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The main hindrances to the large-scale development of renewable-energy projects are the lack of bankability and the inability to align investments and investors with suitable financial instruments or robust policy measures. To illustrate a bankable project, this paper presents a research-based case study on the installation of solar photovoltaic panels on the rooftops of 195 trains of the Indian Railways. Detailed information on the annual running hours, exposure to sunlight, efficiency of solar photovoltaic generation and electrical power demands of each rail coach is considered to conduct a quantitative measure of the tentative amount of fossil fuel savings. The purpose is to provide insight into the types of renewable-energy projects that can be highly attractive to financial institutions and promoters due to their lucrative internal return on investment. As seen in this case study, there are annual savings in diesel of 12 323 088 litres and a CO2 reduction of 32 755 tonnes, with return on investment of 1.3 years. Furthermore, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the limitations of existing renewable-energy project financing mechanisms in India. Subsequently, three policy measures are recommended to develop a robust financial mechanism that can effectively meet the needs of investors and investors. These measures include increasing equity injection through a buy-and-hold strategy, providing direct tax benefits to promoters and financing through real-estate investment trusts. The findings are highly relevant to address the challenges associated with bridging the financial gap between access to finance and capital investment in the renewable-energy sector, especially for Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic growth and human development but due to increasing pressure of population and increasing use of energy in different sectors of the economy is an area of concern for India. According to 2011 energy survey, there is a huge gap between energy demand and energy production in India. Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuel has become the primary source of energy to produce electricity but the use of fossil fuel is not eco friendly as it produces greenhouse effect. Besides the environmental effects, all the reserves of primary sources of energy are on their way to getting used up. Among the total electricity produced per year, 35 to 40 percent of primary energy is consumed by the household sectors. So the reduction of energy consumption in buildings is of high socio-economic relevance. Besides the reduction of energy consumption we have solar energy which is far better than fossil fuel and it is the most abundant energy available in the planet. Due to enormous advantages of solar energy, an innovative design of sustainable building is presented in this paper where solar energy is used to make it a zero energy building. Green building also indirectly helps to reduce green house gas emission and pollution produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. This paper also deals with the electricity supply control, lighting control and solar tracking control are designed using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) which helps to increase the power supply security and the overall efficiency of the building. The automation system has been designed and tested using GE, FANUC PLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer nanoparticles are swiftly progressing and are being applied to solve several limitation of conventional drug delivery system such as non-specific biodistribution and targeting, lack of water solubility and poor oral bioavailability. Advances in protein engineering and materials science have contributed to novel nanoscale targeting approaches that may bring new hope to cancer patients. Several therapeutic nanocarries have been approved for clinical use. Nanoparticles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristic to improve their biodistribution and to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. By selectively using the unique pathophysiology of tumours, such as their enhanced permeability and retention effect nanotherapeutics arew able to carry loaded active drug to cancer cells. In addition to this passive targeting mechanism, active targeting stratigies using ligards or antibodies directed against selected tumour targets magnify the specific of these therapeutic nanoparticles. Multi functional nanoparticles are now being actively investigated and are on the horizon as the nexty generation of nanoparticles and tailored cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]