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Purpose: To examine the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negative cases of infectious keratitis., Methods: In this retrospective case series, we evaluated the laboratory and medical records of culture- and PCR-negative cases (2016-2020) reported to a tertiary care center, which were presumed to be infectious keratitis on the basis of clinical history and presentation., Results: A total of 121 cases with culture-negative keratitis were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 48.42 ± 1.89 years, and 53.72% were female. At presentation, the presumed etiology was viral in 38.01%, bacterial in 27.27%, fungal in 8.26%, Acanthamoeba in 6.61%, and unlisted in 28.92% of cases. The most common risk factors were a previous history of ocular surface diseases (96.69%) and contact lens use (37.19%). In total, 61.98% of the patients were already on antimicrobial medication at presentation. The initial management was altered in 79 cases (65.29%) during the treatment course. Average presenting and final (post-treatment) visual acuities (VA) were 0.98 ± 0.04 (LogMAR) and 0.42 ± 0.03 (LogMAR), respectively. A significantly higher frequency of patients with a final VA worse than 20/40 (Snellen) had worse VA at initial presentation ( p < 0.0001). A history of ocular surface disease, cold sores, and recurrent infection ( p < 0.05) were more commonly associated with a presumed diagnosis of viral keratitis. The patients with presumed bacterial etiology were younger and had a history of poor contact lens hygiene ( p < 0.05)., Conclusions: We observed a distinct difference in clinical features among patients with culture-negative and PCR-negative keratitis managed for presumed viral and bacterial infections. Although there was significant variability in presentation and management duration in this cohort, the visual outcomes were generally favorable.

Introduction: Ophthalmology education has been underemphasized in medical school curricula despite the fact that patient eye-related complaints are commonplace across primary care specialties. Although previous curricula used direct ophthalmoscopy to teach medical students the fundamentals of ophthalmic examination, there has been a growing call to teach these fundamentals through reading fundus photos due to the increasing prevalence and decreased costs of fundus cameras in primary care settings. We developed a virtual workshop to teach ophthalmoscopy to medical students using fundus photography., Methods: First-year medical students were enrolled in a 2-hour, synchronous, virtual ophthalmoscopy workshop as part of an advanced physical exam curriculum at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Students participated in a pretest, introductory lecture, interactive small-group session, and posttest. Breakout groups were led by senior medical students or residents. We compared pre- and posttest results for improved understanding of concepts covered in the workshop., Results: Of 147 students, the average scores on the pretest and posttest were 39% and 75%, respectively ( p < .01). Students were significantly more confident in their ability to identify various pathologies on fundus photography. After the workshop, the student preceptors indicated increased comfort in a teaching role and greater interest in medical education. The preceptors were also more confident in their own ability to interpret fundus photography and in their understanding of various ocular pathologies., Discussion: Our virtual, interactive workshop is effective in teaching medical students a systematic approach to the interpretation of fundus photographs., (© 2022 Vloka et al.)

The 1990s and 2000s were the beginning of an exciting time period for developmental neuroscience and neural stem cell research. By better understanding brain plasticity and the birth of new neurons in the adult brain, contrary to established dogma, hope for therapy from devastating neurological diseases was generated. The potential for stem cells to provide functional recovery in humans remains to be further tested and to further move into the clinical trial realm. The future certainly has great promise on stem cells to assist in alleviation of difficult-to-treat neurologic disorders. This article reviews classic studies of the 1990s and 2000s that paved the way for the advances of today, which can in turn lead to tomorrow's therapies.