analyses the structure of powders from wild berries Viburnum opulus, Sorbus, Hippophae, Sambucus nigra, and investigates the content of micro- and macroelements in the powders; physicochemical parameters of wild berry powders (dry matter, mass fraction of moisture, dispersibility, mass fraction of reducing sugars, solubility, acidity) and dietary fibre content in Viburnum opulus, Sorbus, Hippophae, Sambucus nigra powders. The prototypes were made from high-quality fruit and berry raw materials not damaged by diseases and pests. To make the powders, the berries were dehydrated by osmotic dehydration, then dried in infrared dryers for 2 hours at 50°C to a mass fraction of moisture of 6–8 %. The dried berries were ground in a laboratory mill LZM-1. The structure of the berry powders was studied by electron microscopy. It was found that the powders have a crystalline porous structure and, accordingly, hydrophilic properties. This makes it possible to use them in food production as structure stabilisers, emulsifiers and moisture retainers. The content of some minerals in the samples was studied using a microscope-based SEM and EDS detector. It was found that the powders contain macronutrients (K, Ca, P, Cl, S, N), essential trace elements (Mg) and the conditionally vital trace element Si, which was found in powders from viburnum and sea buckthorn. The obtained powders from wild berries Hippophae rhamnoides L., Viburnum opulus, Sambucus nigra and Sorbus aucuparia contain a significant amount of vitamin C. According to all physicochemical parameters, the samples of plant powders from viburnum, elderberry, sea buckthorn, and mountain ash berries meet the requirements of DSTU 8498:2015. These results indicate the feasibility of processing Viburnum opulus, Sorbus, Hippophae, Sambucus nigra into functional food ingredients.

The aim of this study is to substantiate the feasibility of processing wild berries (Viburnum opulus, Sorbus, Hippophae, Sambucus nigra) into functional food ingredients. The paper analyses the structure of powders from wild berries Viburnum opulus, Sorbus, Hippophae, Sambucus nigra, and investigates the content of micro- and macroelements in the powders; physicochemical parameters of wild berry powders (dry matter, mass fraction of moisture, dispersibility, mass fraction of reducing sugars, solubility, acidity) and dietary fibre content in Viburnum opulus, Sorbus, Hippophae, Sambucus nigra powders. The prototypes were made from highquality fruit and berry raw materials not damaged by diseases and pests. To make the powders, the berries were dehydrated by osmotic dehydration, then dried in infrared dryers for 2 hours at 50°C to a mass fraction of moisture of 6–8%. The dried berries were ground in a laboratory mill LZM-1. The structure of the berry powders was studied by electron microscopy. It was found that the powders have a crystalline porous structure and, accordingly, hydrophilic properties. This makes it possible to use them in food production as structure stabilisers, emulsifiers and moisture retainers. The content of some minerals in the samples was studied using a microscope-based SEM and EDS detector. It was found that the powders contain macronutrients (K, Ca, P, Cl, S, N), essential trace elements (Mg) and the conditionally vital trace element Si, which was found in powders from viburnum and sea buckthorn. The obtained powders from wild berries Hippophae rhamnoides L., Viburnum opulus, Sambucus nigra and Sorbus aucuparia contain a significant amount of vitamin C. According to all physicochemical parameters, the samples of plant powders from viburnum, elderberry, sea buckthorn, and mountain ash berries meet the requirements of DSTU 8498:2015. These results indicate the feasibility of processing Viburnum opulus, Sorbus, Hippophae, Sambucus nigra into functional food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technique development for getting environmentally friendly nanomaterials was the paper's main goal. Spectroscopic techniques were utilized to characterize the plant extracts used in this work (UV-Vis, FTIR and Raman). In this case, plants from the Valea Voievozilor was processed in a dry state, was used at the ideal moment and at the plant's peak maturation period. Several analytical techniques (UV-Vis, FTIR, Raman analysis) have been used to analyze the nanoparticles (Ag) created with the aid of these plant extracts. Both the bioreduction of silver ions (Ag+ to Ag0) and the stability of silver nanoparticles are caused by the bioactive chemicals found in plant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sambuci folium (elderberry leaves) have been used in traditional medicine, mainly externally, to treat skin diseases and wounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the biological activity of elderberry leaves (antioxidant potential and possibility of inhibition of tyrosinase and hyaluronidase enzymes) combined with phytochemical analysis. For this purpose, a phytochemical analysis was carried out. Elderberry leaves of 12 varieties (“Sampo”, “Obelisk”, “Dwubarwny”, “Haschberg”, “Haschberg 1”, “Koralowy”, “Sambo”, “Black Beauty”, “Black Tower”, “Golden hybrid”, “Samyl”, “Samyl 1”) in two growth stages. The compounds from the selected groups, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid) and flavonols (quercetin), were chromatographically determined in hydroalcoholic leaf extracts. All tested elderberry leaf extracts showed antioxidant effects, but the most promising potential: very high compounds content (TPC = 61.85 mg GAE/g), antioxidant (e.g., DPPH IC50 = 1.88 mg/mL; CUPRAC IC0.5 = 0.63 mg/mL) and optimal anti-inflammatory (inhibition of hyaluronidase activity 41.28%) activities were indicated for older leaves of the “Sampo” variety. Additionally, the extract obtained from “Sampo” and “Golden hybrid” variety facilitated the treatment of wounds in the scratch test. In summary, the best multidirectional pro-health effect in treating skin inflammation was specified for “Sampo” leaves II extract (leaves during the flowering period); however, wound treatment was noted as rich in chlorogenic acid younger leaf extracts of the “Golden hybrid” variety.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) has been used in traditional medicine and as a supplement in many beverages and meals. Elderberry is a good source of bioactive flavonoids like quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, as well as other phenolic compounds. Extraction techniques significantly influence the efficiency of extraction of bioactive compounds. Green chemistry elements such as safety, environmental friendliness, run-down or at least minimal contaminants, efficiency, and economic criteria should all be addressed by an effective bioactive extraction process. Furthermore, micro/nanoencapsulation technologies are particularly effective for increasing bioavailability and bioactive component stability. This review article comprehensively describes new developments in elderberry extraction and encapsulation. Elderberry is largely employed in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its health-promoting and sensory characteristics. Elderberry has traditionally been used as a diaphoretic, antipyretic, diuretic, antidepressant, and antitumor agent in folk medicine. Conventional extraction methods (e.g. maceration and Soxhelt extraction) as well as advanced green techniques (e.g. supercritical fluids, pulsed electric field, emulsion liquid extraction, microwave, and ultrasonic extraction) have been used to extract bioactives from elderberry. Over the other protective measures, encapsulation techniques are particularly recommended to protect the bioactive components found in elderberry. Microencapsulation (spray drying, freeze drying, extrusion, emulsion systems) and nanoencapsulation (nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanodispersions, nanohydrogels, electrospinning, nano spray drying) approaches for elderberry bioactives have been examined in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we reviewed the efficacy of traditional herbal formulas on human immunity. A literature survey was performed in PubMed, UpToDate, Proquest Central Databases of Kırıkkale University, Google and Google Scholar databases from the internet. Search key words were "immune", "immune system", "herbal", "Pelargonium Sidoides", "Echinacea Purpurea", "Sambucus Nigra", "Beta Glucan", "Vitamin C", "Zinc". The immune system is a natural self-defense mechanism made up of cells that assist the body in distinguishing between self and non-self-molecules. All immune system components must be regularly modified in order to keep the body defenses up against the ever-evolving microbes that are constantly looking for new ways to attack the host. A Chinese herbal formulation is a combination of several herbs. The practitioner begins with one or two major substances that are intended to treat the ailment. The reproducibility of the efficacy of herbal medicines is dependent on the consistency of the quality of each unique raw herb. Pelargonium Sidoides, Echinacea Purpurea, Sambucus Nigra, Beta Glucan, Vitamin C, and Zinc are some herbal treatments utilized for their benefits on human immunity. Herbal remedies are undoubtedly valuable in boosting impaired immune function, particularly where damage has occurred due to malnutrition, chronic disease or previous infections. At present, however, an invincible immune system remains firmly in the realm of fantasy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their nutritional and therapeutic properties of the fruits, elderberry orchards started to gain more and more ground in Romania as well. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to improve soil quality and yield production in an elderberry orchard from Carastelec by applying both organic and mineral fertilizers. For this purpose, five fertilization schemes (FS) were set up with different ratios of cattle manure, mineral fertilizers and soil amendments. The field experiment was carried out in a randomised block design with three replicates. The best plant and yield performance among the four fertilizer schemes were recorded in FS_4 when mineral fertilizers - NPK - 16:16:16 (0,8 kg/tree) + NH₄NO₃ (0,8 kg/tree) + CaCO3 (5 kg/tree) were applied providing a yield of 204,89±1,87 kg/row equal to 4.09±0.13 kg fruit/tree and 106.93±2.57cm average annual shoot length. Double-dose organic fertilization (50 kg cow manure/tree) increased the yield by 23,8% as compared to control and shoot length by 15,28%, while lower doses of mineral fertilizers and without soil amendments improved yield performance by 38,08% and growth by 11,85%. Therefore, the findings of this study reveal that large amounts of nitrogen are necessary to be applied in combination with soil amendments in order to improve soil quality and increase elderberry yield and growth performance up to 61%

Elderberry is highly reputed for its health-improving effects. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that the consumption of berries is linked to enhancing human health and preventing or delaying the onset of chronic medical conditions. Compared with other fruit, elderberry is a very rich source of anthocyanins (approximately 80% of the polyphenol content). These polyphenols are the principals that essentially contribute to the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities and the health benefits of elderberry fruit extract. These health effects include attenuation of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders, as well as anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and immuno-stimulatory effects. Sales of elderberry supplements skyrocketed to $320 million over the year 2020, according to an American Botanical Council (ABC) report, which is attributable to the purported immune-enhancing effects of elderberry. In the current review, the chemical composition of the polyphenolic content of the European elderberry (Sambucus nigra) and the American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), as well as the analytical techniques employed to analyze, characterize, and ascertain the chemical consistency will be addressed. Further, the factors that influence the consistency of the polyphenolic chemical composition, and hence, the consistency of the health benefits of elderberry extracts will be presented. Additionally, adulteration and safety as factors contributing to consistency will be covered. The role of elderberry in enhancing human health alone with the pharmacological basis, the cellular pathways, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed health benefits of elderberry fruit extracts will be also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mucosal epithelium, the cellular glycocalyx can project tens to hundreds of nanometers into the extracellular space, erecting a physical barrier that provides protective functions, mediates the exchange of nutrients and regulates cellular interactions. Little is understood about how the physical properties of the mucosal glycocalyx influence molecular recognition at the cellular boundary. Here, we report the synthesis of PEG-based glycopolymers with tunable glycan composition, which approximate the extended architecture of mucin glycoproteins, and tether them to the plasma membranes of red blood cells (RBC) to construct an artificial mucin brush-like glycocalyx. We evaluated the association of two lectins, ConA and SNA, with their endogenous glycan ligands on the surface of the remodelled cells. The extended glycocalyx provided protection against agglutination of RBCs by both lectins; however, the rate and magnitude of ConA binding were attenuated to a greater degree in the presence of the glycopolymer spectators compared to those measured for SNA. The different sensitivity of ConA and SNA to glycocalyx crowding likely arises from the distinct presentation of their mannoside and sialoside receptors, respectively, within the native RBC glycocalyx.

The content of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds and selected enzyme activities in the anthocyanin pathway were analyzed in NIGRA (Sambucus nigra var. nigra—black fruits) and VIRIDIS (S. nigra var. viridis—green fruits) fruits over four stages of ripening. The share of glucose and fructose in green fruits was higher than in colored fruits, and the sugar content increased significantly until the third developmental stage. Ripe NIGRA berries had 47% flavonol glycosides, 34% anthocyanins, 3% hydroxycinnamic acids and 14% flavanols, whereas the major phenolic group in the VIRIDIS fruits, making up 88% of the total analyzed polyphenols, was flavonols. NIGRA fruits were rich in anthocyanins (6020 µg g−1 FW), showing strong activation of the late anthocyanin pathway (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase). In both color types, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase activities were highest in the first stage and decreased during ripening. In VIRIDIS fruit, no anthocyanins and only one flavanol (procyanidin dimer) were found. This was most likely caused by a lack of induction of the late anthocyanin pathway in the last period of fruit ripening. The VIRIDIS genotype may be useful in studying the regulatory structures of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the contribution of distinct flavonoid classes to the health benefits of elderberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing climatic change is forcing animal species to cope with global warming and to use different resources to improve their survival. Several species have been favoured by global warming, particularly the alien ones adapted to thrive in tropical and subtropical areas. As to Italian mammals, the crested porcupine Hystrix cristata, a large rodent of tropical African origin, has increased its range in the last 50 years, conquering most of the Northern regions, where it was historically absent. The species usually dig to find its main food, i.e. underground storage plant organs (roots, bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes). Cold months in 2021–2022 have been characterized by a severe drought in Central Italy which prevented porcupines from digging for food search. In this note, we showed that porcupines may adapt to local drought by using a food resource which is commonly avoided, i.e. tree barks. In particular, in Central Italy, the crested porcupine mostly debarked black elders, which show soft barks with medical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Due to anthocyanins' potential as colorants, this anthocyanin-rich elderberry extract presents a healthier alternative to commercially available colorants and has the potential to be used at industry level.Sambucus nigra L., popularly known as elderberry, is renowned for its amazing therapeutic properties, as well as its uses as a food source, in nutraceuticals, and in traditional medicine. This study's aim was to investigate the effects of an elderberry extract (EE) on mice for 29 days, as well as the safety of the extract when used as a natural colorant. Twenty-four FVB/n female mice (n = 6) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control, 12 mg/mL EE (EE12), 24 mg/mL EE (EE24), or 48 mg/mL EE (EE48). The predominant anthocyanins detected were cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Food and drink intake were similar between groups, with the exception of EE48, who drank significantly less compared with the Control. Biochemical analysis of the liver showed that the changes observed in histological analysis had no pathological significance. The EE, at doses of 24 and 48 mg/mL, significantly reduced the oxidative DNA damage compared with the non-supplemented group. The S. nigra extract showed a favorable toxicological profile, affording it potential to be used in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial effect of a cream containing extracts of African geranium (Pelargonium sidoides DC.), black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) in colloidal nanosilver (AgNPs) at a concentration of 30 ppm, denoted as SILVER STOP® cream (SS® cream), was examined in vitro. The research was performed with Escherichia coli (ATCC and two clinical isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC and two clinical strains), and Candida albicans (ATCC and two clinical isolates). The agar-gel diffusion method and suspension tests for determination of the time of antimicrobial action of SS® cream were used. SS® cream showed significant antimicrobial activity. The Gram-negative microorganisms tested died in a much shorter time than the Gram-positive ones. In suspension with a density of 104 cells·mL−1, E. coli died for 1 min, the oval fungus C. albicans—after 10 min and S. aureus—after 60 min of exposure to SS® cream. The highest sensitivity was found in E. coli. The curative effect of SILVER STOP® cream was also examined in vivo in dogs with different skin diseases. The results showed successful healing of the diseases and a very good curative effect of the cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite modern developments in its management, still major concerns remain about drug resistance in chemotherapy. Natural adjuvants combined with chemotherapy might be the answer. We examined the anti-cancer, anti-proliferative and synergistic effects of Sambucus nigra extract with cisplatin chemotherapy (CDDP) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human cancer cell lines. Methods: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were cultured in DMEM culture media, containing 10% FBS and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin. The anti-proliferative activity of SNA, CDDP and their synergic doses were determined using MTT method. Next, the apoptotic, metabolic, and cellular resistance gene expressions were measured through real-time quantitative PCR technique. To show the apoptosis effects and to diagnose cellular damages, an annexin V/propidium iodide (AV/PI) kit and malondialdehyde level were performed, respectively. Results: The synergic doses of SNA and CDDP in MCF-7 were 1.25µM CDDP+1.25µM SNA and on MDA-MB-231 was 2.5µM CDDP+2.5µM SNA. The results of real-time PCR showed that SNA induced apoptosis, disrupted metabolic pathways and reduced cellular drug resistance. In addition, the combination of SNA with CDDP compared with CDDP alone was able to change the expression of these genes and increase the rate of MDA and apoptosis generation (P

Topicality. The problem of deteriorating public health prompts scientists and manufacturers to expand the assortment of functional products. In the market of the mentioned products in Europe and Ukraine, dairy foodstuff make up 65...67 %. Particularly, fermented milk products occupy a special place among them. Fermented milk drinks enriched with berry raw materials, which contain antioxidants etc., are in wide demand among the population. Therefore, the elaboration of new types of functional fermented milk drinks is an urgent issue today. Purpose and methods. The aim of this work is to study possibilities of using derivatives of Sambucus nigra processing products in yogurt production technology. Standard organoleptic, physicochemical, microbiological and chromatographic research methods have been used in this research. Results. The recipe of yogurt from derivatives of elderberry processing has been substantiated and created, their organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological indicators have been studied. Conclusions and discussion of results. The elaborated technology for the production of elderberry powders with functional qualities, and their usage in yogurt production is appropriate for this production implementation. The research highlights that the way of osmotic dehydration allows preserving the biological value of processing products Sambucus nigra. These processing derivatives can be used as nutritional supplements in yogurt production in order to improve their alimentary value.

Elderberries are appreciated for their antioxidant properties. Sambucus nigra L. is an extremely abundant plant in the wild flora of Romania, but it is underutilized. Elderberry is used in modern and traditional medicine due to the complex chemical composition of the fruit. The content of phenolic compounds is high (516–8974 mg/100 g DW), of which the most abundant are anthocyanins. Phenolic compounds are known for their beneficial effects on the body. Numerous studies have demonstrated the antioxidant capacity, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties of the fruit. It is considered that most of the therapeutic properties of elderberries can be correlated with the antioxidant activity they have. S. nigra fruits are also used in the food industry. Some studies have shown that the therapeutic properties of elderberries can also be found in the products obtained from them. Therefore, this review aimed to describe the chemical composition of elderberries and products obtained from them, the positive effects on the body, and the methods by which the bioactive compounds can be extracted from the fruits and analyzed. This manuscript is useful for extraction optimization and characterization in order to valorize new functional foods, food supplements, and also in new pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Current practice in the management of fruit waste and by-products does not fully exploit waste potential, since fruit waste often contains valuable compounds that can be extracted and used in different industries. Black elderberry press cake is a by-product of the production of black elderberry juice that contains residual polyphenolic compounds with different bioactive potentials. The main focus of this research was to propose new streams to use black elderberry press cake, specifically to demonstrate the possibility of implementing green and safe technology in the food and pharmaceutical industries in order to enable more economical waste management, as well as to develop new technological lines that will increase economic growth. Our findings provide comprehensive approaches for treating anthocyanin-rich black elderberry press cake, which is highly correlated with antidiabetic potential, thereby enhancing its application for the development of novel food and herbal formulations. To study the efficiency of two green-based extraction techniques for the isolation of bioactive constituents from black elderberry press cake, changes in phenolic compounds and main anthocyanin contents were analyzed. Polyphenolic content was correlated with antioxidant and antidiabetic potential by radical-scavenging activity and monitoring of α-amylase inhibition. Black elderberry press-cake extracts were obtained by ultrasound-assisted (UAE) and microwave-assisted (MAE) extractions under different extraction conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that cyanidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were the principal anthocyanins in all the obtained extracts, with their content being highest in MAE obtained at 80 °C over 5 min. The same extract induced two-fold higher antioxidant activity (IC50 6.89 μg/mL) and α-amylase inhibitory potential (IC50 2.18 mg/mL) in comparison to UAE extracts. The main compositional differences between extracts obtained by the same extraction technique were assigned to the extraction temperature. A principal component analysis confirmed that the antidiabetic feature is to be attributed to the rich content of anthocyanins in black elderberry press cake. Our results indicate the great potential of underutilized black elderberry press cake for the development of novel food and herbal formulations due to notable anthocyanin contents highly correlated with antidiabetic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adult tendon tissue has limited and slow regenerative capacity. Sambucus nigra plant possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes., Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of this plant's fruit on superficial digital flexor tendon repair in rabbits (SDFT)., Methods: Twenty-five male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 1.5-2 kg were selected, quarantined and randomly divided into four groups of six. By performing a partial left posterior limb tenotomy, differentiating the SDFT and creating multiple scrapes were performed. During 3 consecutive days post-surgery, the positive control group was injected with 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone, whereas the treatment groups received extract doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The negative control group did not receive any medication. Evaluation of sonographic and histopathological parameters was conducted on days 0, 7 and 28 post-surgeries. Findings were analysed and compared using SPSS22., Results: Both treatment groups showed significant differences in echogenicity, and collagen fibre alignment compared to the control and positive control groups, in sonographic evaluation. Histopathological examination revealed fewer inflammatory cells and increased collagen fibre formation in the treatment groups compared to the other two groups. No significant difference in angiogenesis was observed among the groups on days 7 and 28 (p value <0.05)., Conclusions: The results indicate that the S. nigra fruit extract, by stimulating collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation, effectively accelerates the healing process of injured tendons., (© 2024 The Author(s). Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Elderberries of wild-growing shrubs are most often used; however, various cultivated varieties of this shrub appear more and more often. The aim of this research was to compare the fruit composition of specific varieties with those grown wild in urban and ecologically clean conditions. Six varieties of elderberry grown on one experimental farm and two wild-growing samples from the city center and the landscape park were assessed. The content of vitamin C, antioxidant activity, sugar and organic acid content, triterpenes and carotenoids was marked in the tested fruits. The analyses show that there were significant differences in the content of the tested ingredients between the varieties tested, while the place of cultivation was of less importance. Apart from organic acids and triterpenes, fruits from wild-growing shrubs were more abundant in other compounds determined. The white variety of 'Albida' turned out to be the poorest in bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sambucus nigra (S. nigra) is widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America; the plant has been used in folk medicine for centuries. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are transmembrane proteins found in various cells. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates cellular proliferation, and gene expression in various cell types. This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of TLR4 and IL-4 in the lungs of healthy and diabetic rats treated with S. nigra. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (control, S. nigra, diabetes, diabetes + S. nigra), each containing eight rats. When the groups were generally evaluated, there was no significant difference in the control group, S. nigra group, and diabetes + S. nigra group. However, an increase in TLR4 immunoreaction intensity was determined in the lungs of diabetic rats. It was observed that IL-4 immunopositive cells were significantly lower in the diabetes group compared to the other groups but increased in the S. nigra group. S. nigra was found to increase the decreased IL-4 expression in the diabetes group compared to the control group. With the findings we obtained in our study, we observed that S. nigra could positively affect the immune system and be effective in metabolic disorders such as diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black elder is a popular medicinal plant. Its flowers contain flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, essential oil and other compounds. The fruits contain carbohydrates, anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, fatty acids, vitamins C and B2, folic acid and organic acids. According to research results, its flower extracts show anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity, and they control the blood glucose level, whereas fruit extracts have immunostimulatory, antiviral, antibacterial and antioxidative activity. Alcoholic extracts of fruits and leaves show anti-toxoplasma activity. The objective of the present study was to determine selected chemical elements (using ICP-OES), total polyphenolic compounds (using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent) and antioxidative activity (using the radical DPPH and total activity of iron (III) ions reduction by FRAP) in aqueous extracts of black elder-based materials. The test material included the flowers, leaves and fruits of Sambucus nigra from eight locations. The samples were powdered and sieved prior to obtaining extracts. The findings underwent the Spearman's rank correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The tests confirmed the presence of very high and high correlations between certain chemical elements and the content of polyphenols versus antioxidative activity in the raw materials. The results of the cluster analysis revealed a series of correlations between antioxidative activity, total polyphenols and the chemical elements determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sambucus nigra L. or black elder is a woody perennial plant native to Europe [3]. This has been used as a medicinal plant for many years. Even if all parts have their role in treating various ailments, the ones that have been studied the longest by scientists and used by consumers have been the fruits and flowers [1]. The protein content in elderberry fruits is 2.7-2.9%, in flowers approximately 2.5%, and in leaves we have a value of 3.3%, making elderberry a good source of protein [9]. Both flowers and fruits of Sambucus nigra are used as a traditional remedy for various types of ailments and diseases. They have a wide range of uses, but in particular they can treat the common symptoms of colds, fevers, coughs, nasal congestion, mucous secretions and flu, as well as for improving the immune system [8]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BackgroundThe phyllospheric microbiota is assumed to play a key role in the metabolism of host plants. Its role in determining the epiphytic and internal plant metabolome, however, remains to be investigated. We analyzed the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) profiles of the epiphytic and internal metabolomes of the leaves and flowers of Sambucus nigra with and without external antibiotic treatment application.ResultsThe epiphytic metabolism showed a degree of complexity similar to that of the plant organs. The suppression of microbial communities by topical applications of antibiotics had a greater impact on the epiphytic metabolome than on the internal metabolomes of the plant organs, although even the latter changed significantly both in leaves and flowers. The application of antibiotics decreased the concentration of lactate in both epiphytic and organ metabolomes, and the concentrations of citraconic acid, acetyl-CoA, isoleucine, and several secondary compounds such as terpenes and phenols in the epiphytic extracts. The metabolite pyrogallol appeared in the floral epiphytic community only after the treatment. The concentrations of the amino acid precursors of the ketoglutarate-synthesis pathway tended to decrease in the leaves and to increase in the foliar epiphytic extracts.ConclusionsThese results suggest that anaerobic and/or facultative anaerobic bacteria were present in high numbers in the phyllosphere and in the apoplasts of S. nigra. The results also show that microbial communities play a significant role in the metabolomes of plant organs and could have more complex and frequent mutualistic, saprophytic, and/or parasitic relationships with internal plant metabolism than currently assumed.

Fenpropathrin (FNP) is a man-made insecticide of to the pyrethroid class, commonly employed in agricultural and horticultural practices. However, it has a prolonged persistence in the environment. Sambucus nigra, also referred to as SN, is a botanical species recognized for its notable antioxidant characteristics. The objective of this study was to examine if SN extract could mitigate the reproductive toxicity induced by FNP in rats. A total of thirty rats were categorized into six distinct groups: a control group with no treatment, two groups getting SN extract at varying doses, a group receiving FNP, and two groups receiving both FNP and SN extract. The exposure to FNP led to a decline in the number and movement of sperm, lowered levels of testosterone, and reduced the activity of the StAR gene in the FNP group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, FNP resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels with a significant drop in GSH content compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Also, a significant increase in the expression of caspase 3. Nevertheless, the administration of SN extract alleviated these effects and reinstated spermatogenesis, thereby bringing the parameters closer to those observed in the control group. The data indicate that FNP can induce testicular harm and infertility, but SN extract can mitigate these detrimental consequences. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elderberry is highly reputed for its health-improving effects. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that the consumption of berries is linked to enhancing human health and preventing or delaying the onset of chronic medical conditions. Compared with other fruit, elderberry is a very rich source of anthocyanins (approximately 80% of the polyphenol content). These polyphenols are the principals that essentially contribute to the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities and the health benefits of elderberry fruit extract. These health effects include attenuation of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders, as well as anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and immuno-stimulatory effects. Sales of elderberry supplements skyrocketed to $320 million over the year 2020, according to an American Botanical Council (ABC) report, which is attributable to the purported immune-enhancing effects of elderberry. In the current review, the chemical composition of the polyphenolic content of the European elderberry (Sambucus nigra) and the American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), as well as the analytical techniques employed to analyze, characterize, and ascertain the chemical consistency will be addressed. Further, the factors that influence the consistency of the polyphenolic chemical composition, and hence, the consistency of the health benefits of elderberry extracts will be presented. Additionally, adulteration and safety as factors contributing to consistency will be covered. The role of elderberry in enhancing human health alone with the pharmacological basis, the cellular pathways, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed health benefits of elderberry fruit extracts will be also reviewed.

Background: Despite modern developments in its management, still major concerns remain about drug resistance in chemotherapy. Natural adjuvants combined with chemotherapy might be the answer. We examined the anti-cancer, anti-proliferative and synergistic effects of Sambucus nigra extract with cisplatin chemotherapy (CDDP) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human cancer cell lines. Methods: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were cultured in DMEM culture media, containing 10% FBS and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin. The anti-proliferative activity of SNA, CDDP and their synergic doses were determined using MTT method. Next, the apoptotic, metabolic, and cellular resistance gene expressions were measured through real-time quantitative PCR technique. To show the apoptosis effects and to diagnose cellular damages, an annexin V/ propidium iodide (AV/PI) kit and malondialdehyde level were performed, respectively. Results: The synergic doses of SNA and CDDP in MCF-7 were 1.25μM CDDP+1.25μM SNA and on MDA-MB-231 was 2.5μM CDDP+2.5μM SNA. The results of real-time PCR showed that SNA induced apoptosis, disrupted metabolic pathways and reduced cellular drug resistance. In addition, the combination of SNA with CDDP compared with CDDP alone was able to change the expression of these genes and increase the rate of MDA and apoptosis generation (P<0.05). Conclusion: The outcomes of this investigation indicate that SNA, as a herbal supplement, may be a candidate for increasing the effect of CDDP therapy in the treatment of breast cancers. This synergy was not estrogen-dependent in the MDA-MB-231 cells, promoted apoptosis, cell damages, disorders of metabolism, and reduced the drug resistance in the cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context, when more and more unknown pathogens appear, healthy eating and supplementing it with natural products play an increasingly important role in maintaining the health of the body. The European black elder (Sambucus nigra), found in abundance in the spontaneous flora, can provide us, as a raw material, elderberries, which have been known for thousands of years as having nutritional and healing properties. The phytotherapeutic principles found in elderberry fruits give them antiviral, antibacterial and antidiabetic properties, antitumor potential, antioxidant, antidepressant and immune boosting properties, as well as a certain impacts on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. Polyphenols and lectins give elderberry fruits the ability to inhibit coronaviruses, which is a topic of great interest in our times. This article summarizes the existing data regarding the chemical composition, active principles and biopharmaceutical properties of elderberries, as well as their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasta is a popular food item among consumers all over the world. They have high energy value, low cost and long shelf life. However, the biological value of these products is quite low. Adding components rich in dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals to their composition will significantly improve their nutritional value. The purpose of the article is to analyze the possibility of producing pasta with the addition of derivatives from the processing of wild berries Sambucus nigra, Viburnum opulus, Hippophae rhamnoides L., which have a rich nutrient composition and are available raw materials. The technology, developed in the work for processing berries by osmotic dehydration, allows the use of gentle drying modes, which contributes to the maximum preservation of their biological value. Sensory evaluation of pasta was carried out according to the Croatian Official Methods, moisture content of pasta was determined by drying to constant weight. Sensory analysis of pasta showed that the addition of powders does not lead to a deterioration in their quality. Their appearance, taste, smell, shape and elasticity are improved. The quality of the pasta samples, containing 5 % of the powder, was determined as "good" according to the results of the evaluation of the tasting group. And the samples with a powder content of 10 % have a "high" quality. The addition of powders has practically no effect on the drying conditions and moisture content of the finished products. With the addition of Viburnum opulus powders, the moisture content is reduced compared to controls. Humidity of all samples is within the permissible limits, which indicates their resistance to storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the varieties of elderberry, and the process of black elderberry fruits ripening. External characteristics of flowers, followed by ripening of fruits, have been described. The main components useful for the human body have been identified, which are contained in the fruits of the black elderberry. The effect of elderberry fruits on the human body when used for medicinal purposes has been. Elderberry fruits have a coloring substance that must be added to confectionery creams, sweets, marshmallows, as well as to liqueurs and wine products to give the products color and nutmeg taste. Elderberry fruits can be eaten fresh, ripe, but the most delicious and more useful fruits are provided in processed form, especially in juice and dried form. The useful properties of elderberry have been described, as well as the dangerous properties that appear in case of eating unripe elderberry fruits growing in the Republic of Belarus. The detailed composition of the components of elderberry fruit has been considered, all its useful properties noted. Particular attention is paid to the chemical composition of elderberry fruit, detailed amino acid composition of elderberry fruit has been given, and the composition of anthocyanin content in juice of direct extraction from elderberry fruit has been shown. The use of elderberry pomace in the food industry for the preparation of jam, jams, confiture, preserves and other products, as well as adding to wine, alcoholic beverages, to impart nutmeg taste, in the confectionery industry to add to dough and giving the product an almond smell has been described. It is especially noted that the pomace from elderberries contains biological active substances, bioflavonoids, anthocyanins, which confirms their immediate importance and the need to use for the creation of many products for preventive and functional purposes in the food industry.

Background: The study aimed to assess the effect of anti-tumor and antiproliferative properties of Sambucus nigra (SNA) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cell lines. Methods: The cytotoxicity of SNA was assessed based on dose/time by the MTT assay. Also, the influence of SNA on apoptotic pathways, cellular and metabolic resistance in these cell lines was examined by real-time PCR, lipid peroxidase was measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) and the effect of apoptosis and necrosis was determined by flow cytometry. Results: Our data showed that DOX, SNA, and DOX + SNA treatment induced the expression of p53, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and 8 levels involved in the apoptotic pathways. ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4 (ABCB4) gene expression was decreased in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells compared to MCF-7. Also, we observed that DOX, SNA, and DOX + SNA treatment induced expression of Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) metabolic pathways such as MCT1 and MCT4. Conclusion: Overall, the outcomes of this investigation show that the combination of SNA-Doxorubicin (DOX) in different groups of these cancer cells, especially in the MDA-MB-231 cell lines synergistically intensified the induction of apoptosis in them. SNA enhances the anti-cancer effects of DOX to induce cellular apoptosis, alter metabolic pathways, and reduce cellular resistance. The research highlights the promising use of SNA as a chemosensitizer in the chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de la edad y la época de cosecha en la composición química, con énfasis en el fraccionamiento energético y la digestibilidad de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray y Sambucus nigra L, establecidas en un sistema silvopastoril en la región de Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos El estudio se realizó en el Centro de investigación Obonuco de AGROSAVIA, Pasto, de enero a noviembre de 2018. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar, con tres réplicas y dos tratamientos, asociados al factor edad de corte por cada especie (T. diversifolia, 60 y 80 días y S. nigra, 60 y 90 días). Para el estudio de las variables se diferenciaron dos épocas: altas y bajas precipitaciones. Se evaluaron variables de rendimiento y nutricionales, con énfasis en el valor energético (energía digestible, energía metabolizable y energía neta de lactancia). Se utilizó para el procesamiento estadístico el software R V. 3.5.1. Se aplicó análisis de varianza y la prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey, para p < 0,05. Resultados Los mayores valores de digestibilidad (79,3 y 77,8 %), energía digestible (3,93 y 3,32 Mcal/kg de MS), energía metabolizable (2,8 y 2,7 Mcal/kg de MS) y energía neta de lactancia (1,67 y 1,63 Mcal/kg de MS) se presentaron a la edad de 60 días, en la época de altas precipitaciones para T. diversifolia y S. nigra, respectivamente. Con respecto a la producción de biomasa, para T. diversifolia el rendimiento de materia seca se incrementó significativamente (p < 0,05) con la edad, en las dos épocas del año, y para S. nigra en el período de bajas precipitaciones. Conclusiones Los valores a las edades mayores (80 y 90 días) se consideraron como aceptables, lo que evidenció el potencial de estas forrajeras para mejorar la calidad nutricional de las dietas en sistemas ganaderos.

The content of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds and selected enzyme activities in the anthocyanin pathway were analyzed in NIGRA (Sambucus nigra var. nigra—black fruits) and VIRIDIS (S. nigra var. viridis—green fruits) fruits over four stages of ripening. The share of glucose and fructose in green fruits was higher than in colored fruits, and the sugar content increased significantly until the third developmental stage. Ripe NIGRA berries had 47% flavonol glycosides, 34% anthocyanins, 3% hydroxycinnamic acids and 14% flavanols, whereas the major phenolic group in the VIRIDIS fruits, making up 88% of the total analyzed polyphenols, was flavonols. NIGRA fruits were rich in anthocyanins (6020 µg g−1 FW), showing strong activation of the late anthocyanin pathway (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase). In both color types, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase activities were highest in the first stage and decreased during ripening. In VIRIDIS fruit, no anthocyanins and only one flavanol (procyanidin dimer) were found. This was most likely caused by a lack of induction of the late anthocyanin pathway in the last period of fruit ripening. The VIRIDIS genotype may be useful in studying the regulatory structures of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the contribution of distinct flavonoid classes to the health benefits of elderberries.