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The subject of research is the flood potential in the municipality of Rakovica, with emphasis on the Topcider river and its tributaries. The task of the research is to determine the flooding regime of the Topcider River and its tributaries through the analysis of natural and anthropogenic causes of flooding. The task is to analyze the monitoring results of the Topcider river due to poor water quality. The goal of the research is to offer proposals for anti-flooding measures. The features of the relief, terrain slope, hypsometry, hydrographic network, and spatial distribution of clay were analyzed. The paper covers the measures taken to regulate the flow of the Topcider River and its tributaries, which had an impact on the reduction of floods. However, additional scientific research and financial investment are necessary to ensure anti-flood measures. Based on hydrological yearbooks for the period 2010–2021, the flow at the measuring station Rakovica (Topcider Reka) is shown graphically. Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), the data was analyzed and cartographically displayed. The paper includes the monitoring of the Topcider river from 2008 to 2022 with the aim of showing the poor state of water quality as a result of the lack of communal infrastructure and a large number of “wild” landfills, which increases the risk of soil pollution and the spread of infectious diseases during flooding.

In order to determine the Lüders band propagation along the deformation zone length and width as affected by the force action direction, a detailed line analysis is performed by applying thermography and digital image correlation (DIC) during static tensile test at different test positions. The test is stopped at the point when the Lüders band propagation reached its middle to analyse temperature changes and deformations occurring in front of, on and behind the Lüders band front. Line analysis of the test samples confirmed that there are changes in the distribution of temperature and deformations. Across the width of the test sample, there are oscillations and differences in the distribution of temperature changes in the deformation zone. However, the same analysis showed that there are no differences in the change of deformations across the width of the test sample, except in the zone behind the Lüders band front where the Lüders band propagated. The influence of microstructure, i.e. the different dislocation density and the interaction of dislocations with fine precipitates, proved to be the cause of change in temperature and deformations measured at the moment when the Lüders band propagation reached its middle.

Predmet istraživanja rada su teorijske osnove komunalne higijene. Analizirana je literatura i definisanje komunalne higijene kao zasebne discipline. U domaćoj i inostranoj literaturi postoje i razlike u definisanju pojedinih termina i teorijskih osnova. Moderna komunalna higijena je grana medicinske discipline higijene, ali je tokom godina evoluirala što je i zadatak istraživanja, odnosno geneza komunalne higijene. Cilj istraživanja je prikazati moderne tendencije i pravce razvoja komunalne higijene, utvrditi pojedine segmente koje su u potpunosti zamenili novi okviri shvatanja upravljanja komunalnom higijenom. Ubrzani razvoj komunalnih sistema ili sa druge strane nerealizacije komunalnih sadržaja pozitivno ili negativno utiču na svakodnevni život. Pojedini segmenti upravljanja doživeli su dinamične promene u prethodnim godinama, dok su pojedine delatnosti pridodate komunalnim delatnostima što je zahtevalo izmenu i zakonskog okvira i podzakonskih odredbi. Komunalna higijena zauzima značajno mesto u upravljanju savremenim gradovima (urbani razvoj i zeleni gradovi) i rezultati ovog istraživanja treba da prikažu razvoj komunalne higijene.

Predmet istraživanja rada su delatnosti komunalnih preduzeća i pravci savremenih razvoja i transformacija u održive sisteme u GN Beograd. Kontekst problema upravljanja komunalnim preduzećima i komunalnom higijenom savremenog grada, zahteva moderne pravce razvoja i pretvaranje komunalnih preduzeća u održive sisteme od kojih će Osnivač imati stalne izvore prihoda. Zadatak istraživanja je prikazati savremene trendove sa osvrtom na konkretne primere u GN Beograd na koji način se uspostavlja sistem održivih komunalnih preduzeća. U radu su analizirana komunalna preduzeća koja posluju u GN Beograd, planska i strateška dokumentacija, interna dokumenta preduzeća i Grada, relevantna literatura i godišnji izveštaji. Metodološki rad je koncipiran kao kombinovanje dugogodišnjeg terenskog istraživanja, zatim analize kompleksne dokumentacije uz korišćenje statističkog metoda, analize i sinteze, metode klasifikacije i teledetekcione metode. Cilj istraživanja je prikaz mogućih načina transformacije postojećih komunalnih preduzeća i sublimirati pozitivne i negativne strane trenutnog načina upravljanja komunalnim preduzećima. Rezultate istraživanja moguće je iskoristiti za formiranja integralnog sistema upravljanja komunalnim preduzećima i komunalnom higijenom. U zaključku je dat prikaz osnovnih pravaca razvoja komunalnih preduzeća i redefinisanje pojedinih segmenata upravljanja., The subject of this research are the activities of utility companies and directions of modern development and transformation into sustainable systems in the urban settlement (hereinafter US) of Belgrade. The context of management problems of utility companies and communal hygiene of the modern city require modern directions of development and transformation of utility companies into sustainable systems, from which the Founder will have constant sources of income. One of the research tasks is to show contemporary trends with reference to concrete examples in US Belgrade, in which way a system of sustainable utility companies is established. The reaserch paper analyzes utility companies that operate in US Belgrade, planning and strategic documentation, internal documents of the companies and the City, as well as relevant literature and annual reports. The methodological work was conceived as a combination of many years of field research, then analysis of complex documentation with the use of statistical method, analysis and synthesis, classification and remote sensing methods. The aim of the research is to show the possible ways of transformation of the existing utility companies and to sublimate the positive and negative sides of the current way of managing utility companies. The results of the research can be used to form an integral management system for utility companies and communal hygiene. Conclusion of this paper provides an overview of the basic directions for development of utility companies and redefinition of certain segments of management.

Predmet istraživanja rada je revitalizacija braunfi lda (brownfi eld) kao faktor rešavanja komunalno-higijenskih problema na teritoriji gradskog naselja Beograd. Pod braunfi ldima se najčešće podrazumevaju napušteni industrijski kompleksi, nekadašnji vojni kompleksi, železnički koridori i stanice, napuštene javne ustanove, nehigijenska naselja. Prilikom istraživanja analizirana je planska dokumentacija i obavljena su terenska istraživanja kako bi se utvrdilo recentno stanje. Dominantni komunalno-higijenski problemi koji se javljaju u zonama braunfi lda su: izostanak uređenja prostora, formiranje smetlišta, problem opasnog otpada i materija i mogućnost pojave akcidenata, formiranje nehigijenskih naselja, zagađenje zemljišta, neprijatni mirisi, narušavanje estetike predela. Osim komunalno-higijenskih problema, braunfi ldi mogu proizvesti i ekonomske i socijalne probleme. Cilj istraživanja je utvrđivanje činjenica i potvrde hipoteze da je revitalizacijom braunfi lda u urbanoj zoni moguće umanjiti ili otkloniti komunalno-higijenske probleme, ali i da je neadekvatnom revitalizacijom braunfi lda moguće stvoriti nove komunalno-higijenske probleme.

In conditions of overpopulated urban centers, one of the main issues is to ensure new green spaces. Vertical and rooftop greenery in urban centers is often the only possibility to increase the green areas, as well as the factor of creating better living conditions, which is the subject of this paper analysis. The greening concept of vertical surfaces and rooftops has also been proved as the factor for creating better community hygiene conditions (landscaping of neglected buildings’ rooftops and solving communal problems, as well as landscaping of slopes, repairing of bridge structures, retaining walls, concrete riverbanks and canals). In addition, it has been the significant environmental protection factor (increase of green areas, decrease of climate extremes and mitigation of city “heat island”, energy efficiency of buildings, increase of biodiversity, etc.). This research includes the analysis of relevant literature, scientific papers, monographs and planning documents, as well as the specific examples of various cities around the world. The aim of this paper is to determine the possibilities for implementation of the rooftop and vertical greenery concept, as the improvement factor of community hygiene conditions in the cities of Serbia.

Komunalna higijena ima za cilj uspostavljanje sistema upravljanja određenim prostorom i komunalnim delatnostima u funkciji stvaranja kvalitetnijih uslova za život pojedinaca. Ipak, izostanak planiranja komunalnih sadržaja kao posledica izostanka planske dokumentacije dovodi do problema koje je naknadno teško otkloniti (izgradnja kanalizacije, toplovoda, zelenih površina i sl.). Upravo prostor leve obale Dunava u Beogradu (analiziran prostor koji pripada gradskom naselju Beograd) je primer mnogih komunalno-higijenskih problema prouzrokovanih nedostatkom odgovarajuće komunalne infrastrukture, a najveći problemi su nedostatak kanalizacije i sistema za odvođenje viška vode, zatim zagađeni kanali, zagađenje vazduha iz individualnih ložišta, nedostatak zelenih površina, ugrožavanje priobalja (posebno Reva bare, a zatim i budućeg PIO „Forland leve obale Dunava u Beogradu”), problem parkiranja, buke, zagađenja zemljišta i dr. Predmet rada su komunalno-higijenski problemi stambenih kvartova na levoj obali Dunava u gradskom naselju Beograd i analiza uzročnih posledica nedostatka planske dokumentacije. Zadatak je utvrditi mere unapređenja stanja komunalno-higijenskih uslova kroz analizu planske dokumentacije i utvrđivanje trenutnog stanja terenskim istraživanjem

Predmet istraživanja rada je identifikacija komunalno-higijenskih problema priobalja reke Save na teritoriji gradskog naselja Beograd. Prilikom istraživanja analizirani su planska i zakonska regulativa i delatnost rada nadležnih preduzeća (državnih i gradskih), korišćen je odgovarajući softverski paket za izradu tematske karte, a sprovedena su i terenska istraživanja. Dominantni komunalno-higijenski problemi koji su identifikovani u priobalju reke Save su: ispuštanje komunalnih otpadnih voda bez prethodnog prečišćavanja, nelegalna izgradnja, neadekvatan rad inspekcijskih organa, izostanak koordinacije nadležnih državnih javnih preduzeća i gradskih javnih komunalnih i vodoprivrednih preduzeća, nerešavanje komunalnih problema (evakuacija otpada, posebno nakon povlačenja visokih voda i oko splavova), izostanak uređenja prostora, specifični problemi na ušću Topčiderske reke i nizak nivo ekološke svesti građana. Cilj istraživanja je utvrđivanje predloga postupaka i mera pomoću kojih bi se unapredilo upravljanje priobaljem reke Save na teritoriji gradskog naselja Beograd, sa mogućnošću šire implementacije, pre svega u priobalju Dunava na istom istraživanom prostoru.

The article is a result of investigations which deals with the phase transformations of tool steel X155CrMoV12. The experimental data obtained was used to evaluate the resulting Continuous Cooling Transform (CCT) diagram, which consists of seven dilation curves. All experimental samples from dilatometric analyzes were then subjected to microstructural analyzes and hardness measurements to characterize the microstructure and hardness for each heat treatment mode tested. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) microscopy was also used to study the carbides present in steels and their size and shape for all selected cooling modes., Příspěvek je výsledkem výzkumu, který se zabývá fázovými přeměnami nástrojové oceli X155CrMoV12. Získaná experimentální data byla použita k vyhodnocení výsledného diagramu kontinuální chladicí transformace (CCT), který se skládá ze sedmi dilatačních křivek. Všechny experimentální vzorky z dilatometrických analýz byly následně podrobeny mikrostrukturním analýzám a měřením tvrdosti s cílem charakterizovat mikrostrukturu a tvrdost pro každý testovaný způsob tepelného zpracování. Mikroskopie atomárních sil (AFM) byla rovněž použita ke studiu karbidů přítomných v ocelích a jejich velikosti a tvaru pro všechny vybrané režimy chlazení.

The article deals with phase transformations and austenitizing behavior of the X155CrMoV12 tool steel. Dilatation analyses of a series of samples were performed at various cooling rates, chosen in the range from 10 °C/s to 0,1° C/s. Acquired experimental data were used for evaluation of dilatometric curves in order to map the temperature ranges of phase transformations of the austenite to pearlite, bainite or martensite. All experimental samples from dilatometric analyses were then subjected to microstructural analyses and hardness measurements to characterize the microstructure and hardness for each tested heat treatment regime., Příspěvek se zabývá fázovými přeměnami a austenitizačním chováním nástrojové oceli X155CrMoV12. Byly provedeny dilatační analýzy řady vzorků při různých rychlostech ochlazování, zvolených v rozmezí od 10 °C/s do 0,1 °C/s. Získaná experimentální data byla použita pro vyhodnocení dilatometrických křivek s cílem zmapovat teplotní rozsahy fázových přeměn austenitu na perlit, bainit nebo martenzit. Všechny experimentální vzorky z dilatometrických analýz byly následně podrobeny mikrostrukturním analýzám a měřením tvrdosti, aby se charakterizovala mikrostruktura a tvrdost pro každý testovaný režim tepelného zpracování.

This research reveals the influence of different purging conditions on the fusion zone dimensions and shape for stationary autogenous TIG welding of 316L stainless steel. Welding experiments were performed for unpurged and purged weld root side for 7, 14 and 21 second arcing time. Purging was executed with ten seconds of pre-flow and 23 seconds of post-flow with 10 l/min Ar and 4 l/min of He. Characteristic fusion zone dimensions were extracted and calculated from photo-macrographs of weld cross-sections. Purging the weld root side by argon increased penetration depth and cross-section area compared to helium. Those benefits of argon purging can be attributed to its low thermal conductivity. Measurement of thermal cycles on the weld root side revealed that peak temperatures were higher by argon purging compared to the presence of helium or air. The fusion zone width exhibited no significant differences regardless of weld root side gas type.